THE GENUS PEGOLETTIA (COMPOSITAE, INULEAE)

Abstract— The genus Pegolettia (Compositae, Inuleae) from Africa, Arabia, and the Middle East is revised. The nine recognized species, viz. P. lanceolata Harv., P. baccaridifolia Less., P. gariepina A. Anderb., P. oxyodonta DC., P. retrofracta (Thunb.) Kies, P. tenuifolia Bolus, P. plumosa M. D. Hend., P. pinnatilobata (Klatt) O. Hoffm. ex Dinter, and P. senegalensis Cass., are treated cladistically, and a cladogram is presented. The species are illustrated, and their distributions mapped. Hypotheses on the mode of speciation and the biogeography of the group including a model of area relationships in southern Africa are presented.     

A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF CIRCAEA (ONAGRACEAE)

Abstract— Circaea (Onagraceae), a genus of seven species from the northern hemisphere, forms a monophylctic group defined by the following synapomorphies: two stamens (opposite the sepals), fruits indehiscent capsules, hooked hairs on the fruits, and perianth parts reduced to two. A cladistic analysis of the genus was performed using 22 characters from morphology, anatomy and palynology. The seven species and seven additional subspecies were considered the terminal taxa. Polarity of the characters is based on the outgroup comparison method. Eighteen equally parsimonious cladograms were produced, each with 32 steps and a consistency index of 0.75. A successive weighting procedure was applied, resulting in six cladograms with a consistency index of 0.95. All 24 cladograms share the following seven monophylctic groups: (1) all species except C. cordala and C. glabrescens (stipules deciduous); (2) the group of C. mollis , the three subspecies of C. lutetiana and C. erubescens (exsertcd nectary); (3) C. repens and all six subspecies of C. alpina (single-seeded fruits, stolons terminated by tubers, and viscin threads reduced or absent); (4) the six subspecies of C. alpina (unilocular ovaries with no trace of a second loculc and tardily opening perianth); (5) C. alpina subspecies alpina, micrantha, pacifica , and imaicola (flowers opening on ascending to erect pedicels); (6) C. alpina subspecies alpina, micrantha , and pacifica (translucent leaves); (7) C. alpina subspecies alpina and murantha (glabrous stems). Results of the cladistic analysis support most of the current systematic classification of the genus, except for the relationships among the three subspecies of C. lutetiana .     

A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF ANGOPHORA CAV. (MYRTACEAE)

Abstract— A cladistie analysis of Angophora Cav. used a data set dominated by quantitative morphological characters. These were coded into multistates using Generalized Gap-Coding, and treated as ordered sequences of stales. The reasons for choosing an ordered over an unordered sequence are discussed. A branch and bound method yielded one minimal-length, unrooted tree. Because of uncertainty in the position of the root, five cladograms were derived from the unrooted tree. The consensus cladogram comprises four main clades. The consensus cladogram was used for a biogeographic study using component analysis, which generated a single statement of relationships for five areas of eastern Australia. An infra-generic classification of Angophora comprising four series corresponding to the four main clades, and two subseries, is presented. The following new names are published: Angophora series i>Floribundinae , series Subvelutininae , series Bakerinae . subseries Costntitac. Angophora leiocarpa : L. Johnson ex G. Leach) K. R. Thiele and P. Y. Ladiges and A.paludosa (G. Leach) K. R. Thiele and P. Y. Ladiges are published as new combinations.     

STUDIES IN THE EMBRYOLOGY OF COMPOSITAE. IV. THE TRIBE INULEAE

Embryology of Blumea malabarica, B. membranacea, Laggera pterodonta, Anaphalis busna and Vicoa auriculata has been studied. The anther is tetrasporangiate in all the members except in Blumea membranacea where it is bisporangiate. The anther tapetum is of the Periplasmodial type. Both tetrahedral and isobilateral pollen tetrads are found. Mature pollen grains are three-celled with thick spinous exine. The ovary is bicarpellary syncarpous and unilocular with a single basal ovule. In one instance in Blumea malabarica two ovules per ovary with a rudimentary septum separating them was observed. The single hypodermal archesporial cell functions directly as the megaspore mother cell. The embryo sac develops according to the Polygonum type. The synergids in Blumea malabarica are hooked while in other members they are pear shaped. There are three antipodal cells except in Blumea membranacea where they increase up to eight. Endosperm development in Blumea malabarica is of the Nuclear type while in Blumea membranacea and Laggera pterodonta it is of the Cellular type. One or two layers of endosperm persist up to maturity. Embryo development follows the Senecio variation of Asterad type. The embryological information of this tribe along with that of other tribes will be utilized in evaluating the interrelationships of the family Compositae in a later paper.     

A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE FAMILY TRISTIRIDAE (ORTHOPTERA, ACRIDOIDEA)

Abstract— A cladistic analysis of the endemic South American family Tristiridae was performed using 29 characters from external morphology and the genitalia. Polarity of characters was based on the outgroup comparison method. One most parsimonious cladogram of 54 steps was obtained, from which a classification of the family Tristiridae was constructed. The analysis of phylogenetic relationships showed that the different kinds of characters define taxa at different levels in the cladogram. Those mostly from the phallic complex define suprageneric taxa while those from external morphology characterize genera. It is hypothesized that in Tristiridae differentiation of the phallic complex preceded differentiation of external morphology and that characters from the phallic complex arc less conservative than those from the external morphology.     

A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF PARKIA (LEGUMINOSAE: MIMOSOIDEAE)

A cladistic analysis of the tropical mimosoid genus Parkia was undertaken to examine relationships among the 31 species and to test the monophyly of the three recognized sections. The implications of the cladogram to the evolution of bat-pollination and biogeography were also explored. The analysis, based on 52 morphological characters, resulted in 408 most parsimonious trees. A consensus tree supports the monophyly of sections Parkia and Platyparkia, but section Sphaeroparkia is paraphyletic. The latter section is distinguished by a capitulum of all fertile flowers, a plesiomorphic attribute in this analysis. Characters supporting the monophyly of section Platyparkia include an inflorescence with distal nectar flowers having exserted styles, and fruits with seeds in two rows. Section Parkia is characterized by having sterile basal flowers with nectar flowers just above them, and calyx lobes included in bud. Bat-pollination was mapped onto one of the most parsimonious cladograms to examine the evolution of pollination syndromes within the genus. Our phylogeny is consistent with a single origin of bat-pollination and indicates that entomophilous species of Parkia are basal rather than secondarily derived. Sections Platyparkia and Parkia are separate lineages within the bat-pollinated clade and have independently developed capitulum types adapted to chiropterophily. Characters that are associated with chiropterophily include specialized nectar-producing flowers and basifixed anthers. Several characters, including presence of a staminodial fringe, a nectar ring, and pollen with verrucate sculpturing on the exine, probably represent increasing specialization for bat-pollination. The cladogram supports a South American origin for Parkia but is not consistent with a Gondwanan vicariance event as is usually hypothesized to explain its amphi-Atlantic distribution.     

CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN SOUTH AMERICAN HAPLOPAPPUS CASS. (COMPOSITAE)

Chromosome counts are reported for 33 species from all four sections of the genus Haplopappus in South America. These include first reports for 28 species and two putative hybrids. All chromosome numbers reported herein are 2n = 5_II, with the exception of H. prunelloides with 2_n = 6_II. Unlike the North American species, the morphological diversity of South American taxa is not concomitant with chromosomal variation.     

木兰科的分支分析

主要以形态学、解剖学、细胞学为依据,以德坚木属为外类群,用分支分析的方法探讨了木兰科属间的系统发育关系。有２３个分支单位,选取３２个性状,根据外类群比较原则和化石地层学资料,确定了性状的祖征和衍征。对数据矩阵的分支分析使用ＰＡＵＰ３．１．１和Ｈｅｎｎｉｇ ８６ ｖ．１．５分别在Ｍａｃｉｎｔｏｓｈ和ＩＢＭ机上运行,前者以启发法,后者以ＢＢ命令运算,经严格一致化处理,得到一致化分支图。结果表明：１）木     

橐吾属的起源、演化与地理分布

橐吾属Ligularia Cass．是菊科千里光族款冬亚族的一个大属。在款冬亚族中本属与大吾风草属 Farfugium Lindl．亲缘关系最近,但进化程度较高。本属包括6组,11系129种。所有种类均分布在 亚洲,仅2种扩散至欧洲。在东亚地区有119种,占该属总种数的96％。高度集中在横断山区的有4组、 6系67种,其中61种为特有种,占该属总组数的66％,总系数的54．5％,总种数的52％。这个事实 表明了横断山区是该属的多度中心和多样化中心。通过性状分析,伞房组伞房系Sect．Corymbosae, Ser．Calthifoliae叶肾形,具掌状叶脉,头状花序大而少,排列呈伞房状,总苞半球形,被认为是该属的 原始类群。原始种齿叶橐吾L. dentata和鹿蹄橐吾L.hodgsonii的分布区从我国四川东部经过湖北、湖 南、安徽、福建等省至日本。这个分布格局与近缘属大吴风草属Farfugium一致。 根据共同起源原理,这两个属的祖先极有可能就发生在这一地区。因此我们推测东亚地区从中国四 川东部至日本这一地区是本属的发源地,然而根据地质历史和现代分布,作者认为中国中部(包括四川 东部)是本属的初始起源地。该属起源后,基本上沿亚洲南缘的山地扩散,少数种类向东北至亚洲东北部。本属起源时间至少不晚于中白垩纪。     

A CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF CERTAIN POLYPLOIDS IN GRINDELIA (COMPOSITAE)

Two diploid taxa, Grindelia procera and G. camporum, and 3 tetraploid ones, G. camporum, G. hirsutula, and G. stricta, have been studied to ascertain their interrelationships. Meiosis in diploid parental strains was regular, the common chromosome configuration being 5 rod bivalents and 1 ring bivalent. The average chiasmata frequency per chromosome was 0.60. Pollen fertility was about 90% in all strains examined. Diploid interspecific hybrids had normal meiosis with an average chiasmata frequency of 0.56 per chromosome. No heterozygosity for inversions or interchanges was detected, and pollen fertility was above 85%. Meiosis in parental tetraploid strains was characterized by the presence of quadrivalents in addition to a complementary number of bivalents. The average chiasmata frequency per chromosome was 0.59 and pollen fertility was generally about 80%. Tetraploid interspecific hybrids also had quadrivalents, normal meiosis, and high pollen fertility. Close genetic relationships between the diploids and between the tetraploids are indicated, and geographical, ecological, and seasonal barriers to gene exchange exist. Attempts to obtain hybrids between diploids and tetraploids were successful in a few cases. The hybrids were tetraploid and had normal meiosis and fertility similar to parental and F₁ tetraploids. Their origin was by the union of unreduced gametes of the diploid female parent and normal pollen from the tetraploid parent. On the basis of chromosome homology, normal meiosis, plus high fertility exhibited in the diploid, tetraploid, and diploid X tetraploid interspecific hybrids, these species of Grindelia are considered to be a part of an autopolyploid complex. Gene exchange between diploids and diploids, tetraploids and tetraploids, and diploids and tetraploids is possible. Tetraploid G. camporum may have originated by hybridization between G. procera and diploid G. camporum with subsequent doubling of chromosomes and selection for the combined characteristics of the diploids.     

葛属（Pueraria DC．）的分支分析

本文采用２４个形态状对葛属进行分支分析,得到了１１个最简约分支图和一个严格一致化分支图,葛属的种间关系,根据分支分析结果对ｖａｎ ｄｅｒ Ｍａｅｓｅｎ的葛属分类系统提出了修订意见。     

缘蝽总科支序分析及其高级分类系统(半翅目:异翅亚目)(英)

本文在已有大量比较形态学研究和各科支序分析研究基础上,对缘蝽总科的科、亚科、族等亚群的系统发育关系作了支序分析研究,结果表明,缘蝽总科、蛛缘蝽科、姬缘蝽科的单系群地位得到证明。而缘蝽科由于其棒缘蝽亚科和希缘蝽亚科分别占据支序图的两个最低位置,它们在缘蝽总科中具有较多的原始特征,缘蝽亚科的Chariesterini族与南美缘蝽亚科互为姐妹群而与缘蝽亚科其它族差异较大;姬缘蝽科的红缘蝽亚科处在该分支的最高位置且与姬缘蝽亚科中的Harmostini族互为姐妹群,与姬缘蝽亚科其它族关系也较近,因而传统的缘蝽科、缘蝽亚科、姬缘蝽亚科为并系群。为使各分类单元为单系群即自然类群,使分类系统更忠实于系统发育关系,本文将棒缘蝽亚科和希缘蝽亚科分别提升为科,Chariesterini族提升为亚科;红缘蝽亚科降为族,姬缘蝽科不设亚科。据上述分类学变动提出了缘蝽总科族以上高级阶分类系统。     

CLADISTIC ANALYSIS AND HIGHER CLASSIFICATION OF COREOIDEA (HETEROPTERA)

Abstract  A cladistic analysis of tribes and subfamilies included in Coreidae, Rhopalidae and Alydidae of the superfamily Coreoidea, based on 60 apomorphies, has been made in the present paper. The results indicate that both the Pseudophloeinae and Hydarinae of Coreidae are monophyletic and occupy the two lowest positions in the cladogram in comparison with the other coreid groups; the tribe Chariesterini of Coreinae is a sister group with Meropachydinae; Serinethini (the only tribe of "Serinethinae", Rhopalidae) is a sister group with Harmostini of Rhopalinae in the rhopalid offset of the cladogram. These mean the traditional Coreidae, Coreinae, and Rhopalinae are paraphyletic groups. According to the results of the snalysis and their characteristics, the "Pseudophloeinae" and "Hydarinae" are raised to family category respectively, the tribe Chariesterini is raised to subfamily category in family Coreidae; the traditional Serinethinae is suppressed to tribe category (no subfamilial ranks will be set up in Rhopalidae), so that all the groups are natural and the paraphyletic groups are avoided in the superfamily, and no this basis a new higher classification system of Coreoidea is suggested.     

蜡梅科植物的分支分析

蜡梅科是一个仅有４属,１０种的小科,将蜡梅科的生物信息数字化,利用徐克学的和谐性分析程序,剔除了不合理的性状安排,判别关系含糊的性状极性,利用最大同步法,最小平行演化法及最大离散量分支分类法,对由性状再分析后获得的数值矩阵进行运算,推导分支图,明确各属之间的发生、发展和演化的关系。结果表明：椅子树亚科（Ｉｄｉｏｓｐｅｒｍｏｉｄｅａｅ）的椅子树属（Ｉｄｉｏｓｐｅｒｍｕｍ Ｂｌａｋｅ）在整个蜡梅科（Ｃ     

裸藻类植物的分支系统学研究

本文选取了裸藻类的33个属级分类单位,以及它们的35个性状,利用分支系统学的原理和方法,对性状的演化极性进行了分析,同时对性状间的极性关系进行了和谐性分析,使性状间极性关系处在较为合理的状态,然后建立了分支分析的数据矩阵。应用徐克学建立的“演化极端结合法”进行微机运算．得简约系数远小于1(o．2159)的分支谱系图。根据分支诺系图对裸藻类的系统发育关系进行了探讨,井与已有的关于裸藻类分类系统和演化假设进行了比较。在此基础上按照裸藻类的亲缘关系及单系原则,对裸藻类的分类等级进行了划分,初步提出了建立1门1纲5目的分类系统。按照在分支谱系中的演化地位,认为裸藻属的5个亚属,明显地都应是独立的属。同时对裸藻类的共生起源与演化的关系也进行了讨论。     

A QUANTITATIVE CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF AN INTERSECTIONAL HYBRID IN HELIANTHUS (COMPOSITAE)

From numerous pollinations of Helianthus laciniatus A. Gray sect. Ciliares by H. annuus L. sect. Helianthus (each with n = 17), a single hybrid was grown to maturity. The hybrid was vigorous but only 2.24% pollen-fertile compared to greater than 96% fertility in the parents. Backcrossing to the parental species was unsuccessful, so the possibility of gene flow between the species in nature is remote. Chromosome pairing in the parental plants was normal, but the hybrid was heterozygous for at least one paracentric inversion and numerous translocations. Chiasma frequencies of the parental genotypes were significantly different. The hybrid was significantly different from H. laciniatus and from the midparent value but not from H. annuus. These differences in chiasma frequencies were tested by the way chiasmata were allocated among the different meiotic configurations. Methods of converting multivalents to bivalent equivalents for comparison of chiasmata distribution among species and hybrids are demonstrated.     

MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF POLLEN FROM FOUR SPECIES OF AMBROSIA (COMPOSITAE)

A morphometric approach proved useful for characterizing pollen from the Ambrosia species that are responsible for most ragweed hayfever and for correctly identifying individual pollen grains. Pollen was harvested from 4 species (A. trifida, A. artemisiifolia, A. bidentata, A. psilostachya) grown in Champaign County, Illinois, and observed with a scanning electron microscope. Quantitative measurements of 6 different exine characters were made on micrographs of 96 pollen grains from each species. Discriminant analysis based on these characters was used to obtain a population centroid for each species and indicated that these centroids were distinctly different. This analysis also included a species classification for individual pollen grains and indicated probability of species membership. About 86% of all individuals were correctly classified when the 4 species were included, with a range from 80% (A. artemisiifolia) to 95% (A. psilostachya). When three species (A. trifida, A. artemisiifolia, A. bidentata) were analyzed, about 87% of the individuals were correctly classified, and almost all individuals (97%) were classified correctly when only A. trifida and A. artemisiifolia were included. The validity of the derived discriminant functions was also tested by treating herbarium specimens as unknowns. The species and percentages of these individuals correctly classified were A. trifida (100%), A. artemisiifolia (58%), A. bidentata (100%), and A. psilostachya (31%). The classification results using three species were A. trifida (100%), A. artemisiifolia (75%), and A. bidentata (100%); and using two species were A. trifida (100%) and A. artemisiifolia (92%). Hence, the disciminant functions do seem valid for 3 species, but further investigation of A. psilostachya is needed. This type of approach may be useful in pollen analysis, especially where these species significantly contributed to aeroallergens.     

CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF METAZOAN RELATIONSHIPS: A REAPPRAISAL

Abstract— A recently published cladistic analysis of metazoan relationships based on 77 embryological and morphological characters is shown to be defective with respect to both methodological issues and the interpretation of certain characters. Consequently, many conclusions of this analysis are not supported by the data. Alternative phylogenetic hypotheses are therefore proposed, based on a re-evaluation of an adapted data set.     

运用分支系统学方法对逆珊瑚亚科的修订

运用分支系统学方法，考察有可能归入Ａｎｔｉｐｈｙｌｌｉｎａｅ亚科的各属。根据个体发育极向标准对选取的７个性状进行分析，这７个性状为：主隔壁的长短，主内沟的形状和大小，对隔壁的长短和加厚程度，侧隔壁的长度，一级隔壁的排列，一级隔壁从轴部退缩程度，轴部构造等。据以上各性状在每个属中的表现编制出性状极向数据矩阵，输入计算机运算，得到分支图。并得到以下结果：ＡｎｔｉｐｈｙｌｌｉｎａｅＩｌｉｎａ应包括下列１０属：ＡｃｔｉｎｏｐｈｒｅｎｔｉｓＩｖａｎｏｗｓｋｉ，１９６７；ＦａｌｓｉａｍｐｌｅｘｕｓＦｅｄｏｒｏｗｓｋｉ，１９８７；ＬｏｎｇｉｃｌａｖａＥａｓｔｏｎ，１９６２；ＬｙｔｖｏｌａｓｍａＳｏｓｈｋｉｎａ，１９２５：ＮｅｏｚａｐｈｒｅｎｌｉｓＧｒｏｖｅ，１９３５；ＭｏｎｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍＦｏｍｉｃｈｅｖ，１９５３：ＦａｓｃｉｃｕｌｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍＴｈｏｍｓｏｎ．１８８３：ＢｒａｄｙｐｈｙｌｌｕｍＧｒａｂａｕ．１９２８：ＲｏｔｉｐｈｙｌｌｕｍＨｕｄｓｏｎ，１９４２；ＣｌａｖｉｐｈｙｌｌｕｍＨｕｄｓｏｎ，１９４２。     

珍珠菜属系统发育关系的初步研究

本文运用形态学性状对珍珠菜属（Lysimachia)进行系统发育分析。内类群包括珍珠菜属29个代表种以及珍珠菜族其它单种、寡种属;仙客来属（Cylclamen)被选作外类群。最简约性分析表明,珍珠菜属并不构成－自然分类群;在其严格一致化树的二岐分支中,异花珍珠菜（L.crispidens)单独构成一支,其它所有内类群构成一支。香草亚属（subgen.Idiophyton)、木黄连花亚属（subgne.Lysimachiopsis)以及珍珠菜亚属（subgen.palladia)均表现为单系群,而黄连花亚属（subgen.Lysimachia)则为一异形的并系群。球尾花亚属（subgen.Naumburgia)仍“内藏”于珍珠菜属的主体之中。而喉鳞花亚属（subgen.Seleucia)则偏离出来而与七瓣莲属（Trien talis)构成姐妹群。如何准确地界定珍珠菜属和进行属下分类群的划分,还需进一步研究。