Social organization of white‐headed langurs (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) in the Nongguan Karst Hills,Guangxi, China

The number of males per group is the most variable aspect of primate social organization and is often related to the monopolizability of females, which is mainly determined by the number of females per group and their reproductive synchrony. Colobines show both inter‐specific and intra‐specific variations in the number of males per group. Compared with other colobine species, little is known about the social organization of white‐headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus), despite its endangered status and unusual limestone habitat. As a part of a long‐term study of the white‐headed langurs in the Nongguan Karst Hills, Guangxi, China, we quantitatively investigated their social organization by analyzing census data from 1998 to 2003. The population censuses revealed that the predominant social organization of bisexual groups was the one‐male group, similar to a previous report on this species and many other Asian colobines. In such groups, one adult male associated with 5.1 adult females, 0.1 sub‐adult males, 2.6 juveniles and 2.9 infants on average, with a mean group size of 11.7 individuals. In addition, three multi‐male groups were recorded, consisting of 2–3 adult males, 1–5 adult females, 0–2 sub‐adult males, 0–7 juveniles and 0–2 infants. They did not contain more adult females than the one‐male groups and were unstable in group membership. The langurs outside bisexual groups were organized into small nonreproductive groups or lived as solitaries. The nonreproductive groups averaged 1.3 adult males, 1.3 sub‐adult males and 2.6 juveniles. Juvenile females were present in such groups on 52.4% of all occasions. As predicted by the monopolization model, the prevalence of the one‐male pattern in this species may mainly be attributed to the small number of females in the group. The possible reasons for the occurrence of multi‐male groups and the presence of juvenile females in nonreproductive groups are also discussed. Am. J. Primatol. 71:206–213, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Status of Trachypithecus geei in a Rubber Plantation in Western Assam, India

Golden langurs (Trachypithecus geei) are an endangered species in a limited area of Northeast India and Bhutan. They are confined to a forest belt in western Assam between the Manas River in the east, Sankosh in the west and Brahmaputra in the south along the Indo-Bhutan border. Due to habitat destruction, their populations are restricted to fragmented forest pockets, especially in India. We compared data on an isolated population of golden langurs in the rubber plantation of Nayakgaon in the Kokrajhar district of Assam, May 2002 with an earlier census in 1997. We counted a total of 52 individuals in 3 troops in 2002. The average troop size is 17.3 (r = 7–26). The ratio of adult male to adult females is 1:3.16. Of the total population 9.6% were adult males, 21.1% were adult females, 17.3% subadult males, 7.7% subadult females, 19.2% juveniles and 25% infants. In 1997 Srivastava et. al., recorded 38 individuals in 5 troops with an average troop size of only 7.6 . Apparently troop fusion has occurred. The increased population is encouraging.     

白头叶猴种群的调查研究

1991年7—10月,作者在广西扶绥县(山弄)癝对白头叶猴种群进行调查。结果表明:生活在(山弄)癝栖息地的白头叶猴为166只,分属28个猴群和3只雄性独猴。最大群有16只,最小群2只,平均每群5.3只。种群密度为每平方公里8只。在已划分年龄组的23个猴群中,成年猴88只,占67.6％,青年猴25只,占20.2％,幼猴20只,占12.2％。     

Social structure and group dynamics of the Cao Vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) in Bangliang, Jingxi, China

The Cao Vit gibbon (Nomascus nasutus) was rediscovered in 2002 in Vietnam and then in 2006 in China. This is the only known population with about 110 individuals located along the China-Vietnam border. Little is known about it other than its population size and distribution. We describe the social structure and group dynamics of the Cao Vit gibbons in China based on 2 years of monitoring from 2007 to 2009. Four established study groups at this site consisted of 1 adult male, 2 adult females and 2-6 offspring. Two juveniles in 2 groups disappeared during the research. Four infants were born in 3 groups from November 2008 to February 2009. In 2 of the groups, both adult females had dependent infants. These observations suggest that Cao Vit gibbons live in polygynous groups, contrary to the usual monogamous group with only 1 adult female, but nevertheless similar to the social organization of both N. concolor and N. hainanus. We observed a coordinated dispersal of 1 adult male and 2 large juveniles, and the male formed a pair with a newly arrived female. Our observations support a growing awareness of variability in gibbon social organization.     

广西恩城保护区黑叶猴种群数量和保护现状

黑叶猴是栖息于喀斯特石山地区的珍稀濒危灵长类动物,由于非法捕杀和栖息地丧失,种群数量急剧减少。2017年10-12月,我们采用样方法调查恩城国家级自然保护区及其周边地区黑叶猴的种群分布、数量及保护现状,分析其致危因素,为制定有效管理行动计划提供理论依据。本次调查共记录到黑叶猴夜宿地89处,其中有43处夜宿地下方有新鲜排泄物。结合本次调查和访问,确定黑叶猴的种群数量为18群100~105只,包括1只全白化黑叶猴成年雌性个体;其中11群分布在保护区内,7群分布在保护区外。猴群由3~12只个体组成。栖息地破碎化和退化是威胁恩城保护区黑叶猴种群生存的主要因素。     

Group composition and population density of rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta (Zimmermann)) in northern India

A field survey of road-side rhesus monkey of northern India was conducted during 1964–65 for the study of group composition and population density. In 1651 km distance covered during this survey, total of 83 groups of rhesus monkey were counted. Adult females were predominant over other members in the group and were twice the number of adult males in a group. Infants were more than double the numbers of juveniles and juveniles formed the smallest percentage in any group and showed a tendency of decline in their population. Percentages of group size varied from 2.50 to 28.09. Sex-ratios, proportions of infants and juveniles to adults, proportions of juveniles to infants and the population density in different zones and sectors have been discussed.     

Factors influencing the population density of the hanuman langur (Presbytis entellus) in Sariska Tiger Reserve

We carried out a study of Hanuman langurs in Sariska Tiger Reserve, Rajasthan, India during three months in 1990. The area surveyed included habitat disturbed by human activity, with both the grazing of livestock and firewood collecting resulting in degraded forest. Langur population density was estimated to be between 19 and 36 animals/km². The density of langurs in disturbed areas was significantly lower than in undisturbed areas. Both tree cover, total tree, and shrub cover were positively correlated with langur density, suggesting that a lack of trees in disturbed areas may have caused the lower langur densities. Although bisexual groups were significantly more common in undisturbed areas the distribution of all male groups did not appear to be affected by human disturbance, suggesting that male bands are likely to inhabit more disturbed habitats than bisexual groups. We suggest that either a lack of food trees or the high density of predators in Sariska may prevent bisexual groups from inhabiting areas where tree cover is low, although the more mobile male groups can survive in these areas. Although Hanuman langurs are a relatively common species in India, these results suggest that they are not, as is commonly assumed, immune to the effects of human disturbance. In areas where langurs appear to survive in disturbed habitats the different response of bisexual and all male groups to disturbance may still result in serious disruption to the population structure.     

Habitat fragmentation and population size of the black and gold howler monkey (Alouatta caraya) in a semideciduous forest in Northern Argentina

A population of black and gold howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya) living near the southern limit of its distribution in a semideciduous forest located in northern Argentina was studied in 2003 to evaluate the possible effects of habitat fragmentation - owing to logging - on its density and social organization within it. Aerial photographs taken in 1982, 1992, and 2001 were used to compare maps of vegetation. These maps were used to evaluate changes in the area covered by forest fragments. From March to June 2003, 10-day monthly surveys of howlers were made in each fragment. A total of 232 individual howlers were counted, belonging to 34 groups plus a solitary adult female. Groups ranged from 2 to 19 individuals (mean = 6.82, SD = 4.23), and 21% of the groups contained more than one adult male. Adults accounted for 55% of the individuals, immatures for 45%, and infants represented 13% of the total. Data obtained were compared with information available for the same population for 1982 and 1995. Results revealed no significant changes in the area of fragments, the crude and ecological density of howlers, and group composition. Group sizes and group composition of howlers suggest that the population remained stable over the past 22 years. The density, number of groups, and individuals appears not to be affected by fragmentation and logging, but crude density was low compared with other less-disturbed habitats. The status of the population remains uncertain owing to isolation, and because there are no protected areas to ensure its stability for the future.     

Population structure and group size of geladas (Theropithecus gelada) at Chenek,Simien Mountains National Park,Ethiopia

The aim of this study was to investigate population structure and group size of geladas (Theropithecus gelada) at Chenek, Simien Mountains National Park. The study was carried out from January 2010 to June 2011 using total count method by classifying the study site into five different blocks. Size of the group was determined by counting individuals of geladas within an hour interval. A total of 397 geladas were counted and the ratio of adult males to adult females was 1 : 1.25, and this difference showed statistical significant (t = 8.157, P < 0.05). There was also significant difference between adult females with juveniles and infants (t = 21.027, P < 0.05). Population structure of geladas in a band comprised a single reproductive male and a number of females, subadults, juveniles and infants. Fission and fusion of individual geladas among different bands were observed during the study period. Geladas at the study site showed population growth and were seen competing for available food. They also stole food from local people and tourists and were seen to be interactive with people. Thus, the interference of people and livestock within the geladas natural habitat should be minimized to avoid human disturbance on the species and its natural habitat.     

The golden langurs (Presbytis geei Khajuria, 1956) of Assam

The ecology and behaviour of golden langurs,Presbytis geei Khajuria, 1956, were studied in the western forests of Assam. During our survey 10 groups were observed of which one was all male group and the rest were bisexual. Group composition, sex ratio of adult males and females, ratio of adult females to juveniles and infants, percentage of females with infants, number of males in each group, daily activity pattern, intra-inter group and inter-specific relations, reaction to disturbances, and vocalisation have been studied and included in this paper. The similiarity and differences in their behaviour from those of Hanuman langurs have been discussed.     

Group size and group composition of the mona monkey (Cercopithecus mona) on the Island of Grenada,West Indies

Cercopithecus, the genus of guenons, is the largest of the African primate genera, and yet more than half of the species belonging to this group have never been the focus of a long-term field study. In this paper, I present data on group size and composition for a previously unstudied population of guenons on the Caribbean island of Grenada. The mona monkey, Cercopithecus mona, was introduced to Grenada from Africa approximately 200–300 years ago. Two types of social groups were found for Cercopithecus mona on Grenada: all-male groups consisting of two to four individuals and bisexual groups containing 5–32 individuals. All-male groups of Grenada mona monkeys contained any combination of juveniles, subadults, and/or adults. All-male groups were a common occurrence on Grenada but have never been reported for African C. mona and have been reported only in two other forest Cercopithecusspecies. Bisexual groups appeared to consist of one adult male, one to six adult females, subadult females, and juveniles and infants of both sexes. Even though no more than one adult male was ever seen in each bisexual group of monas on Grenada, other males were heard giving copulation calls simultaneously with resident adult male loud calls, suggesting that other males occasionally infiltrate bisexual groups. Am. J. Primatol. 43:167–173, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

九寨沟自然保护区川金丝猴的分布及种群数量

2014年2月至5月,对四川省九寨沟自然保护区野生川金丝猴的种群分布、数量及其社会结构进行调查,初步探讨该种群与其他种群在外部形态和社会结构方面的差异性。采用"V"型路线法调查,发现九寨沟保护区共有川金丝猴4群。然后结合长时间的持续跟踪观察,证实家庭单元19个,全雄群3个,能区分不同个体296只。OMU大小平均为12.7只,其中OMU内的成年个体占38%,青少年个体占53%,幼仔占9%。成年与青少年比例为1∶1.39,成年雌雄的比例为3.84∶1。与秦岭种群的外部形态相比,该种群的成年雄性更为壮大,毛发弯曲程度明显;成年雌性毛发略显灰黑色,金黄色暗淡,大部分个体嘴角长有很小的肉瘤;青少年个体毛色泛白。亦发现九寨沟种群倾向于选择海拔偏高(2400—3550 m)的针叶林带活动。     

贵州省梵净山自然保护区黔金丝猴的种群数量

<正>黔金丝猴(Rhinopithecus brelichi),隶属灵长目(Primates),猴科(Cercopithecidae),疣猴亚科(Colobinae)仰鼻猴属(Rhinopithecus),是中国一级保护珍稀动物,世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)将其列为濒危(En)物种,仅分布在贵州省铜仁市梵净山国家级自然保护区内。对于黔金丝猴的研究,迄今为止仅有关于这个物种的种群遗传多样性(Pan et al.,2011)、夜宿地选择(Xiang et al.,2009b)以及保护状态(Xiang et al.,2009a)等少量的报道。对于该物种的保护而言,首先需要了     

Survey and census of the hoolock gibbon in West Garo Hills,Northeast India

During a long-term study on the hoolock gibbon in Northeast India, a detailed survey was made in West Garo Hills District of the Meghalaya, India from July 1985 to March 1987. Approximately 5,075 km² of the area was covered. Groups and individuals were counted in 32 localities (812 km²). Interestingly only 1,395 ha was the actual forest area occupied by these gibbons. Forty-two family groups and four floating individuals of gibbons made up the total count. Of these the adult males and females comprised of nearly 67% while the sub-adults, juveniles, and infants were 6%, 12%, and 15%, respectively. Each family group's territory ranged from 14 to 55 ha. Of the 32 localities only 6 had more than one family group. The present paper deals with the diminishing habitats for these gibbons. The discussion is based on the available small forest patches throughout the district (a common feature for the whole of Northeast India) surrounded by bare hills due to shifting cultivation. A strategy for conservation is also outlined.     

重庆市武隆县和彭水县交界处白颊黑叶猴种群初步调查

1998年4月至2001年12月,对重庆市武隆县和彭水县交界处的白颊黑叶猴种群进行了4次调查。结果表明,该交界处有4个黑叶猴家族群栖息,其中数量最多的1群曾达到17－18只个体,最少的1群为5只左右,目前调查统计到的个体总数量约40－45只。以常绿阔叶树为主的“斑块状”天然阔叶林地是黑叶猴栖息地生境的主要特征。影响武隆县和彭水县黑叶猴种群数量和分布区缩减的主要原因是：人类频繁活动、栖息地破碎化和生境条件的变化,很大可能还有生殖隔离的影响。     

过去二十年贵州黑叶猴分布与种群动态及致危因子分析(英文)

本文通过整理相关文献与政府报告数据并结合我们在贵州的最新调查与监测数据,总结过去20年间黑叶猴在贵州的分布、种群变动及其所面临的主要威胁,并在此基础上提出相关的保护管理建议。贵州黑叶猴野生种群在过去20年间增长了约10%～20%:从20世纪90年代的约109群1000只增加到现在的约132～137群1160～1200只。但同期黑叶猴已从5个原有的分布点绝迹,现仅存于大沙河、柏箐、麻阳河、宽阔水和野钟等5个保护区,总面积约912km2。现有的5个隔离分布点保存有全球黑叶猴野生种群(1800～2000)的约62%,是黑叶猴物种保存的最关键地区,并应该给于保护管理的优先考虑。偷猎压力在贵州相对较小:在过去的20年间仅有3次偷猎的官方记录。黑叶猴在贵州所面临的主要威胁是栖息地的丧失与退化。其主要表现形式有:以农作物和烟草种植为目的的耕地扩大,以做饭、取暖以及烟叶烘烤为目的的薪材需求,以及家畜(主要是山羊)的过度放牧。     

Further observations on the golden langur (Presbytis geei Khajuria, 1956), with a note to capped langur (Presbytis pileatus Blyth, 1843) of Assam

In continuation of the field work that was initiated in the summer of 1973 another field trip to the same area of Goalpara district was undertaken in the winter of 1973 and later on a survey of Manas sanctuary was made in winter of 1976 to collect further information about golden langur. This report incorporates the results of these two field studies and includes such information as the characteristics of the study area, total number of langur groups observed, their size and composition, food items utilised by them during winter months, inter-group and inter-specific relationships, etc. It also includes, incidentally, observations of the capped langur in the Manas sanctuary and remarks on allopatry of distribution of golden and capped langurs in this sanctuary. The range of distribution of golden langur on the Indian side and present status and future of these monkeys have been discussed. The social organisation of the golden langur has been compared with that of other langurs and the concentrations of the former in Jamduar and Raimona forests during the winter months have been compared with those in summer months.     

四川省石渠县西藏盘羊种群与分布现状调查

西藏盘羊长期被怀疑已在四川省甘孜藏族自治州绝灭,直到20世纪末在石渠县发现3只个体。我们于2013-2018年在甘孜州12县34乡开展了访问和实地调查,结果仅在石渠县发现实体,共发现24群321头,集群大小1~41头/群,平均为（13.4 ± 11.4 ）只。其中全雄性14群,集群大小1~15只,平均（7.4 ± 4.6）只;雌幼混合8群,集群大小9~41只,平均（24.6 ± 13.0） 只;雌雄幼混合群2群,分别为8只、12只。共记录到成年个体238头,性比略偏雌 (雌雄比为128∶110);1~2龄个体38头,0~1龄个体45头。根据在真达-色须-尼嘎-洛须等乡镇的历年重复调查,保守估计适宜栖息地内盘羊的种群密度为每平方千米0.33~0.57只。调查区域内盘羊面临的威胁因素包括过度放牧、护牧犬、狼(Canis lupus)、雪豹(Panthera uncia)和金雕(Aquila chrysaetos)。据此,为保护石渠县西藏盘羊,我们建议进行更深入的分布、栖息地和种群调查,并开展以盘羊为主题的宣传教育和生态旅游。     

陕西米仓山国家级自然保护区猕猴的分布及种群数量调查

2013年8至12月,对陕西省米仓山国家级自然保护区境内野生猕猴的种群数量及其社会结构进行调查,并估测该物种栖息环境的偏好性。通过在预先选取的样区域内采用"V"型路线调查法调查,发现该区域生活12群,共有460—500只野生猕猴。结合对其中5个猴群长时间的持续跟踪观察,统计得出成年个体占45.93%,未成年个体占34.45%,幼仔占19.61%,成年与未成年比例为1.33,成年雄雌的比例为0.36。并证实猕猴倾向于选择海拔700—1600m裸露的悬崖峭壁、平缓山坡农田带上缘、灌丛-森林带和半山中部及以上区域的阔叶林带下缘活动。     

Infanticide among free-ranging langurs (Presbytis entellus) at jodhpur (Rajasthan/India): Recent observations and a reconsideration of hypotheses

Considerable disagreement characterizes the debate concerning frequency, causation, and function of infanticide in connection with adult male replacements in bisexual one-male troops of hanuman langurs (Presbytis entellus). Detailed observations are presented about two noninfanticidal and three infanticidal male changes including six eye-witness and five presumed cases of infanticide within three langur troops during a long-term study at Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India. The results do not support any explanatory hypotheses focussing on social crowding, regulation of population density, social stress, sexual frustration, incest avoidance, or social bonding, but are in general though not total agreement with the reproductive advantage hypothesis: mainly unrelated infants were killed (one possible exception), the infanticidal male generally sired the subsequent offspring (one exception), and the mean interbirth interval subsequent to infanticide is by 2.1 months shortened. Likewise, several cases of stress induced abortions occurred. It is demonstrated that postconception estrous behaviour is by no means a female counterstrategy to infanticide in order to confuse males concerning the issue of paternity, since an infanticidal male did not spare the subsequent offspring of mothers who copulated with him during pregnancy and pregnant females did not discriminate between fathers and non-fathers.