基于CLUE-S模型的县域生产-生活-生态空间冲突动态模拟及特征分析

随着经济、社会发展速度不断加快,多功能空间之间的竞争不断增强,国土空间的协调与稳定受到严重影响。因此,模拟生产、生活和生态空间(简称"三生"空间)冲突格局,并分析其演变特征,对于科学利用国土空间,实现区域发展格局优化有着重要意义。以昌黎县为研究区,以2005和2015年土地利用现状数据为基础,采用CLUE-S模型预测研究区2025年土地利用格局;基于土地利用主导功能和次要功能将国土空间划分为生活生产空间、生产生态空间、生态生产空间及生态空间,依据景观生态指数构建空间冲突测度模型,测算昌黎县2005—2025年三期"三生"空间冲突变化趋势。结果表明:①2005—2025年昌黎县以生产生态空间为主。2015年末,生活生产空间、生产生态空间大量占用生态生产空间和生态空间,尤其是河流附近,空间转换更加显著;到2025年,各空间类型转变较少,但生活生产空间转入量仍相对较大。②2005—2025年昌黎县空间冲突水平呈上升趋势,到2025年,空间冲突逐渐以较强空间冲突为主。这主要是由于生产生态空间、生活生产空间不断向外扩张。随着城镇化、产业发展速度的加快,生活生产空间、生产生态空间向外扩张强度逐渐增大,生态生产空间、生态空间将面临威胁。     

自然生态空间格局构建与规划理论研究

广义的生态空间是指具有自然属性,以提供生态系统服务为主导功能的空间,包括自然生态空间、城镇生态空间和农业生态空间。自然生态空间是指与城镇空间、农业空间并列的,分布在城镇空间与农业空间之外的国土空间,在分布上具有完整性和连续性。探讨了自然生态空间的定义、内涵以及自然生态空间格局构建的理论和技术要点,提出以重要生态功能维护格局、人居环境屏障格局和生物多样性保护格局为主体,构建自然生态空间格局体系的思路。自然生态空间格局构建的最终目的是对国土空间开发行为进行管控,理顺保护与发展的关系,最终达到保护重要生态空间及促进区域可持续发展的目的。在落实生态文明战略、维护国家生态安全的背景下,构建自然生态空间格局对于优化国土空间开发格局,指导生态保护与建设具有重要意义。     

Space radiation biology]

Astronauts were constantly exposed to space radiation containing various kinds of energy with a low-dose rate during long-term stays in space. Therefore, it is important to judge correctly the biological effect of space radiation for human health. In addition, research for space radiation might give us useful information concerning birth and evolution of lives on the earth. Here, we described a view of the future about space experiments at an International Space Station. Therefore, we desire to educate the space researcher of the next generation for importance of research for space radiation.     

川西农牧交错带“三生”空间冲突演变特征分析及模拟预测——以阿坝州四县为例

川西农牧交错带处于我国第一、第二阶梯的交替地带,是西部生态脆弱典型区,地势起伏显著,地形及生态环境复杂,积极开展川西农牧交错带"三生"空间冲突（生活、生产、生态）研究,将有助于川西农牧交错带生态安全保障与社会经济协调良性发展。研究区域为阿坝藏族羌族自治州四县（马尔康、理县、黑水、松潘）,以2005-2020年土地利用数据为基础,通过CLUE-S软件模拟了未来的土地利用模式;将研究区域"三生"空间分为生活生产空间、生态生产空间、生产生态空间、生态空间4种类型,并建立空间冲突测算模型,对研究区域2005-2025年四期空间冲突水平进行了测算。结果表明：（1）2005-2025年四县域面积所占比重最大的是生态生产空间,之后依次为生态空间、生产生态空间、生活生产空间。生活生产、生产生态空间面积连续上升,仅生态生产空间面积减少,生态空间面积以波动变化为主。（2）2005-2025年该区域以中等空间冲突为主。（3）2005-2025年,总体而言空间冲突值的高-高聚集区主要位于四县域的农牧交错带、生活生产空间的交叉区域且表现明显,高-高聚集区在松潘县和马尔康县的农牧交错带有逐渐扩大的趋势,黑水县和理县集聚区面积先减少后轻微扩张;空间冲突值的低-低集聚区主要位于以生态生产空间为主与生态空间的交叉区域;集聚不显著的区域以生态空间为主。（4）整体来看,川西农牧交错区域"三生"空间中生态生产空间冲突强度最高。     

基于可达性分析的城市公园绿地供给研究——以广西玉林市为例

城市公园绿地在空间上的分布和供给水平对其服务功能的发挥有非常重要的影响。人均公园绿地面积这一数量指标忽略了可达性问题以及实际人均公园绿地水平的空间差异。另一方面,在城市绿地资源紧缺的情况下对城市公园绿地的精准化供给提出了较高要求。尝试通过基于互联网位置大数据平台的数据分析,对不同出行方式下公园绿地的可达性进行评价,并从可达性的视角提出人均有效绿地面积的概念,用以分析玉林市中心城区现状公园绿地的空间分布和供给情况,提出优化策略和方案,为城市公园绿地的布局提供新思路。     

The theory and application of space microbiology: China's experiences in space experiments and beyond

Microorganisms exhibit high adaptability to extreme environments of outer space via phenotypic and genetic changes. These changes may affect astronauts in the space environment as well as on Earth because mutant microbes will inevitably return with the spacecraft. However, the role and significance of these phenotypic changes and the underlying mechanisms are important unresolved questions in the field of space biology. By reviewing, especially the Chinese studies, we propose a space microbial molecular effect theory, that is, the space environment affects the nature of genes and the molecular structure of microorganisms to produce phenotypic changes. In this review, we discussed three basic theories for the research of space microbiology, including (1) space microbial pathogenicity and virulence mutations and the human mutualism theory; (2) space microbial drug‐resistance mutations and metabolism associated with space pharmaceuticals theory; (3) space corrosion, microbial decontamination, and new materials technology theory.     

城市生态空间多元综合识别研究——以杭州市为例

城市生态空间是维护城市生态安全和提供持续生态服务的基本保障。以杭州市为研究区,从城市生态斑块的自然、人工以及自然-人工交互的属性特征3个方面选取了12个评价因子建立辨识指标体系,采用空间加权叠加的方法评价生态空间强度并识别核心型、辅助型、底线型生态空间和非生态空间4种类型。研究表明：（1）建立的辨识体系较好地反映了城市生态空间分布情况,适用于城市生态空间识别;（2）核心生态空间以林地为主要用地类型,集中分布在城市西翼,辅助型生态空间围绕核心生态空间周边。两类生态空间分别占总面积的21.28%、20.33%。（3）杭州市生态空间在分布上呈现出局部聚集的特征。以北部余杭区分布最为集中,且斑块连通度较高。城市不同区域生态空间分布特征具有较大差异性,针对其空间分布与生态功能提出不同的管理建设措施,能够为研究区未来的生态基础设施建设与维护提供科学依据。     

空间生物技术研究与应用动态

由于空间生物技术潜在重大社会和经济效益。加强探索空间生物技术的发展。目前已经成为空间科学技术发展的重点之一。我国的空间技术在系列应用卫星成功发展的基础上,已将进入到更先进的载人飞船阶段。我国的科技人员将会有更多的机会,更好的条件在空间开展生物技术的研究。以促进其发展和应用,造福于人类,本文简要地介绍了空间发展生物技术的优越性。空间生物技术发展的热点和趋势,以及空间生物技术硬件发展的动态。     

基于GIS的城市绿地景观引力场研究——以宁波市为例

城市绿地是城市用地的重要组成部分 ,也是城市生态系统的一个子系统。城市绿地景观的评价是城市生态系统研究的重要课题之一。在 GIS技术支持下 ,对城市绿地景观进行了研究。在研究过程中 ,将物理学中“场”的相关理论引入城市绿地景观的研究 ,提出绿地景观引力场的概念及评价方法。绿地景观引力场是城市绿地系统为城市居民提供服务能力的大小或潜力 ,其主要影响因素有绿地景观本身的质量、城市人口分布状况、城市土地利用现状、城市主要交通设施等。在研究中需要建立以下相关模型 :城市阻力的空间分布模型、城市人口的空间分布模型、城市公共绿地的空间分布模型、城市绿地景观引力场的空间分布评价模型。研究结果得出以下结论 :(1)景观引力场用于城市绿地系统的评价 ,能够更好地反映城市绿地的空间分布格局 ;(2 )丰富了城市绿地系统评价的指标内容和评价方法 ;(3)该方法从景观设计上提供了一个可供决策参考的依据 ;(4 )景观引力场还可用于城市其它服务设施的合理性与有效性的评价与研究。     

Brain interstitial fluid drainage and extracellular space affected by inhalational isoflurane: in comparison with intravenous sedative dexmedetomidine and pentobarbital sodium

Brain interstitial fluid drainage and extracellular space are closely related to waste clearance from the brain. Different anesthetics may cause different changes of brain interstitial fluid drainage and extracellular space but these still remain unknown. Herein,effects of the inhalational isoflurane, intravenous sedative dexmedetomidine and pentobarbital sodium on deep brain matters' interstitial fluid drainage and extracellular space and underlying mechanisms were investigated. When compared to intravenous anesthetic dexmedetomidine or pentobarbital sodium, inhalational isoflurane induced a restricted diffusion of extracellular space, a decreased extracellular space volume fraction, and an increased norepinephrine level in the caudate nucleus or thalamus with the slowdown of brain interstitial fluid drainage. A local administration of norepinephrine receptor antagonists, propranolol,atipamezole and prazosin into extracellular space increased diffusion of extracellular space and interstitial fluid drainage whilst norepinephrine decreased diffusion of extracellular space and interstitial fluid drainage. These findings suggested that restricted diffusion in brain extracellular space can cause slowdown of interstitial fluid drainage, which may contribute to the neurotoxicity following the waste accumulation in extracellular space under inhaled anesthesia per se.     

上海城乡绿地网络规划建设的历史进程与驱动力研究

为研究中国先进的城乡绿地规划理念与建设成果,选取上海为研究对象,以城市建设背景变化及绿地格局重大变革为转折,将城乡绿地网络建设划分为6个阶段,通过历史地图、统计资料的收集及田野调查,重点梳理绿地网络规划建设历史进程并对比6个阶段绿地建设的时代背景、规划编制、规划布局及建设成果,进而从经济支持、政策引导和事件推动3方面探讨绿地建设主要驱动力。由此总结上海城乡绿地网络主要特征及控制、连接、拓展、更新和融合五大整合策略,为其他城市绿地建设提供理论依据。     

城市绿地可达性与公平性评价

城市绿地是城市重要的绿色基础设施,是实现城市可持续发展的重要空间保障,具有重要的生态、社会文化功能.20世纪80年代以来,我国一直以城市人均(公共、公园)绿地面积、绿地率、绿化覆盖率等面积比率指标作为核心指标来指导城市绿地建设,缺乏具体引导城市绿地空间分布的指标,较少关注城市绿地服务功能的公平性问题.借助于GIS技术,构建了城市绿地社会功能评价的简明框架,尝试将表征城市绿地空间分布的可达性和公平性指标引入城市绿地的功能评价中,以体现城市建设"以人为本"、"社会公平"的理念,并以上海和青岛为实证,对新构建的系列指标进行了分析与检验.研究结果表明:(1)可达性和公平性系列指标导入城市绿地的功能评价中是可行的,能够有效的表征和测度城市绿地空间布局的合理性程度;(2)可达性和公平性指标使用时需要界定研究区范围、研究尺度,特别是数据精度,以利于研究区的纵向比较和城市间的横向比较.研究结果将丰富我国城市绿地评价的核心指标体系,亦可为城市规划者和建设者合理规划与布局城市绿地提供重要的依据和参考.     

Visuo-tactile representation of near-the-body space.

Here we report findings from neuropsychological investigations showing the existence, in humans, of intersensory integrative systems representing space through the multisensory coding of visual and tactile events. In addition, these findings show that visuo-tactile integration may take place in a privileged manner within a limited sector of space closely surrounding the body surface, i.e., the near-peripersonal space. They also demonstrate that the representation of near-peripersonal space is not static, as objects in the out-of-reach space can be processed as nearer, depending upon the (illusory) visual information about hand position in space, and the use of tools as physical extensions of the reachable space. Finally, new evidence is provided suggesting the multisensory coding of peripersonal space can be achieved through bottom-up processing that, at least in some instances, is not necessarily modulated by more "cognitive" top-down processing, such as the expectation regarding the possibility of being touched. These findings are entirely consistent with the functional properties of multisensory neuronal structures coding near-peripersonal space in monkeys, as well as with behavioral, and neuroimaging evidence for the cross-modal coding of space in normal subjects. This high level of convergence ultimately favors the idea that multisensory space coding is achieved through similar multimodal structures in both humans and non-human primates.     

大数据支持下的城市公共空间活力测度研究

城市公共空间是人们进行社交活动的开放性场所，其活力的测度研究具有重要意义。人群及其活动是公共空间活力的主体和外在表现，传统的测度方法往往是对空间活力的间接反映。大数据能全面反映人群活动的行为特征和时空规律，从而使真实描述公共空间活力本质成为可能。从反映人群活动的稳定性、聚集性与多样性等3个基本特征的视角，提出了以大数据为基础的公共空间活力评价体系和定量计算方法。指出大数据质量及适用性研究、公共空间活力评价及其与物理空间的耦合机制研究应是未来的研究方向。     

Merging chemical and biological space: Structural mapping of enzyme binding pocket space

Structure‐based drug design tries to mutually map pharmacological space populated by putative target proteins onto chemical space comprising possible small molecule drug candidates. Both spaces are connected where proteins and ligands recognize each other: in the binding pockets. Therefore, it is highly relevant to study the properties of the space composed by all possible binding cavities. In the present contribution, a global mapping of protein cavity space is presented by extracting consensus cavities from individual members of protein families and clustering them in terms of their shape and exposed physicochemical properties. Discovered similarities indicate common binding epitopes in binding pockets independent of any possibly given similarity in sequence and fold space. Unexpected links between remote targets indicate possible cross‐reactivity of ligands and suggest putative side effects. The global clustering of cavity space is compared to a similar clustering of sequence and fold space and compared to chemical ligand space spanned by the chemical properties of small molecules found in binding pockets of crystalline complexes. The overall similarity architecture of sequence, fold, and cavity space differs significantly. Similarities in cavity space can be mapped best to similarities in ligand binding space indicating possible cross‐reactivities. Most cross‐reactivities affect co‐factor and other endogenous ligand binding sites. Proteins 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

基于景观可达性的城市绿地系统承载力估算

选取佛山市顺德区中心城区为研究样区,以景观可达性分析为基础,评价了城市绿地系统的生态服务功能等级服务范围,并结合街区人口密度估算绿地系统服务人口和承载力。结果表明:研究区城市绿地类型和斑块布局不均匀,绿地主要分布在中西部,而东部和北部较少;根据不同绿地类型的生态服务功能差异,采用费用加权距离法将研究区绿地系统服务范围划分为Ⅰ～Ⅴ级服务区,综合反映出绿地系统的空间可达性和生态服务功能差异;绿地系统服务人口大部分处于Ⅰ～Ⅲ级服务区内。基于人均绿地面积标准推算适宜的人口密度,并与绿地系统服务人口比较表明,研究区绿地系统服务人口已超过绿地承载能力。     

国外城市绿地研究的理论与方法

回顾了近10年国外在城市绿地研究领域的进展,阐述了城市绿地效益、绿地美学、立体绿化、植物造景、景观生态学、信息技术应用、城市林业、植被培育、绿地规划设计等的研究理论及方法,指出了今后国外绿地研究的发展趋势。     

Proposal from space radiation biologists. Importance of Centrifuge Facility in the study of biological effect by space radiation]

In microgravity, astronauts were constantly exposed to space radiation containing various kinds of radiation with a low-dose rate during long-term stays in space. It is very difficult to define the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of space radiation under microgravity. In order to understand correct the RBE of space radiation, therefore, utilization of Centrifuge Facility is desired as a control experiment at orbit for removing other factors such as microgravity except space radiation. Here, we summarized the importance of Centrifuge Facility in the study of biological effect of space radiation.     

Emphasis of biological research for space radiation]

The paper summarized issues, current status and the recent topics in biological research of space radiation. Researches to estimate a risk associated with space radiation exposure during a long-term manned space flight, such as in the International Space Station, is emphasized because of the large uncertainty of biological effects and a complexity of the radiation environment in space. The Issues addressed are; 1) biological effects and end points in low dose radiation, 2) biological effects under low dose rate and long-term radiation exposure, 3) modification of biological responses to radiation under space environments, 4) various aspects of biological end points vs. cellular and molecular mechanisms, 5) estimation of human risk associated with radiation exposure in space flight, 6) regulations for radiation exposure limits for space workers. The paper also summarized and introduced recent progress in space related radiation researches with various biological systems.     

A proposal on a contribution of space biological sciences to sexual health in the human space life.

Sexuality is a basic property of the human being and provides an important background for the human life and society. The present situation in the world strongly suggests that the human being will extensively and intensively spread out in space and the population in space, particularly on the space stations in orbit, moon and possibly Mars, will rapidly increase during this century. Therefore sexual health will become a serious issue for the development of space and a better life of the human in the space environment. It is not too early to consider sexuality in the space life and to discuss how to maintain sexual health, how to control it in the space society, or whether it should be controlled. Space biological sciences should be the key and play an important role in studying scientifically sexuality especially the sex, sexual behavior and reproduction in the space environment.