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1.
M.P. Nugari A.M. Pietrini G. Caneva F. Imperi P. Visca 《International biodeterioration & biodegradation》2009,63(6):705-711
The biological colonization of mural paintings in rocky habitats is a widely recurring phenomenon and should be considered for restoration activities. In order to plan conservation treatment of the Crypt of the Original Sin (Matera, Italy), biodeterioration problems were analysed taking into account their impact on the substrate and their relationship with environmental factors. The mural paintings showed a phenomenology of alteration varying from brilliant green, dark green, brown, and black duff patinas with powdery aspect, to rosy discoloration. These phenomena were linked to different microbial colonizations by Cyanobacteria (Chlorogloea microcystoides, Chroococcus lithophilus, Gloeocapsa spp., Gloeothece rupestris, Pseudocapsa dubia) and green algae (Apatococcus lobatus, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorococcum sp., Muriella terrestris). The rosy discoloration was connected to pigment production by Actinobacteria related to Rubrobacter radiotolerans. Grey-green patinas, limited to more ventilated areas, were caused by lichen growth (Dirina massiliensis f. sorediata). Vascular plants (Adiantum capillus-veneris) were also detected in wall areas affected by rising damp. To control the growth of microflora, biocide treatment and intervention to reduce humidity and sunlight exposure of mural paintings were suggested. To choose the correct biocide, different products were tested, evaluating their efficiency on Cyanobacteria and algae as well as possible effects on the calcarenite stone. 相似文献
2.
Feasibility of Removing Surface Deposits on Stone Using Biological and Chemical Remediation Methods 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A. Polo F. Cappitelli L. Brusetti P. Principi F. Villa L. Giacomucci G. Ranalli C. Sorlini 《Microbial ecology》2010,60(1):1-14
The study was conducted on alterations found on stone artwork and integrates microbial control and a biotechnological method
for the removal of undesirable chemical substances. The Demetra and Cronos sculptures are two of 12 stone statues decorating
the courtyard of the Buonconsiglio Castle in Trento (Italy). An initial inspection of the statues revealed putative black
crusts and highlighted the microbial contamination causing discoloration. In 2006, the Cultural Heritage Superintendence of
Trento commissioned us to study and remove these chemical and biological stains. Stereomicroscopy characterised the stone
of the sculptures as oolitic limestone, and infrared analyses confirmed the presence of black crusts. To remove the black
crusts, we applied a remediation treatment of sulphate-reducing bacteria, which removes the chemical alteration but preserves
the original stone and the patina noble. Using traditional and biomolecular methods, we studied the putative microbial contamination
and confirmed the presence of biodeteriogens and chose biocide Biotin N for the removal of the agents causing the discolouration.
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis fluorescent in situ hybridisation established that Cyanobacteria and green algae genera
were responsible for the green staining whereas the black microbial contamination was due to dematiaceous fungi. After the
biocide Biotin N treatment, we applied molecular methods and demonstrated that the Cyanobacteria, and most of the green algae
and dematiaceous fungi, had been efficiently removed. The reported case study reveals that conservators can benefit from an
integrated biotechnological approach aimed at the biocleaning of chemical alterations and the abatement of biodeteriogens. 相似文献
3.
Lakkana Laopaiboon Niphaphat Phukoetphim Kanit Vichitphan Pattana Laopaiboon 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》2008,24(9):1633-1641
Biodegradation of an aldehyde biocide, glutaraldehyde (GA), in a single-stage laboratory-scale rotating biological contactor
(RBC) was studied under biocide or organic loadings (OL) of 12–66 g COD m−2 day−1 and hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 0.6–3.0 h. Biofilms on the RBC were acclimated in 180 ppm GA at a hydraulic loading
(HL) of 0.18 m3 m−2 day−1 and the HRT of 0.60 h. The results showed that under a constant initial chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration and sufficient
mineral salts available, the degree of GA removal in the RBC system was increased with either decreasing OL or increasing
HRT. After a period of acclimation, treatment efficiency in terms of GA removal by the RBC receiving GA as a sole carbon source
was 89%. The biofilms played an important role in biodegradation of biocide in the RBCs, whereas bio-oxidation of their planktonic
counterparts was totally inhibited in the presence of 50 ppm GA. The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test could be used as
an appropriate analytical procedure for investigating the efficiency of wastewater treatment units when seed was acclimated
and had adequate amount. 相似文献
4.
C. Churro E. Alverca F. Sam-Bento S. Paulino V. C. Figueira A. J. Bento S. Prabhakar A. M. Lobo A. J. Calado P. Pereira 《Journal of applied phycology》2009,21(4):429-442
The antialgal activity of newly synthesized bacillamides against several cyanobacteria and microalgae isolates was screened
using a rapid 96-well microplate bioassay. Cultures were exposed to serial dilutions of each bacillamide derivative (0–160 μg mL−1) in the microplate wells and daily optical measurements were used to estimate growth over a 216 h period. Inhibition values
(%) were calculated from the estimated growth curves and inhibitory concentrations (IC50-216 h) were obtained from the sigmoidal inhibition curves fitted by regression analysis. The effects of bacillamides on cell
morphology and ultrastructure were also analysed by light and transmission electron microscopy. In general, the toxic cyanobacteria
Microcystis aeruginosa, Aphanizomenon gracile, Anabaena circinalis and Anabaenopsis circularis were much more sensitive to bacillamides then the chlorophytes Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Scenedesmus obliquus. However, clear signs of morphological and ultrastructural changes induced by bacillamide were observed on both cyanobacteria
and chlorophytes. Other cyanobacteria, namely the nostocalean Nodularia spumigena and the oscillatorialeans Leptolyngbya sp. and Planktothrix rubescens, exhibit higher tolerances to bacillamides, similar to that shown by different eukaryotic microalgae. Diatoms, on the other
hand, proved to be quite as sensitive to most bacillamides as the most affected cyanobacteria. The properties of 5-iodo-Bacillamide
(algicide or algistatic) were further investigated. This compound acted as an algistactic agent against eukaryotic algae and,
depending on its concentration, acted as either an algicide or algistactic agent against most of the cyanobacteria tested.
Although bacillamides cannot be considered as broad spectrum cyanobacterial algicides, different bacillamides might be of
use in selectively controlling the growth of particular species of cyanobacteria. 相似文献
5.
Two formulations of acrylic varnish, with and without either of two dry film biocides—one a mixture of isothiazolinones and
benzimidazole derivatives, and the other a carbamate—were tested in vitro for their activity against mixtures of filamentous
fungi and cyanobacteria found on sandstone buildings. Growth on filter-paper squares coated with the varnishes was assessed
semi-quantitatively by naked eye, quantitatively by image analysis and chemically by measurement of ergosterol and chlorophyll
a. The lower solvent content (higher resin) varnish was more inhibitory to cyanobacteria than the higher varnish content, whilst
the opposite was true for the fungal inoculum. The carbamate biocide was effective against cyanobacteria, unlike the isothiazolinone
mixture, but the latter produced more inhibition of fungal growth. The three assay methods produced generally similar results,
although visual observation was obviously the most imprecise. There was an anomaly in the ergosterol measurements, which was
considered to be caused by the varying ergosterol content and unequal inhibition of the three fungal genera used in the inoculum.
Fusarium sp. was shown to contain higher levels of this membrane component than Cladosporium sp. and Penicillium sp. For this reason, the most appropriate method overall, giving reliable quantitative results, was deemed to be the image
analysis. 相似文献
6.
Antarctic wetlands are characterized by the presence of liquid water during short austral summer. Filamentous cyanobacteria are often dominant there and are exposed to severe conditions, of which the changes in the desiccation–rehydration and freeze–thaw cycles are two of the most stressful. Vigor, after freezing and desiccation, was laboratory tested in cyanobacterial and algal strains from wetland habitats collected in maritime and continental Antarctica. Whereas minor sub-zero temperatures (−4°C), demonstrating summer diurnal freeze–thaws did not cause significant damage on either cyanobacteria or algae, low sub-zero temperatures (−40, −100, −196°C), demonstrating annual winter freeze, caused little harm to cyanobacteria, but was fatal for more than 50% of the population of algae. Freezing and desiccation tolerance of these strains was compared using multiregression methods: cyanobacteria from continental Antarctica were significantly more tolerant to low sub-zero temperatures than similar strains from maritime Antarctica (P = 0.026; F = 3.66); and cyanobacteria from seepages habitat were less tolerant to freezing and desiccation than cyanobacteria from other wetlands (P = 0.002; F = 5.69). 相似文献
7.
Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) cause souring and their biofilms are often the culprit in Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
(MIC). The two most common green biocides for SRB treatment are tetrakis-hydroxymethylphosphonium sulfate (THPS) and glutaraldehyde.
It is unlikely that there will be another equally effective green biocide in the market any time soon. This means more effective
biocide treatment probably will rely on biocide cocktails. In this work a triple biocide cocktail consisting of glutaraldehyde
or THPS, ethylenediaminedisuccinate (EDDS) and methanol was used to treat planktonic SRB and to remove established SRB biofilms.
Desulfovibrio vulgaris (ATCC 7757), a corrosive SRB was used as an example in the tests. Laboratory results indicated that with the addition of
10–15% (v/v) methanol to the glutaraldehyde and EDDS double combination, mitigation of planktonic SRB growth in ATCC 1249
medium and a diluted medium turned from inhibition to a kill effect while the chelator dosage was cut from 2,000 to 1,000 ppm.
Biofilm removal was achieved when 50 ppm glutaraldehyde combined with 15% methanol and 1,000 ppm EDDS was used. THPS showed
similar effects when it was used to replace glutaraldehyde in the triple biocide cocktail to treat planktonic SRB. 相似文献
8.
Romão C Miranda CA Silva J Mandetta Clementino M de Filippis I Asensi M 《Current microbiology》2011,63(1):16-21
Biocides play an important role in healthcare-associated infection control by either minimizing or preventing microorganism
dissemination. This study evaluated the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates to a quaternary ammonium (QAC) disinfectant and antibiotics, and verified the presence of qacEΔ1, a determinant of resistance to QAC. The disinfectant test was the Association of Official Analytical Chemists Use-Dilution
Test, and polymerase chain reaction was used to examine for qacEΔ1. The qacEΔ1 gene was detected in 48% of the isolates. Eighty-eight percent of the multiresistant isolates carried qacEΔ1 gene, while 35% of the non-multiresistant isolates was positive to this gene, and multiresistance well correlated with its
presence. Among isolates tested for the disinfectant, 46% showed a reduced susceptibility to the disinfectant. qacEΔ1 gene was present in 70% of the susceptible isolates to the biocide, whereas 90% of the less susceptible strains harbored
this gene. Reduced susceptibility to the disinfectant was independent of presence of qacEΔ1 suggesting that it does not play an important role in biocide resistance in P. aeruginosa. As far as we know, it is the first report confirming this fact and testing with disinfectant at its in-use concentration.
The evidence of less susceptible strains than the reference bacterium used in disinfectant testing, and the high percentage
of qacEΔ1 gene detected are of special concern and suggests continued investigation in laboratory and in situ, not only in healthcare
settings, but also in all areas of biocide usage, including different micro-organisms and biocides. 相似文献
9.
Excitation–emission fluorescence matrices of phytoplankton communities were simulated from laboratory-grown algae and cyanobacteria
cultures, to define the optical configurations of theoretical fluorometers that either minimize or maximize the representation
of these phytoplankton groups in community variable fluorescence measurements. Excitation sources that match the photosystem
II (PSII) action spectrum of cyanobacteria do not necessarily lead to equal representation of cyanobacteria in community fluorescence.
In communities with an equal share of algae and cyanobacteria, inducible PSII fluorescence in algae can be retrieved from
community fluorescence under blue excitation (450–470 nm) with high accuracy (R
2 = 1.00). The highest correlation between community and cyanobacterial variable fluorescence is obtained under orange-red
excitation in the 590–650 nm range (R
2 = 0.54). Gaussian band decomposition reveals that in the presence of cyanobacteria, the emission detection slit must be narrow
(up to 10 nm) and centred on PSII chlorophyll-a emission (~683 nm) to avoid severe dampening of the signal by weakly variable phycobilisomal fluorescence and non-variable
photosystem I fluorescence. When these optimizations of the optical configuration of the fluorometer are followed, both cyanobacterial
and algal cultures in nutrient replete exponential growth exhibit values of the maximum quantum yield of charge separation
in PSII in the range of 0.65–0.7. 相似文献
10.
β-N-Methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), a non-proteinogenic amino acid, has been detected in a range of cyanobacteria, including terrestrial, aquatic,
free living and endosymbiotic species. The widespread occurrence of cyanobacteria in the environment raises concerns regarding
the ecological and toxicological impact of BMAA, and consequently, studies have focussed extensively on the toxicity and environmental
impact of BMAA, while no research has addressed the ecophysiological or metabolic role of the compound in cyanobacteria. In
this study, both the uptake of exogenous BMAA by and the effect of exogenous BMAA on the growth of Synechocystis PCC6803 were investigated. BMAA was rapidly taken up by the non-diazotrophic cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803 in a concentration dependent manner. The presence of exogenous BMAA resulted in a substantial and concentration-dependent
decrease in cell growth and the substantial loss of photosynthetic pigmentation. Similar effects were seen in the presence
of the non-proteinogenic amino acid, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid but to a lesser degree than that of BMAA. The effects were reversed
when light was decreased from 16 to 10 μmol m−2 s−1. Control cultures grown in the presence of l-arginine, l-asparagine, l-glutamate and glycine showed normal or slightly increased growth with no change in pigmentation. The decrease in growth rate
coupled to bleaching indicates that BMAA may induce chlorosis in the presence of adequate photosynthetic radiation suggesting
a connection between BMAA and the induction of conditions, such as nitrogen or sulphur depletion, that result in growth arrest
and the induction of chlorosis. 相似文献
11.
Imperi F Caneva G Cancellieri L Ricci MA Sodo A Visca P 《Environmental microbiology》2007,9(11):2894-2902
The inventory of microorganisms responsible for biological deterioration of ancient paintings has become an integral part of restoration activities. Here, the microbial agent of rosy discoloration on medieval frescoes in the Crypt of the Original Sin (Matera, Italy) was investigated by a combination of microscopic, molecular and spectroscopic approaches. The bacterial community from three rosy-discoloured painting sites was characterized by 16S rRNA gene-based techniques. The eubacterial population was prevalently composed of Actinobacteria, among which Rubrobacter radiotolerans-related bacteria accounted for 63-87% of the 16S rRNA gene pool per sampled site. Archaea, with prevalence of Haloarchaea-related species, were detected in one of the three sites where they accounted for < 0.1% of the total 16S rRNA gene pool. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the identity between R. radiotolerans carotenoids (bacterioruberins) and pigments responsible for colour alteration of frescoes. This investigation provides the first evidence of a causal relationship between heavy contamination by Rubrobacter-related bacterioruberin-producing bacteria and rosy discoloration of ancient wall paintings. 相似文献
12.
This paper aims to develop methods for quantifying their establishment; using physiological activity (chlorophyll as a growth
index and nitrogen-fixing potential as a measure of their biofertilizing capacity), along with evaluation based on DNA fingerprints
generated using repeat sequences/palindromes. Time course studies were undertaken in liquid and soil microcosm experiments
inoculated with a set of four rhizosphere cyanobacterial strains (BF1 Anabaena sp., BF2 Nostoc sp., BF3 Nostoc sp., BF4 Anabaena sp.). Observations revealed the synergistic effect of three-membered combinations (especially the i.e. BF1 + 2 + 3, 1 + 2 + 4,
1 + 3 + 4) in terms of enhancing chlorophyll and acetylene reducing activity. PCR-based amplification profiles (using short
tandemly repetitive repeat (STRR) 1A, STRRmod, and HIPAT sequences) proved discriminative in monitoring the presence of the inoculated cyanobacteria in soil microcosm. Future work
is in progress to assess the utility of the selected markers/primers in pot experiments, followed by field-level experiments
with crop. 相似文献
13.
The purpose of this research was to develop liposomal dry powder aerosols for protein delivery. The delivery of stable protein
formulations is essential for protein subunit vaccine delivery, which requires local delivery to macrophages in the lungs.
β-Glucuronidase (GUS) was used as a model protein to evaluate dry powder liposomes as inhaled delivery vehicles. Dimyristoyl
phosphatylcholine:cholesterol (7∶3) was selected as the liposome composition. The lyophilization of liposomes, micronization
of the powders, aerosolization using a dry powder inhaler (DPI), and in vitro aerodynamic fine particle fraction upon collection
in a twinstage liquid impinger were evaluated. After lyophilization and jet-milling, the total amount of GUS and its activity,
representing encapsulation efficiency and stability, were evaluated. The GUS amount and activity were measured and compared
with freshly-prepared liposomes in the presence of mannitol, 43% of initial GUS amount, 29% of GUS activity after lyophilization
and 36% of GUS amount, 22% of activity after micronization were obtained. Emitted doses from dry powder inhaler were 53%,
58%, 66%, and 73% for liposome powder:mannitol carrier ratios of 1∶0, 1∶4, 1∶9, and 1∶19. Fifteen percent of the liposome
particles were less than 6.4 μm in aerodynamic diameter. The results demonstrate that milled liposome powders containing protein
molecules can be aerosolized effectively at a fixed flow rate. Influences of different cryoprotectants on lyophilization of
protein liposome formulations are reported. The feasibility of using liposomal dry powder aerosols for protein delivery has
been demonstrated but further optimization is required in the context of specific therapeutic proteins.
Published: December 21, 2005 相似文献
14.
N fixation in feather moss carpets is maximized in late secondary successional boreal forests; however, there is limited understanding
of the ecosystem factors that drive cyanobacterial N fixation in feather mosses with successional stage. We conducted a reciprocal
transplant experiment to assess factors in both early and late succession that control N fixation in feather moss carpets
dominated by Pleurozium schreberi. In 2003, intact microplots of moss carpets (30 cm × 30 cm × 10–20 cm deep) were excavated from three early secondary successional
(41–101 years since last fire) forest sites and either replanted within the same stand or transplanted into one of three late
successional (241–356 years since last fire) forest sites and the transverse was done for late successional layers of moss.
Moss plots were monitored for changes in N-fixation rates by acetylene reduction (June 2003–September 2005) and changes in
the presence of cyanobacteria on moss shoots by microscopy (2004). Forest nutrient status was measured using ionic resin capsules
buried in the humus layer. Late successional forests exhibit high rates of N fixation and consistently high numbers of cyanobacteria
on moss shoots, but low levels of available N. Conversely, early successional forests have higher N availability and have
low rates of N fixation and limited presence of cyanobacteria on moss shoots. Transplantation of moss carpets resulted in
a significant shift in presence and activity of cyanobacteria 1 year after initiation of the experiment responding to N fertility
differences in early versus late successional forests. 相似文献
15.
Biocides play an important role in the preservation of white mineral dispersions (WMD). Due to the occurrence of biocide-resistant
bacteria and technical limitations in the use of biocides, new preservation strategies are required—like the enhancement of
biocides by non-biocidal compounds. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocide enhancement performance of lithium against
various biocide-resistant bacteria in WMD. Subsequently, the minimal enhancing concentration (MEC) of lithium and the bioavailability
of lithium in respect to the mode of introduction into WMD were investigated. The antimicrobial performance of biocidal formulations
comprising isothiazolinones and formaldehyde releasers or isothiazolinones and glutaraldehyde has been evaluated against the
related resistant bacterial spectrum in the presence of lithium. The MEC of lithium ranged from 1,350 to 1,500 ppm (based
on the liquid phase weight of a WMD with 75% solids) for formaldehyde releasers and glutaraldehyde-based biocidal formulations,
respectively. The biocide enhancing property of lithium was independent of whether lithium was introduced into WMD via a lithium-neutralised
dispersant, added during the calcium carbonate grinding step, or dosed into the final product. Lithium is a non-biocidal compound
which has been discovered to be a potent and universal biocide enhancer. Lithium boosts the biocidal activity of various biocides
and provides a novel technique to overcome biocide resistance in WMD. Such a biocide enhancer represents a breakthrough that
offers a potential tool to revolutionise the consumption of biocidal agents in the WMD producing industry. 相似文献
16.
Importance of epiphytic cyanobacteria as food sources for heterotrophs in a tropical seagrass bed 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
M. Yamamuro 《Coral reefs (Online)》1999,18(3):263-271
The natural carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C, δ15N) of various autotrophs and heterotrophs were measured in a Syringodium isoetifolium-dominated seagrass bed at Dravuni Island, Fiji to define carbon and nitrogen sources for heterotrophic organisms in a system
where few animals graze directly on seagrass leaves. The organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus content of organisms was
also determined. The δ13C and δ15N data suggest that herbivorous heterotrophs in this seagrass bed depend significantly on epiphytic cyanobacteria rather than
seagrass leaves and its detritus. This can be attributed to relative differences in nitrogen content of those organic materials.
The cyanobacteria nitrogen content (3.6–4.8% of DW) is nearly half that of heterotrophs (7.0–8.6% N of DW) while that of S. isoetifolium origin (0.6–1.1% N of DW) is less than one third of the cyanobacteria nitrogen content. Phosphorus content was similar among
cyanobacteria (0.8–1.1 mg g-1) and S. isoetifolium (0.4–1.4 mg g-1). These results suggest that cyanobacteria are important food sources for heterotrophs at the study site, and that inorganic
nitrogen released through breakdown of cyanobacteria by heterotrophs may support the continued production of S. isoetifolium.
Accepted: 24 May 1999 相似文献
17.
Experimental study of the impacts of silver carp on plankton communities of eutrophic Villerest reservoir (France) 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
We examined the impact of five silver carp biomass levels (0, 8, 16, 20, and 32 g m−3) on plankton communities and water quality of Villerest eutrophic reservoir (France). We realized the experiments using outdoor
mesocosms. The presence of silver carp led to changes in zooplankton and phytoplankton assemblages. High fish biomass strongly
reduced cladoceran abundance (through predation). Silver carp inefficiently grazed down particles < 20 μm. More importantly,
however, the suppression of herbivorous cladocerans resulted in the increase of small size algae which were relieved from
grazing and benefit from high nutrient concentrations.
In contrast, in mesocosms without fish, the dominance of cladocerans (mainly Daphnia) controlled small size algae and probably
also larger size algae (colonial chlorophytes, cyanobacteria). Thus, the Secchi disc transparency increased markedly. Through
cascade effects, the modification of grazers communities led to changes in the utilization patterns of the added nutrients
by phytoplankton communities. In high fish biomass treatments, nutrients were more efficiently accumulated into particulate
fractions compared with no-fish and low-fish biomass treatments that were characterized by higher dissolved nutrients concentrations.
Zooplankton was an essential source of food for silver carp. The productivity of zooplankton sustained a moderate silver carp
biomass (up to 16 g m−3). In the presence of the highest fish biomass, the productivity of zooplankton was not large enough and silver carps fed
on additional phytoplankton. Although mesocosms with high fish biomass were characterized by a slight cyanobacteria development
compared with other fish mesocosms, silver carp was not effective in reducing cyanobacteria dominance.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
18.
Schroeder S Ranchou-Peyruse A Ranchou-Peyruse M Spain JC 《Archives of microbiology》2011,193(9):687-692
19.
The growth adaptability to increasing concentration of the biocide 2-phenoxyethanol (PE) was determined in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 (P.a.) as part of efforts to understand and control the biocide tolerance and its effect on cross-resistance to other biocides
and resistance to antibiotics. After repeated subculturing in media containing increasing sub-minimum-inhibitory PE concentration,
P.a. exhibited an adaptive resistance indicated by two-fold increase in MIC at the 10th passage. The resistance was stable and
remained after passaging the strain in further 7 successive passages in PE-free growth media. The strain showed cross-resistance
towards dissimilar biocides and displayed increased susceptibility to antibiotics, which was not influenced by the presence
of the efflux inhibitor ‘carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone’. Outer membranes of adapted strain showed altered protein profile when examined by SDS-PAGE. 相似文献
20.
We studied the enhanced production of high quality biomass, δ-aminolevulinic acid (δ-ALA), bilipigments, and antioxidants
from five tropical blue green algae (cyanobacteria) in a full factorial design using free and immobilized cells in batch culture.
Production of nutraceuticals was high in spray dried powder prepared from immobilized cell cultures. Nostochopsis lobatus showed superiority over rest of the species with respect to bilipigments, δ-ALA, nutritive value, antioxidant capacity, and
ascorbate oxidase (APX) activity. Antioxidative capacity of phycobiliproteins extracted from these cyanobacteria (121.15 μM
TE/g, Nostoc verrucosum to 217.62 μM TE/g, Nostochopsis lobatus) was invariably higher than those observed for higher plant sources and substantially increased under immobilized cell culture
condition. Antioxidative enzyme, ascorbate oxidase remained stable in dry food preparations with considerably high activity
under immobilized cell preparations (APXmax, 3.40 μmol/min/mg chlorophyll). These observations have important connotations in light of upcoming food and nutraceutical
industries in the global market. Use of immobilized cells in batch culture could be an effective approach for scaling up production
for commercial use. 相似文献