嗜冷性海洋微生物产蛋白酶的研究

从210株海洋细菌中筛选出30株产蛋白酶活力较高的菌株。以N₁为出发菌,用UV诱变处理,获得突变株。其中的N_1-3。菌株最适生长温度为20℃;在21℃下培养44小时,产酶最高。酶反应最适温度为50℃,最适pH8.0。30℃以下酶活稳定。     

野生柳生金针菇和金针菇的分离、生物学特性及驯化栽培

采自滇西北地区的2份野生大型真菌标本,通过形态学及内转录间隔区(ITS)序列的分子系统发育分析鉴定为柳生金针菇Flammulina rossica和金针菇F.filiformis。以分离纯化保藏的菌株Mdr-02和Mdr-09作为实验材料,进行生物学特性和驯化栽培研究,采用碳源、氮源、无机盐、pH和温度5个因素进行单因素实验,从中挑选出4个较优因素的3个最优水平进行正交试验,研究不同培养条件对菌丝生长的影响。结果表明,柳生金针菇菌丝的最适生长碳源为麦芽浸粉,最适生长氮源为豆饼粉,最适无机盐为碳酸钙,最适生长温度为24℃,最适pH为6.0;金针菇菌丝最适碳源为麦芽浸粉,最适氮源为酵母粉,最适无机盐为硫酸镁,最适生长温度为24℃,最适pH为6.0。此外,本研究首次成功驯化了柳生金针菇并获得了一株可选育的金针菇菌株,为野生金针菇种质资源开发及新品种选育提供参考。     

一株野生离褶伞菌株的ITS序列分析及其生物学特性的研究

本研究以1株野生离褶伞属真菌为研究对象,通过扩增rD NA-ITS序列并测序分析后确定该野生菌株为暗褐离褶伞(Lyophyllum loricatum)。进一步对该菌株进行生物学特性研究,结果表明,其菌丝可生长温度范围为10~35℃,最适生长温度为25℃,可生长的pH范围为4.0~9.5,最适生长pH为5.5,最适生长碳源为麦芽糖,最适生长氮源为蛋白胨,最适生长因子为肌醇。本研究对暗褐离褶伞菌株的初步探索,为暗褐离褶伞的驯化栽培提供了重要的理论基础。     

一株具有良好粘附性的植物乳杆菌的生物学特性及应用

本文研究了植物乳杆菌AR326的最适生长温度、最适接种量、生长曲线、最适初始pH、胆汁耐受性、NaCl耐受性,并进一步探究了单菌株发酵酸奶的性能。结果显示植物乳杆菌AR326生长较快,4 h进入对数期,14 h进入稳定期,最适生长温度为30℃,在初始pH 3.0~7.0范围可生长,适宜的接种量为1.5%~2.0%,耐受胆盐浓度达0.2%,耐高渗透压能力强,可在含NaCl 8%的MRS培养基中生长。发酵乳中菌落数和对照组一致,脱水收缩性优于对照组,因而可用于商业上生产功能性酸奶。     

产低温碱性蛋白酶海洋适冷菌SY的筛选

从连云港海域、港口、远洋捕捞船及鱼市等地采集的海水和各类海鱼、贝类等样品中分离到217株产蛋白酶的细菌,并从中得到1株产低温碱性蛋白酶的海洋适冷细菌—SY。研究表明,该菌株最适生长温度和最适产酶温度均在15℃左右,0℃下仍可生长;具有一定的耐盐性和嗜盐性,无盐条件不能生长,在3%的NaCl盐浓度时,生长达到最高峰;最适生长和最适产酶pH均为8.0;SY菌所产的蛋白酶可能为一种丝氨酸蛋白酶,酶最适作用温度为50℃,最适作用pH为9.0;酶的热稳定性差,50℃保温20min,酶活下降40%。     

一株产蛋白酶嗜碱菌株的分离、鉴定及酶学特性

【目的】筛选产蛋白酶嗜碱菌并对其进行鉴定和特性分析。【方法】利用碱性脱脂牛奶培养基分离纯化产蛋白酶嗜碱菌,通过形态特征、生理生化、16S rRNA基因序列分析以及DNA-DNA杂交实验确定菌株的分类地位,利用酪蛋白水解法分析所产蛋白酶的pH和温度作用范围、稳定性和耐氧化剂能力。【结果】从我国西藏盐碱湖样品中分离到一株产碱性蛋白酶的菌株ZL223,该菌株为革兰氏阳性菌,最适生长温度为37℃,最适生长pH9.0,16S rRNA基因序列分析显示,菌株ZL223与假强芽孢杆菌Bacillus pseudo firmus OF4亲缘关系最近,16S rRNA基因序列相似性为98.6%,DNA-DNA杂交结果显示与B.pseudofirmus OF4同源性为86%。菌株ZL223产生的蛋白酶作用的最适pH为12.0,最适温度为40℃。【结论】结合生理生化指标测定的结果,鉴定菌株为假强芽孢杆菌ZL223(B.pseudofirmus ZL223)。该菌株产生的碱性蛋白酶具有较高的pH适应性,值得进一步研究。     

柑桔全爪螨高致病力菌株芽枝状枝孢霉的生物学特性研究

【目的】明确柑桔全爪螨Panonychus citri(Mc Gregor)高致病力菌株芽枝状枝孢霉Cladosporium cladosporioides(CQBBW3)的生物学特性。【方法】通过单因素试验,测试了不同培养基、碳源、氮源、温度及pH对CQBBW3菌株生长和产孢的影响。【结果】CQBBW3菌株的LC50为4.66×108个孢子/m L,LT50为6.2353 d。最佳生长培养基是淀粉琼脂培养基,最适产孢培养基为察氏培养基;菌丝生长最适碳源和氮源为甘露醇和甘氨酸,产孢最适碳源和氮源为乳糖和赖氨酸;最适生长温度为25℃,最适产孢温度为15℃和30℃;最适生长pH值为6.0~8.0,最适产孢pH值7.0。【结论】CQBBW3菌株对柑桔全爪螨有较好的杀虫活性,喜好25℃、中性、富含有机营养的环境。本研究为菌株快速培养及其真菌杀虫制剂的开发与田间应用奠定基础。     

极端微生物产碱性蛋白酶菌株的筛选及发酵条件研究

从深海的38份水样和泥样中筛选到一株产蛋白酶的菌株DY－A,其最适生长温度为10℃,能适应较大范围的pH值和盐度,此菌株只在酵母膏存在的情况下产酶,不利用单一氮源,最适产酶条件为,pH10.0,10℃,接种量0．5％,200r/min摇床培养40－72h,粗酶液的最适作用温度为40℃,最适pH值为10,在pH9-12内稳定,是一碱性蛋白酶。     

极端微生物产碱性蛋白酶菌株的筛选及发酵条件研究*

从深海的 3 8份水样和泥样中筛选到一株产蛋白酶的菌株DY A ,其最适生长温度为1 0℃ ,能适应较大范围的pH值和盐度。此菌株只在酵母膏存在的情况下产酶 ,不利用单一氮源 ,最适产酶条件为 :pH1 0 0 ,1 0℃ ,接种量 0 5 % ,2 0 0r/min摇床培养 48～ 72h。粗酶液的最适作用温度为 40℃ ,最适pH值为 1 0 ,在pH9～ 1 2内稳定 ,是一碱性蛋白酶。     

一株植物乳酸杆菌的高密度发酵

目的研究一株植物乳酸杆菌的高密度发酵。方法通过单因素实验来确定此植物乳酸杆菌的最适生长温度、pH、碳源、氮源、缓冲盐等。结果最适生长温度是37℃、起始pH6.4、最适碳源为葡萄糖、最适氮源为牛肉膏,通过对缓冲盐的选择最终确定NaAc：CaCO3比为0.5：1.5;控制发酵条件,结合优化培养基,可使发酵后的培养液达到2.75×10^10CFU/ml。结论该缓冲盐能够有效的缓解发酵液pH的下降,延长对数生长期,使活菌数提高1倍,适合高密度发酵培养。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000     

Coiled-coil nanomechanics and uncoiling and unfolding of the superhelix and alpha-helices of myosin

The nanomechanical properties of the coiled-coils of myosin are fundamentally important in understanding muscle assembly and contraction. Force spectra of single molecules of double-headed myosin, single-headed myosin, and coiled-coil tail fragments were acquired with an atomic force microscope and displayed characteristic triphasic force-distance responses to stretch: a rise phase (R) and a plateau phase (P) and an exponential phase (E). The R and P phases arise mainly from the stretching of the coiled-coils, with the hinge region being the main contributor to the rise phase at low force. Only the E phase was analyzable by the worm-like chain model of polymer elasticity. Restrained molecular mechanics simulations on an existing x-ray structure of scallop S2 yielded force spectra with either two or three phases, depending on the mode of stretch. It revealed that coiled-coil chains separate completely near the end of the P phase and the stretching of the unfolded chains gives rise to the E phase. Extensive conformational searching yielded a P phase force near 40 pN that agreed well with the experimental value. We suggest that the flexible and elastic S2 region, particularly the hinge region, may undergo force-induced unfolding and extend reversibly during actomyosin powerstroke.     

Synthesis of hapten and conjugates of coumestrol and development of immunoassay

3-O-Carboxymethylcoumestrol was prepared as the hapten for immunoassay by a partial alkylation of coumestrol with ethyl chloroacetate in acetone alkalized with potassium carbonate. 3-O-Ethoxycarbonylmethylcoumestrol was separated by column chromatography and finally was hydrolyzed with formic acid. 1H and 13C NMR data (APT, COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) revealed that the reaction was regioselective, as 3-O-ethoxycarboxymethylcoumestrol was the only monosubstituted derivative. The hapten was then conjugated to bovine serum albumin and used for immunization of rabbits. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) system was established based on the polyclonal antiserum and a 125I-labeled hapten-tyrosine methyl ester conjugate as the radioligand. Parameters of the RIA: sensitivity: 12 pg per tube, 50% intercept: 140 pg per tube, working range: 20-4000 pg per tube. The cross-reactivity of a panel isoflavonoid and lignan phytoestrogens was either negligible (e.g. formononetin 0.07%; biochanin A 0.06%) or not detectable at all. The major immunoreactive peak in HPLC fractions from an alfalfa extract had the same retention time as coumestrol standard and represented 94.8% of the signal. The remaining 5.2% of immunoreactivity was distributed between five minor peaks. We conclude that after the validation for particular matrices, the method will be a useful tool for analysis of coumestrol, especially in low volume and low concentration samples.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of soil salinity and water stresses on growth and content of nitrogen,chloride and phosphate of wheat and triticale

Summary Three wheats and one triticale were grown, up to flowering stage, in pots on calcareous soil adjusted to a range of salinities (S₁=3.5, S₂=6, S₃=8.5, and S₄=11 mmhos/cm, 20°C, soilpaste extract) by adding solution consisting of 3∶2∶1 of Na-, Ca- and Mg chlorides in chemical equivalent amounts. Moisture in the pots was kept at 100% (W₁), 40% (W₂) and 20% (W₃) of the available water. The vegetative growth, nitrogen and phosphate were affected by S and W treatments, chloride was affected only by S. The interaction S×W affected only dry weight. Varietal effect was observed between wheat as a group and triticale. Multiple quadratic regression equations of these properties on salinity and water revealed that the higher the available water the wider the range of tolerable salinity. Triticale was relatively more tolerant to water stress. Salinity increases Cl and decreases N, whereas water stress enhances N accumulation to a certain extent. However, in triticale at S₃ and S₄ the effect of water stress on N was overshadowed by the excessive salinity. This did not occur for the wheat (Florence). P trends were described. R² for P was low (0.7435–0.3603) which made interpretations rather difficult.     

放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用和氮、碳吸收与转运的影响

研究放牧对草地植物生理活动的影响,对于揭示草地放牧演替的生理机制有重要意义.大量研究表明,家畜放牧对牧草光合作用、呼吸作用以及C和N吸收与转运的影响,可以分为生理伤害和生理恢复2个阶段.放牧通过改变草地冠层结构影响牧草光合作用,净光合作用速率短期内迅速下降,随着叶面积指数增加又逐渐上升,呼吸作用有相似的变化趋势.牧草放牧后再生长所需的C和N最初主要来自根系和留茬中的贮藏物质,此后随着牧草生长恢复逐渐由同化作用供给,C代谢与土壤N水平负相关.放牧后牧草生理活动变化与牧草遗传特性、种间竞争、家畜放牧特征、非生物环境等因素密切相关.