配体对(Na~++K~+)-ATP酶E_2→E_1转变的影响

 本研究确定了在0℃条件下,(Na~++K~+)-ATP酶纯化制备物与5mmol/L Na~+或Mg~(2+)在5mmol/L咪唑(pH7.4)环境中预保温30分钟,然后进行磷酸化,可以获得最高磷酸化水平,Na~+或Mg~(2+)的K_(0.5)值分别为0.29mmol/L或0.35mmol/L;以ADP代替Na~+和Mg~(2+)与酶预保温,对E_2向E_1转变无任何影响,而与Na~+、Mg~(2+)一起存在时则能加强Na~+及Mg~2的预保温效果。     

烟草磷酸吡哆醛水解酶的分离纯化与表征

采用硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow阴离子交换、Sephadex G-100凝胶过滤和SP Sephadex C-25阳离子交换柱层析等步骤,对烟草磷酸吡哆醛水解酶进行了分离纯化。结果表明:该酶被纯化了119.6倍,得率为28.49%,经凝胶过滤和SDS-PAGE测得该酶的全分子量为49.6kDa,亚基分子量约为25kDa;该酶最适温度为50℃,最适反应pH为5.5;Mg2+、Ca2+、Mn2+等对该酶有激活作用,金属离子螯合剂EDTA对酶有抑制作用,加入Mg2+后抑制作用得到解除;在最适反应条件下,测得反应底物磷酸吡哆醛(PLP)和磷酸吡哆胺(PMP)的Km值分别为0.23mmol/L和0.56mmol/L。     

猪脾脏酪氨酸蛋白激酶的研究

 采用DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B离子交换层析和Tyrosine-agarose亲和层析,首次从猪脾脏30000Xg颗粒中部分纯化了酪氨酸蛋白激酶,其比活性约为12000pmol.min~(-1).mg~(-1)。磷酸氨基酸分析表明,该酶能催化合成多肽poly(Glu.Ala.Tyr)_n(6:3:1)中的酪氨酸(Tyr)磷酸化,对该多肤废物和ATP的Km值分别约为2mg/mL和15μmol/L。Mn~(2+)对部分纯化的酪氨酸蛋白激酶的最大激活活性高于Mg~(2+),其AC_(50)分别约为1.4mmol/L和8mmol/L;发现红花素能强烈地抑制该酶活性,其IC_(50)约为125μmol/L。     

对生玉米幼叶尿卟啉原脱羧酶的纯化及部分性质研究

尿卟啉原Ⅲ脱羧酶是植物血红素和叶绿素合成的一个关键调控酶。对生玉米叶片中叶绿素含量较比互生玉米高。对生玉米幼苗经硫酸铵分级沉淀,DEAE Sepharose CL-6B、Sephacryl S-200、羟基磷灰石和B lueSepharose CL-6B层析,纯化了尿卟啉原脱羧酶。纯化倍数为1 060倍,得率约8%,比活约880 U/mg蛋白。纯化的UROD在SDS/PAGE显示一条带,亚基分子量约为40 kD,Sephacryl S-300测得全酶分子量约为55 kD。IEF-PAGE显示UROD为一条带,等电点约为6.0,酶的最适pH值约7.0,在55℃下保温12 m in,酶活力丧失90%,在100 mm ol/L的巯基乙醇下,UROD的酶活力提高7倍。体外5 mm ol/L的磷酸吡哆醛修饰显示UROD活力下降约30%。     

枯草芽孢杆菌WHNB02植酸酶的酶学性质研究

从118份样品中分离到1株产植酸酶的枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis,WHNB02),其发酵液经乙醇沉淀、硫酸铵分级沉淀及Sephadex G-100柱层析等步骤后分离纯化了该酶,纯化倍数约为31.5倍,回收率为13.0%。该酶为单体酶,SDS-PAGE测得的分子量约为43ku,以植酸钠为底物的Km值为0.5mmol/L,酶反应的最适温度为60℃,80℃作用10min酶活保存61%,最适pH为7.0,在pH6.0~10.0范围内稳定,酶活性及稳定性都需Ca2 存在。EDTA、Mn2 、Ba2 (5mmol/L)对酶活具有很大的抑制作用。     

头状轮生链霉菌谷氨酰胺合成酶的研究 Ⅰ.酶的生成和纯化

以氨为氮源培养头状轮生链霉菌(Streptoverticillium caespitosus)时粗抽提液中谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase, GS)对热稳定,以硝酸盐为氮源时GS对热不稳定。以硫酸链霉素沉淀、热处理、聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)沉淀和Affini-gel Blue柱纯化了前者,以DE-52柱和Affini-gel Blue柱纯化了后者,纯化后两个酶分子量同为550000,亚基分子量同为56000,热稳定性相同,转谷氨酰基酶活力的最适pH均在6.4～6.7之间,对谷氨酰胺的K_m值同为11.1mmol/L,寸羟胺的K_m值同为1.6mmol/L,所以认为此菌中总是同一GS表现出活力。     

人脑神经元特异性烯醇化酶的纯化方法

采用改良的Grace层析方法,经一次DEAE-Sephadex A50柱层析即从人脑中纯化了神经元特异性烯醇化酶,比活力为92.1U/mg,纯化倍数为59.4.该酶纯化后,经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳鉴定为单一蛋白质谱带.此外,还测定了其部分理化性质,其亚单位分子量为45000,等电点pI为4.7,氨基酸组成分析表明其为一种酸性蛋白质;对2-磷酸甘油酸的K_m值为5.6×10^-4mol/L.     

海带磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧激酶的提取和特性(简报)

提取得到的海带PEP羧激酶粗酶比活性为1.21nmolNADH/mg蛋白·分。经硫酸铵分步沉淀和冻融过程后其比活性提高近4倍。抗氧化剂可提高PEPCK活性。该酶催化的羧化反应底物是PEP。ADP和Mn~(2+)是必需的辅助因子。酶反应的最适pH值是7.5。用部分纯化酶测得底物HCO_3~-的K_m值是14.0mmol/L,pEP是0.3mmol/L,ADP是0.1 mmol/L。     

菠菜叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶的调节

电泳均一的菠菜叶片蔗糖磷酸合成酶的活力受G6P,Mg~(2 ),Mn~(2 )的调节;G6P对此酶的促进作用在F6P浓度较低时表现得比较明显;此酶对Mn~(2 )较对Mg~(2 )敏感,Mg~(2 ),Mn~(2 )对此酶的促进作用可被EDTA解除。底物F6P的饱和曲线为S型,底物UDPG的饱和曲线为双曲线型。NADP是此酶的负效应剂,NADP对F6P表现为混合型抑制,使V_m(F6P)降低和K_m(F6P)增大,3mmol/L NADP使F6P的K_m值从2.5mmol/L上升至3.8mmol/L,但不影响希尔系数,n=1.3。NADP对UDPG表现为K_m不变的非竞争性抑制,K_m(UDPG)=3.8mmol/L。     

头状轮生链霉菌谷氨酰胺合成酶的研究 Ⅰ.酶的生成和纯化

以氨为氮源培养头状轮生链霉菌(Streptoverticillium caespitosus)时粗抽提液中谷氨酰胺合成酶(glutamine synthetase, GS)对热稳定,以硝酸盐为氮源时GS对热不稳定。以硫酸链霉素沉淀、热处理、聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)沉淀和Affini-gel Blue柱纯化了前者,以DE-52柱和Affini-gel Blue柱纯化了后者,纯化后两个酶分子量同为550000,亚基分子量同为56000,热稳定性相同,转谷氨酰基酶活力的最适pH均在6.4～6.7之间,对谷氨酰胺的K_m值同为11.1mmol/L,寸羟胺的K_m值同为1.6mmol/L,所以认为此菌中总是同一GS表现出活力。     

Isolation and characterization of non-neuronal enolase (NNE) from Neurospora crassa and comparison with neuron specific enolase isolated from neuroblastoma cell line NG108

Enolase is a vital enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. It exists mainly in two forms, non-neuronal enolase (NNE) and neuron specific enolase (NSE). Neurospora crassa, a filamentous fungus, was used as the source of pure NNE, and by using DEAE-cellulose and a Sephadex G-150 column chromatography highly purified enzyme (20.4 fold purification with 54.7 percent recovery) was obtained. The development profile of the enzyme shows a peak value after 90 hours of mycelial growth from conidia of N. crassa. In this respect, it differs from neuroblastoma NSE where the peak value of the enzyme activity appears 7 1/2 hours after the splitting of the cells. N. crassa enolase (NNE) is more thermolabile than NG108 NSE and N. crassa enolase is more sensitive to urea, chloride, and fluorophosphate. The Km values for 2-phosphoglycerate and Mg++ were 0.34 mM and 0.47 mM, respectively, for N. crassa enolase, whereas these values were 1.1 mM and 3.1 mM, respectively, in the case of neuroblastoma NSE. N. crassa enolase is a dimer molecule of molecular weight 85,000 daltons. N. crassa enolase is not neutralized by NSE antisera and neutralized by NNE antisera as opposed to neuroblastoma NSE.     

Expression, purification and the 1.8 angstroms resolution crystal structure of human neuron specific enolase

Human neuron-specific enolase (NSE) or isozyme gamma has been expressed with a C-terminal His-tag in Escherichia coli. The enzyme has been purified, crystallized and its crystal structure determined. In the crystals the enzyme forms the asymmetric complex NSE x Mg2 x SO4/NSE x Mg x Cl, where "/" separates the dimer subunits. The subunit that contains the sulfate (or phosphate) ion and two magnesium ions is in the closed conformation observed in enolase complexes with the substrate or its analogues; the other subunit is in the open conformation observed in enolase subunits without bound substrate or analogues. This indicates negative cooperativity for ligand binding between subunits. Electrostatic charge differences between isozymes alpha and gamma, -19 at physiological pH, are concentrated in the regions of the molecular surface that are negatively charged in alpha, i.e. surface areas negatively charged in alpha are more negatively charged in gamma, while areas that are neutral or positively charged tend to be charge-conserved.     

Nerve-specific enolase and creatine phosphokinase in axonal transport: soluble proteins and the axoplasmic matrix

The axonal transport of two soluble enzymes of intermediary metabolism was evaluated: the nerve-specific form of the glycolytic enzyme enolase (NSE) and the brain isozyme of creatine phosphokinase (CPK). Previously, little was known about the intracellular movements of the soluble proteins of the cell. Although the soluble enzymes of glycolysis and other pathways of intermediary metabolism have been thought to be freely diffusing in the cytosol, many are required in the axonal extremities of the neuron and must be transported to the sites of utilization. Comigration of purified enzymes with radioactive polypeptides associated with specific rate components of axonal transport in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis indicates that both NSE and CPK move in the axon solely as part of the group of proteins known as slow component b (SCb) at a rate of 2 mm/day. Peptide mapping following limited proteolysis confirmed identification of NSE and CPK in SCb. Materials associated with SCb have been shown to move coherently along the axon and to behave as a discrete cellular structure, the axoplasmic matrix. Association of two soluble enzymes, NSE and CPK, with the SCb complex of proteins requires a reevaluation of the assumption that these and other soluble proteins of the axon are freely diffusible.     

Changes in levels of translatable mRNA for neuron-specific enolase and non-neuronal enolase during development of rat brain and liver

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and non-neuronal enolase (NNE) which exists in many tissues including liver but is localized in glial cells within the nervous system, were synthesized in the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation system programmed with brain mRNAs. The in vitro synthesized NSE and NNE were indistinguishable from the two enzymes purified from rat brains. NSE mRNA activity was found only in brain RNAs, while NNE mRNA activity existed in brain RNAs as well as liver RNAs. In developing brains, the level of translatable NSE mRNA was low at the embryonic stage and at birth, increased rapidly from about 10 days postnatal, and reached the adult level, while that of NNE mRNA was high at the embryonic stage and at birth, followed by a slight decrease then a gradual rise to adult levels. These changes correlated with the developmentally regulated appearance and accumulation pattern of each of the two enzymes. These results suggest that the levels of NSE and NNE are controlled primarily by the level of each of the two translatable mRNAs. In developing livers, only the NNE mRNA activity was detected and its level generally paralleled the changes in the level of NNE.     

Purification of two enolases from human brain using a chromatofocusing column

When a purified preparation of rat αγ enolase (2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase, EC 4.2.1.11) was applied to a chromatofocusing column, the enolase was almost completely dissociated and recombined to form αα and γγ enolases, which were eluted at different fractions from the column. Using these phenomena, two homo-dimer forms (αα and γγ) of human brain enolase were purified from a crude preparation of the hybrid αγ enolase by the chromatofocusing, and subsequent chromatography on a QAE-Sephadex column (αα) or a DEAE-Sephadex column (γγ). Each purified preparation showed a single band on SDS-gel electrophoresis with a relative mobility corresponding to a molecular weight of about 50 000. Amino acid analysis, peptide mapping analysis with a limited proteolysis and immunochemical studies of the purified αα and γγ enolases revealed that the two subunits, α and γ, are distinct proteins. The antisera to human αα or γγ enolase cross-reacted with the respective form of rat enolase.     

De novo synthesis of neuron-specific enolase in a rabbit reticulocyte translation system programed by poly(A)-RNA from rat brain

Poly(A)-RNA prepared from the brains of 30-day-old male rats has been shown to direct the synthesis of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in a cell-free system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. The newly synthesized polypeptides were immunoprecipitated and analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide slab gels. Autoradiography indicated the synthesis of a product that comigrated with purified NSE and was recognized only by the anti-NSE antisera. Similar immunoprecipitation of reticulocyte lysates programed with total RNA derived from embryonic chick heart failed to indicate the synthesis of NSE. These results show that the mRNA coding for NSE contains a poly(A) sequence and that brain-specific factors are not required for its translation.     

Neuronal Survival Factor from Bovine Brain Is Identical to Neuron-Specific Enolase

Neuronal survival factors in the central nervous system were investigated by using a primary culture of embryonic rat neocortical neurons. Bovine hippocampus was homogenized, and the supernatant from high-speed centrifugation was used as the starting material. At the step of DE-52 ion-exchange chromatography, neuronal survival activity was recovered in two fractions, fraction 14 (F14) and fraction 23 (F23). Antisera to the crude F14 and F23 fractions were raised in rabbits. These two antisera completely inhibited the neurotrophic activity of both fractions. Western blotting analysis revealed that anti-F14 antiserum recognized mainly a 30-kDa protein in F14 and anti-F23 antiserum recognized mainly a 44-kDa protein in F23. After sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of F23, the 44-kDa protein was cut out from the gel and partial amino acid sequences of the protein fragments were determined. A GenBank data bank indicated that the amino acid sequence of the fragment was identical to that of neuron-specific enolase (NSE). In our assay system, commercially available NSE itself possessed neuronal survival activity for the cultured neocortical neurons. The effects of NSE and F23 were inhibited completely by anti-NSE polyclonal antibody. Furthermore, highly purified NSE supported the survival of cultured neurons in a dose-dependent manner, and the neurotrophic effect was inhibited by monoclonal antibody to the NSE. These results strongly suggest that NSE is one of the neuronal survival factors in the central nervous system.     

MEASUREMENT OF NEURON-SPECIFIC (NSE) AND NON-NEURONAL (NNE) ISOENZYMES OF ENOLASE IN RAT, MONKEY AND HUMAN NERVOUS TISSUE

Four double antibody solid-phase radioimmunoassay systems are described for the measurement of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and non-neuronal enolase (NNE) from rat, monkey and human brain tissue. NSE and NNE are antigenically distinct, making their respective assays specific. The levels of neuronal and non-neuronal enolase (an enolase recently shown to be localized in glial cells) are determined in various regions of rat, monkey and human nervous system. Both neuronal and glial enolases are major proteins of brain tissue with each representing about 1.5% of total brain soluble protein. NSE levels are highest and NNE levels lowest in brain areas having a high proportion of grey matter, such as the cerebral cortex. The reverse is true for areas high in white matter, such as the pyramidal tract and the corpus callosum. Peripheral nervous system levels of NSE are much lower than those of brain with the spinal cord intermediate between the two. Radioimmunological and immunocytochemical data show that neuron-specific enolase is also present in neuroendocrine cells located in non-nervous tissue, which include pinealocytes, parafollicular cells of the thyroid, adrenal medullary chromaffin cells, glandular cells of the pituitary and Islet of Langerhans cells in the pancreas. Unlike neurons, these cells also contain non-neuronal enolase in high amounts.     

Expression of DNA sequences containing neuron specific enolase gene in Escherichia coli.

There is evidence that the gene for gamma-gamma enolase (neuron specific enolase, NSE) is regulated during cell differentiation and development, conserved in a variety of organisms and contains mRNA destabilizing sequences. In order to investigate further the mechanisms of these processes and to obtain large quantity of this protein, the NSE gene was isolated from neuroblastoma cells and cloned in E. coli using standard molecular biology techniques. The NSE gene expression was studied and the expressed protein (recombinant NSE) was characterized extensively. The recombinant NSE behaves like parental NSE in antisera specificity, resistance for chaotropic agents like urea, thermal stability at higher temperatures etc. The physical parameters like secondary structure, hydrophilicity, antigenic index and flexibility of the expressed protein were studied. The results of the present investigation collectively form the basis for initial investigations of how the expression of NSE gene is regulated. This is the first report where the recombinant NSE gene has been characterized so extensively.