光与激素对于杜鹃花种子发芽的作用

本文报道24种杜鹃花种子的光照发芽试验,结果表明杜鹃花种子是需光性种子。所有种子的发芽都必须有光照,假如在黑暗条件下进行发芽试验,种子的发芽率几乎等于零。杜鹃花种子的发芽受光敏素的控制,红光促进种子发芽,远红光可以逆转这种促进作用,种子发芽与否取决于最后一次照射的光质。 不同种的杜鹃花种子对光的敏感性存在差异。敏感的种子可以在蓝光,短光照时间下正常发芽,并且它们的需光要求可以被1000 ppm赤霉素所代替。迟钝的种子发芽则要求红光和长光照时间,1000 ppm赤霉素不能代替光,光和赤霉素并用具有增效作用。     

DORMANCY AND GERMINATION OF COMMON RAGWEED SEEDS IN THE FIELD

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) seeds were stored under natural environmental conditions by placing them at three soil levels (surface, 5 cm, and 15 cm) in the field on November 1, 1972. Germination tests at 4-week intervals indicated that dormancy was broken by the end of January. Germination was initially greater at high temperatures, but this difference decreased with increasing time in the field. Secondary dormancy was evident in surface seeds by March 21 but not until April 18 at 5 cm and June 13 at 15 cm. Germination in the field was greatest at the surface but was observed at all soil levels by March 21. Seedling survival was 68% at the surface and 0% at 5 and 15 cm on June 13. Maximum and minimum soil temperatures were recorded at each soil level during the experiment and were correlated with the results. Greater germination and survival at the surface supports the evidence for ragweed's dependence on soil disturbance for germination, and the induction of secondary dormancy explains why ragweed does not constitute a dominant part of the vegetation when disturbance occurs after the soil warms to a critical point in the summer.     

莲子光下萌发过程中光合膜超分子结构与27kD多肽变化

冰冻撕裂电镜观察及膜多肽组分的研究结果表明,随着莲子在光下萌发时间的延长,莲(Nelumbonucifera Gaertn.)胚芽叶的叶绿体光合膜的超分子结构发育与膜多肽组分中的27kD多肽含量变化具有明显的相关性:1.萌发2d后,胚芽叶的叶绿体巨基位变成解垛叠状态,其光合膜的超分子结构只呈现解垛叠类囊体区外质膜撕裂面(EF)和解垛叠类囊体的原生质膜撕裂面(PF)两个面;膜组分中主要是30kD多肽,而27kD多肽含量甚微。2.萌发4d后,光合膜从解垛叠开始转变成小基粒垛,垛叠区类囊体外质膜撕裂面(EFs)和垛叠类囊体的原生质膜撕裂面(PFs)开始发育;27kD多肽含量开始增加,30kD多肽含量开始减少。3.萌发6～8d后,光合膜明显分化出非垛叠膜区,非垛叠类囊体的外质膜撕裂面(EFu)和非垛叠类囊体的原生质膜撕裂面(PFu)开始呈现,EFs和PFs功能蛋白颗粒逐渐增多;27kD多肽逐渐增加,30kD多肽逐渐减少。4.萌发10～12d后,光合膜垛叠和非垛叠膜区分化完善,排列有序,EFs、PFs、EFu和PFu面功能蛋白颗粒的密度、大小、分布等超分子构象发育正常;27kD多肽更加增多,30kD多肽几乎消失。表明其超分子结构的发育动态既与其超微结构变化相一致,又与27kD多肽含量变化相吻合,却与一般高等植物的叶绿体发育相反,可为显示莲在被子植物系统演化中的独特地位提     

高浓度氧对种子萌发和幼苗生长的伤害

绿豆、木豆和水稻等种子在氧气下萌发生长会引起不同程度的氧伤害,这种伤害不因二氧化碳、光照和温度条件的改变而减轻或消除。水稻萌发生长对高浓度氧的忍耐是有限度的,氧处理1～2天后移置空气中,能恢复生长;处理3～4天恢复生长缓慢;处理5天失去生长能力。种子萌发的氧伤害,表现出种子吸水膨胀率和浸泡液电导率较高,糖和蛋白质外渗量大,以及膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量较高。     

DORMANCY AND GERMINATION IN SEEDS OF COMMON RAGWEED WITH REFERENCE TO BEAL'S BURIED SEED EXPERIMENT

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) was one of 19 herbaceous weedy species used by Beal in his buried viable seed experiment started in 1879. No seeds germinated during the first 35 years of the experiment when germination tests were performed in late spring, summer or early autumn. Germination did occur in seeds buried for 40 years when seeds were exhumed and tested for germination in early spring. Data obtained in more recent research provide the probable explanation for these results. Seeds of common ragweed that do not germinate in spring enter secondary dormancy by mid to late spring and will not germinate until dormancy is broken the following late autumn and winter. Thus, during the first 35 years of the experiment seeds were dormant when tested for germination, whereas seeds buried for 40 years were nondormant. Seeds buried 50 years or longer did not germinate when tested in spring, probably because they had lost viability and/or seeds germinated during burial and seedlings died.     

EFFECT OF STRATIFICATION TEMPERATURE AND GERMINATION TEMPERATURE ON GERMINATION AND THE INDUCTION OF SECONDARY DORMANCY IN COMMON RAGWEED SEEDS

Stratification of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) seeds at 4 C was most successful for breaking dormancy, whereas -5 C was least effective and 10 C was intermediate. Germination in the light exceeded that in the dark at all stratification and germination temperatures. The optimum temperatures for germination in the light were 10/20, 15/25, and 20/30. Maximum germination in the dark occurred at 20/30 C for seeds stratified at 4 and 10 C but the optimum temperatures for seeds stratified at -5 C were 10/20, 15/25, and 20/30. Seeds stratified at -5 and 10 C germinated best after 15 weeks of stratification, whereas 12 weeks of stratification at 4 C resulted in maximum germination. Secondary dormancy was induced in seeds which did not germinate in the dark. This was affected by stratification temperature and duration and germination temperature. The ecological significance of these germination characteristics is discussed.     

豚草和三裂叶豚草种子休眠规律研究

豚草和三裂叶豚草是菊科豚草属一年生草本植物,其种子休眠程度随生育地的纬度不同而有变化,纬度越高,种子成熟后进入休眠状态的比例越大,解除休眠所需的低温层积时间也越长。在高纬度的牡丹江市,成熟的豚草和三裂叶豚草种子全部进入休眠状态,低温层积１２周时萌发率达９５％以上,而在低纬度的南昌市,有１０％左右的豚草和三裂叶豚草种子没有进入休眠状态,低温层积８周时,萌发率即可达９５％以上。进入休眠状态的豚草和三裂叶豚草种子,不经过低温层积处理,在１５℃的室温下保存半年以上,也有一定比例的种子可以解除休眠。豚草和三裂叶豚草种子休眠机制可能是由抑制物质和促进物质复合体所控制,休眠种子含有高水平的抑制剂和低水平的促进剂,非休眠种子这种平衡转向有利于促进剂,不同纬度地区的温度差异和低温层积以及长期室温贮藏的呼吸代谢过程,可能对这种平衡产生影响,改变种子的休眠状态     

花生种子劣变过程中一些酶活性的变化

应用20%聚乙二醇处理花生种子8小时,种子活力提高。表现在过氧化氢酶活性较高,过氧化物含量较低,外渗液电导率下降。萌发3天幼苗的超氧物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性均高于对照。萌发3天种子的活力指数和21天幼苗生长量均有明显提高。由萌发3天种子子叶分离出线粒体,在悬浮液中的酸性磷酸酯酶活性和 DNA 酶活性均明显降低。     

花生种子的磁处理对其萌发及幼苗生长的影响

本试验着重研究了用交、直流磁场对花生种子进行处理后,在种子萌发及幼苗生长过程中产生的影响。结果表明,一定强度的交流或直流磁场对种子的萌发及幼苗生长有一定的促进作用。处理过的种子存放一年后,磁场对种子萌发的作用依然存在。     

KINETICS OF CHLOROPHYLL a AND PLASTOQUINONE A: CHANGES IN RESPONSE TO LIGHT INTENSITY1

The thermophilic blue-green Synechococcus lividus Y52 was grown at several light intensities between 200 and 2400 ft-c. A 3.4-fold change of cellular chlorophyll (Chl) a content was found. The concentration of Plastoquinone A (PQA) per Chl a varied by a factor of 7, whereas PQA per cell varied by 1.4. Adaptation to light intensity appeared to occur through changes in size of the light-gathering antenna of chlorophyll and phycocyanin while the concentration of PQA remained nearly constant.     

PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF THE RED ALGA GASTROCLONIUM COULTERI (RHODOPHYTA) IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN TEMPERATURE,LIGHT INTENSITY,AND DESICCATION1

Previously reported transplantation experiments in the field showed that Gastroclonium coulteri (Harvey) Kylin could survive above its normal intertidal range (0.0–0.5 m above MLLW), except during periods of daytime low tides in spring. Net photosynthetic rate measurements in the laboratory were performed to determine which physical factors might determine the upper boundary for this species in the intertidal zone. Maximum net photosynthesis occurred between 15 and 20° C, but remained positive between 4 and 35° C. The air temperature extremes observed in the field were 2° C (only seen once) and 26° C. Net photosynthesis increased as expected with light intensity to the highest value obtainable in the laboratory, 1400 μEin m^?2 s^?1. Plants collected from the field under higher light intensity (up to 2000 μEin m^?2 s^?2) also showed high rates of photosynthesis. Neither the temperature nor light levels observed in the field were directly damaging to photosynthesis. Desiccation, however, resulted in a sharp decrease in both photosynthesis and respiration. G. coulteri fully recovered from successive daily treatments of about 35% desiccation, but not from successive treatments of 50% desiccation. One exposure to 70% desiccation allowed no recovery of photosynthetic capacity.