UV-B辐射增强对陆地植物次生代谢的影响

平流层臭氧的减薄已导致地表中波紫外辐射(UV-B,280～320nm)增强,由于UV-B能被许多生物大分子如蛋白质和核酸吸收并引起分子构象的变化,因此可对植物的各方面产生影响。本文将近年来特别是近5年的UV-B辐射增强对植物次生代谢物影响的研究工作进行了综述。主要包括：UV-B辐射增强对植物紫外吸收物的影响和可能的机制;环境因子的复合作用对植物紫外吸收物的影响和可能的机制;UV-B辐射增强对次生代谢物影响的生态学意义。并对该领域未来的研究作了展望。     

紫外线-B辐射对植物DNA及蛋白质的影响

大气平流层中的臭氧衰减,导致太阳辐射中的紫外辐射量有明显的增加,其中UV-B辐射对植物会产生不同程度的影响。分子生态学理论认为,UV-B辐射对植物造成的损伤,首先伤害植物的生物大分子,即进行光化学修饰。本文就臭氧衰减对生态环境和植物的影响途径进行了讨论,重点论述了UV-B辐射对植物蛋白质合成的抑制和DNA的损伤修复途径。并应用分子生物学技术研究植物对UV-B辐射的抗性机理和DNA修复技术的前景进行了展望。     

植物响应UV-B辐射的研究进展

地表UV-B辐射的增强对植物的生长生理产生了多方面影响。随着研究的不断深入, 人们认识到UV-B辐射不仅是一种胁迫因子, 而且是一个重要的信号调节分子。该文论述了近年来植物响应UV-B辐射研究的一系列成果, 包括UV-B辐射对植物形态建成、生理代谢、UV-B光受体UVR8蛋白、细胞程序性死亡、细胞骨架和细胞周期的影响, 及其它因素与UV-B复合处理对植物的作用; 并对植物响应UV-B辐射研究进行了望。     

种子植物对中波紫外辐射胁迫的响应研究进展

臭氧层的破坏导致到达地表的中波紫外辐射(UV-B)增加。增强的UV-B对植物产生不同程度的胁迫作用。综合论述了近些年来有关种子植物对UV-B胁迫响应的研究进展。对UV-B敏感的种子植物经UV-B处理,外部形态表现为植物变矮、叶面积减小、茎缩短等;内部结构表现为叶绿体结构失去完整性、叶肉面积减小等。种子植物受UV-B影响的主要部位包括光合器官、遗传物质、蛋白质等。为了减轻UV-B的伤害,种子植物形成了一系列的保护机制,包括表皮结构对UV-B的散射、反射,叶片厚度的增加、UV-B吸收物质的积累、受损DNA的修复、自由基的去除。此外,UV-B与干旱、增强C02具有互作效应。增强的UV-B对木本植物、生态系统等方面的影响研究应加以重视。     

植物对UV-B辐射增强应答的分子机制及信号级联研究进展

地表的UV-B辐射量伴随着大气平流层臭氧层的变薄而不断增强,给地球生态系统带来严重影响.UV-B主要通过抑制植物光合作用、伤害生物膜及DNA等生物大分子来影响其生长发育,最终导致生物量及产量降低,甚至致死.植物在进化过程中形成了自我防护及防御机制,如DNA损伤的自我修复,活性氧自由基的酶促及非酶促清除机制,以及紫外吸收物质的诱导合成等;同时,在植物中也有许多物质及不同途径来感受和应答UV-B胁迫.本文从UV-B辐射增强对植物造成损伤的主要途径、植物对UV-B辐射增强的应答机制及信号级联过程等方面的研究进展进行综述.     

紫外辐射增强对植物糖代谢的影响

综述了UV-B辐射增强对植物叶片、茎、根、果实以及籽粒中糖含量影响的研究现状与动态,从生理学角度分析了UV-B辐射对植物糖含量和糖代谢相关的一些重要反应及其影响植物糖含量和糖代谢的关键酶的响应,并从植物的光合碳固定、糖的合成与分解等方面阐述了UV-B影响糖含量及糖代谢的可能机理。展望了今后紫外辐射增强对植物糖代谢影响的研究重点和研究方向。     

植物UV-B生理效应的分子机制研究进展

中波紫外线UV-B（280～320nm）是植物必需的太阳光线的组成部分,具有明显的双重效应：一方面UV-B在强度较高时,就触发产生大量活性氧对DNA、蛋白质以及生物膜等造成伤害,同时植物通过抗氧化系统对其作出防御反应以减轻伤害;另一方面,低强度的UV-B是植物生长发育的光信号因子之一,经由UVR8等光受体介导中、低、极低强度的UV-B信号,可能通过几个分子途径控制相关基因的表达,分别对植物的UV-B保护基因表达、形态建成、昼夜节律、生长发育等进行调控。目前对UVR8介导的低强度UV-B信号转导的分子机制研究相对深入。在本文中,将对UV-B生理效应分子机制的最新研究进展作一个比较全面的介绍。     

植物对增强UV-B辐射的防御机制研究进展

由于大气同温层的臭氧层逐渐被破坏变薄,增加了太阳UV-B辐射抵达地球表面的强度,对植物产生不同程度的影响.本文综述了近年来有关植物对增强UV-B辐射的防御机制,包括植物在生长、繁育与次生代谢过程中存在的防御机制、植物体内生物大分子对于UV-B辐射增强的防御和不同植物对于UV-B辐射增强的防御能力的差异,以及如何有效地利用该机制;同时提出了今后研究的方向和重点.     

UV-B辐射增强对植物影响的研究进展

UV-B辐射的增强对植物的影响是目前科学研究的热点之一。本文综述了国内外有关UV-B辐射增强对植物影响的研究现状与动态,讨论了在增强了UV-B辐射时,植物在生长发育、生理形态、光合作用、物质次生代谢、抗氧化系统和分子防御反应等多个层次的变化,同时还探讨了UV-B辐射与其它环境因素联合作用对植物的影响。并展望了UV-B辐射对植物的影响领域中值得深入探讨的问题。     

增强的UV-B辐射和其它因子的相互作用对植物的影响

全球变化中的平流层臭氧层耗损引起到达地球表面的紫外线-B(280～320 nm)辐射的增强,给人类健康,动物、植物、微生物的生命活动,生物地化循环,材料及大气质量等带来重大影响[1]。因此,近30年来,平流层臭氧层减薄和UV-B辐射增强对植物影响的问题引起人们的关注,并进行了大量的研究[1～4]。我国在这方面的研究刚刚起步[5]。但是,针对UV-B辐射增强和其它非生物因子如CO2浓度升高、全球变暖、干旱、矿质营养亏缺和空气污染物等的复合作用对植物生长、发育、繁殖及生态系统影响的研究较少[1～3]。在自然界,各种环境因子常常是相互作用共同影响植物及生态系统,因此,仅研究单因子的作用很难正确评估由于全球变化而产生的种种生物学和生态学效应[1,2]。本文就近年来关于UV-B辐射增强和其它非生物因子的复合作用对植物影响的研究进展作一介绍,并对其发展前景作了展望。1 UV-B辐射与矿质营养     

The inhibitory effects of UV-B radiation (280–315 nm) on Gunnera magellanica growth correlate with increased DNA damage but not with oxidative damage to lipids

Damage to DNA and disruption of membrane integrity by lipid peroxidation processes are two of the proposed causes of UV‐B‐induced growth inhibition in plants. However, the relative significance of these different types of molecular damage has not been established in experiments carried out under realistic physiological conditions. Plants of Gunnera magellanica (a native herb from southern Patagonia) were exposed to a gradient of biologically effective UV‐B doses (from 0 to 6.5 kJ m^?2 d^?1 of UV‐B_be) in a greenhouse study. Leaf expansion was measured and sensitive techniques were used to detect damage to DNA (in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers; CPDs) and lipid peroxidation (via electronic‐paramagnetic resonance; EPR). Leaf expansion decreased and the CPD density increased with increasing UV‐B doses, but the degree of lipid peroxidation remained unaffected. The highest UV‐B dose induced a transient oxidative stress situation (as evaluated using the ratio of ascorbyl radical to ascorbate, A^·/AH^–), which was rapidly controlled by an increase in the ascorbate pool. The present results suggest that under a range of UV‐B_be doses that overlaps the range of doses that G. magellanica plants experience in their natural environment, growth inhibition is better explained by DNA damage than by increased lipid peroxidation.     

Integration and scaling of UV‐B radiation effects on plants: from DNA to leaf

A process‐based model integrating the effects of UV‐B radiation through epidermis, cellular DNA, and its consequences to the leaf expansion was developed from key parameters in the published literature. Enhanced UV‐B radiation‐induced DNA damage significantly delayed cell division, resulting in significant reductions in leaf growth and development. Ambient UV‐B radiation‐induced DNA damage significantly reduced the leaf growth of species with high relative epidermal absorbance at longer wavelengths and average/low pyrimidine cyclobutane dimers (CPD) photorepair rates. Leaf expansion was highly dependent on the number of CPD present in the DNA, as a result of UV‐B radiation dose, quantitative and qualitative absorptive properties of epidermal pigments, and repair mechanisms. Formation of pyrimidine‐pyrimidone (6‐4) photoproducts (6‐4PP) has no effect on the leaf expansion. Repair mechanisms could not solely prevent the UV‐B radiation interference with the cell division. Avoidance or effective shielding by increased or modified qualitative epidermal absorptance was required. Sustained increased UV‐B radiation levels are more detrimental than short, high doses of UV‐B radiation. The combination of low temperature and increased UV‐B radiation was more significant in the level of UV‐B radiation‐induced damage than UV‐B radiation alone. Slow‐growing leaves were more affected by increased UV‐B radiation than fast‐growing leaves.     

增强UV-B辐射对小麦叶中CAT、POX和SOD活性的影响

研究了０（ＣＫ）,８．８２ｋＪ／ｍ＾２（Ｔ１）及１２．６ｋＪ／ｍ＾２（Ｔ２）三种剂量的紫外线Ｂ（ＵＶ－Ｂ,２８０～３２０ｎｍ）辐射对温室种植的小麦膜伤害的机理,试验结果表明,在增强ＵＶ－Ｂ辐射下,与对照相比,膜脂过氧化物产－丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量明显升高,同时膜脂脂肪酸组成配比改变,不饱和度指数（ＩＵＦＡ）有所下降,并具剂量效应,过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）,过氧化物酶（ＰＯＸ）活性显著升高,而超氧歧化酶（     

UV‐B impairs growth and gas exchange in grapevines grown in high altitude

We previously demonstrated that solar ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation levels in high altitude vineyards improve berry quality in Vitis vinifera cv. Malbec, but also reduce berry size and yield, possibly as a consequence of increased oxidative damage and growth reductions (lower photosynthesis). The defense mechanisms toward UV‐B signal and/or evoked damage promote production of antioxidant secondary metabolites instead of primary metabolites. Purportedly, the UV‐B effects will depend on tissues developmental stage and interplay with other environmental conditions, especially stressful situations. In this work, grapevines were exposed to high solar UV‐B (+UV‐B) and reduced (by filtering) UV‐B (?UV‐B) treatments during three consecutive seasons, and the effects of UV‐B, developmental stages and seasons on the physiology were studied, i.e. growth, tissues morphology, photosynthesis, photoprotective pigments, proline content and antioxidant capacity of leaves. The +UV‐B reduced photosynthesis and stomatal conductance, mainly through limitation in gas exchange, reducing plant's leaf area, net carbon fixation and growth. The +UV‐B augmented leaf thickness, and also the amounts of photoprotective pigments and proline, thereby increasing the antioxidant capacity of leaves. The defense mechanisms triggered by + UV‐B reduced lipid peroxidation, but they were insufficient to protect the photosynthetic pigments per leaf dry weight basis. The +UV‐B effects depend on tissues developmental stage and interplay with other environmental conditions such as total radiation and air temperatures.     

PHOTOSYNTHETIC ADAPTATION OF A BLOOM‐FORMING CYANOBACTERIUM MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA (CYANOPHYCEAE) TO PROLONGED UV‐B EXPOSURE1

The bloom‐forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz 854 was cultured with 1.05 W·m^?2 UV‐B for 3 h every day, and its growth, pigments, and photosynthesis were investigated. The specific growth rates represented by chl a concentration and OD₇₅₀ were inhibited 8% and 9% by UV‐B exposure, respectively. Six days of UV‐B treatment significantly reduced cellular contents of phycocyanin and allophycocyanin by 32% and 62%, respectively, and markedly increased the carotenoid content by 27%, but had little effect on the chl a content. The initial values of optimal photosynthetic efficiency for UV‐B treated samples were, respectively, 52%, 87%, and 93% of controls on days 4, 7, and 10 of growth. The light‐saturated photosynthetic rates at day 6 were significantly lower than controls grown without UV‐B. The probability of electron transfer beyond Q_A decreased during UV‐B exposure, and this indicated that the acceptor side of PSII was one of main damage sites. The adaptation of M. aeruginosa 854 to UV‐B radiation could be observed from light‐saturated photosynthetic rates on day 13 and diurnal changes of chl fluorescence during the late growth phase. When both exposed to higher UV‐B, samples cultured under 1.05 W·m^?2 UV‐B for 9 days recovered faster than controls. It is suggested that M. aeruginosa 854 had at least three adaptive strategies to cope with the enhanced UV‐B: increasing the synthesis of carotenoids to counteract reactive oxidants caused by UV‐B exposure, degrading phycocyanin and allophycocyanin to avoid further damage to DNA and reaction centers, and enhancing the repair of UV‐B induced damage to the photosynthetic apparatus.     

The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat

It emerged recently that there is an inter‐relationship between drought and ultraviolet‐B (UV‐B) radiation in plant responses, in that both stresses provoke an oxidative burst. The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effects and interaction of drought and UV‐B in wheat and pea. The absence of changes in relative leaf water content (RWC) after UV‐B treatments indicate that changes in water content were not involved. RWC was the main factor resulting in reduced growth in response to drought. Increases in anthocyanin and phenols were detected after exposure to UV‐B. The increases do not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to act as a UV‐B screen. UV‐B application caused greater membrane damage than drought stress, as assessed by lipid peroxidation as well as osmolyte leakage. An increase in the specific activities of antioxidant enzymes was measured after UV‐B alone as well as after application to droughted plants. Proline increased primarily in drought‐stressed pea or wheat. Proline may be the drought‐induced factor which has a protective role in response to UV‐B. The physiological and biochemical parameters measured indicate the UV‐B light has stronger stress effectors than drought on the growth of seedlings of both species. The two environmental stresses acted synergistically to induce protective mechanisms in that pre‐application of either stress reduced the damage caused by subsequent application of the other stress.     

UV-B辐射增强对三种赤潮微藻DNA的伤害效应

运用生态毒理学和生物化学方法研究了UV-B辐射增强对赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻DNA的伤害作用.结果表明,3种赤潮微藻的生长状况对UV-B辐射增强的敏感性不同;对UV-B辐射增强的敏感性由高到低依次是赤潮异弯藻、亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻.随着UV-B辐射剂量的增加,3种赤潮微藻的DNA损伤程度提高,而且赤潮异弯藻DNA的损伤程度明显高于亚历山大藻和中肋骨条藻,亚历山大藻DNA的伤害程度又远远高于中肋骨条藻.UV-B辐射处理解除后,损伤DNA可明显恢复.赤潮异湾藻和亚历山大藻恢复培养6d,损伤DNA可明显恢复(P＜0.05);而中肋骨条藻恢复培养3d,损伤DNA可明显恢复(P＜0.05),说明3种赤潮微藻的DNA损伤水平不适合作为指示UV-B辐射增强的生物学指标.     

DNA damage and photosynthesis in Antarctic and Arctic Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske under ambient and enhanced levels of UV-B radiation

The response of the bipolar moss Sanionia uncinata (Hedw.) Loeske to ambient and enhanced UV‐B radiation was investigated at an Antarctic (Léonie Island, 67°35′ S, 68°20′ W) and an Arctic (Ny‐Alesund, 78°55′ N, 11°56′ E) site, which differed in ambient UV‐B radiation (UV‐BR: 280–320 nm) levels. The UV‐BR effects on DNA damage and photosynthesis were investigated in two types of outdoor experiments. First of all, sections of turf of S. uncinata were collected in an Arctic and Antarctic field site and exposed outdoors to ambient and enhanced UV‐BR for 2 d using UV‐B Mini‐lamps. During these experiments, chlorophyll a fluorescence, chlorophyll concentration and cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimer (CPD) formation were measured. Secondly, at the Antarctic site, a long‐term filter experiment was conducted to study the effect of ambient UV‐BR on growth and biomass production. Additionally, sections of moss turf collected at both the Antarctic and the Arctic site were exposed to UV‐BR in a growth chamber to study induction and repair of CPDs under controlled conditions. At the Antarctic site, a summer midday maximum of 2·1 W m^?2 of UV‐BR did not significantly affect effective quantum yield (ΔF/F_m′) and the ratio of variable to maximal fluorescence (F_v/F_m). The same was found for samples of S. uncinata exposed at the Arctic site, where summer midday maxima of UV‐BR were about 50% lower than at the Antarctic site. Exposure to natural UV‐BR in summer did not increase CPD values significantly at both sites. Although the photosynthetic activity remained largely unaffected by UV‐B enhancement, DNA damage clearly increased as a result of UV‐B enhancement at both sites. However, DNA damage induced during the day by UV‐B enhancement was repaired overnight at both sites. Results from the long‐term filter experiment at the Antarctic site indicated that branching of S. uncinata was reduced by reduction of ambient summer levels of UV‐BR, whereas biomass production was not affected. Exposure of specimens collected from both sites to UV‐BR in a growth chamber indicated that Antarctic and Arctic S. uncinata did not differ in UV‐BR‐induced DNA damage. It was concluded that S. uncinata from both the Antarctic and the Arctic site is well adapted to ambient levels of UV‐BR.     

Higher amounts of anthocyanins and UV-absorbing compounds effectively lowered CPD photorepair in purple rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Growth of a near‐isogenic line (NIL) for the purple leaf gene Pl of rice with a genetic background of Taichung 65 (T‐65) rice was significantly retarded by supplementary ultraviolet‐B radiation (UV‐B), despite the fact that the amounts of UV‐absorbing compounds and anthocyanins in NIL were significantly higher than those in T‐65. In order to understand the role of flavonoids in UV‐B induced damage protection in T‐65 and the NIL, both the (1) relationships between changes in the steady state of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) levels and changes in accumulation of anthocyanins and UV‐absorbing compounds in leaves with leaf age, and (2) the susceptibility to CPD induction by UV‐B radiation and the ability to photorepair CPD were examined. Although supplementary UV‐B elevated the steady state of CPD levels in leaves in both strains, the level in the leaf of the NIL was higher than that in T‐65 at any time. The susceptibility to CPD induction by short‐term (challenge) UV‐B exposure was lower in the NIL than in T‐65. On the other hand, the CPD photorepair was also lower in the leaves of the NIL than in those of T‐65. The decrease in CPD‐photorepair in the NIL was due to a lowering of the leaf‐penetrating blue/UV‐A radiation, which is effective for photoreactivation by photolyase, by anthocyanins. Thus, accumulation of anthocyanins and UV‐absorbing compounds did not effectively function as screening against damage caused by elevated UV‐B radiation in the NIL, and the retardation of growth in the NIL resulted from its lower ability to photorepair CPD by higher amounts of anthocyanins.     

RecA and RadA proteins of Brucella abortus do not perform overlapping protective DNA repair functions following oxidative burst

Very little is known about the role of DNA repair networks in Brucella abortus and its role in pathogenesis. We investigated the roles of RecA protein, DNA repair, and SOS regulation in B. abortus. While recA mutants in most bacterial species are hypersensitive to UV damage, surprisingly a B. abortus recA null mutant conferred only modest sensitivity. We considered the presence of a second RecA protein to account for this modest UV sensitivity. Analyses of the Brucella spp. genomes and our molecular studies documented the presence of only one recA gene, suggesting a RecA-independent repair process. Searches of the available Brucella genomes revealed some homology between RecA and RadA, a protein implicated in E. coli DNA repair. We considered the possibility that B. abortus RadA might be compensating for the loss of RecA by promoting similar repair activities. We present functional analyses that demonstrated that B. abortus RadA complements a radA defect in E. coli but could not act in place of the B. abortus RecA. We show that RecA but not RadA was required for survival in macrophages. We also discovered that recA was expressed at high constitutive levels, due to constitutive LexA cleavage by RecA, with little induction following DNA damage. Higher basal levels of RecA and its SOS-regulated gene products might protect against DNA damage experienced following the oxidative burst within macrophages.