扣囊复膜孢酵母BGLl基因在工业酒精酵母中的整合表达

构建了含有工业酿酒酵母自身GPD2启动子和终止子、扣囊复膜孢酵母β-葡萄糖苷酶基因（BGL1）和潮霉素选择性标记hyg的重组质粒pPIC-gpd-bgl-hyg,通过酵母染色体同源重组,将BGLl基因整合进入工业酒精酵母的染色体上。重组酵母可以在以纤维二糖为唯一碳源的培养基上生长,48h时β-葡萄糖苷酶酶活达到0.764U／mL。在玉米浓醪酒精发酵实验中,与宿主菌株相比,重组酵母醪液中纤维二糖含量减少约80％,达到了消耗醪液中纤维二糖含量的目的。     

扣囊复膜孢酵母BGL1基因在工业酒精酵母中的整合表达

构建了含有工业酿酒酵母自身GPD2启动子和终止子、扣囊复膜孢酵母b-葡萄糖苷酶基因(BGL1)和潮霉素选择性标记hyg的重组质粒pPIC-gpd-bgl-hyg, 通过酵母染色体同源重组, 将BGL1基因整合进入工业酒精酵母的染色体上。重组酵母可以在以纤维二糖为唯一碳源的培养基上生长, 48 h时b-葡萄糖苷酶酶活达到0.764 U/mL。在玉米浓醪酒精发酵实验中, 与宿主菌株相比, 重组酵母醪液中纤维二糖含量减少约80％, 达到了消耗醪液中纤维二糖含量的目的。     

扣囊复膜孢酵母BGL1基因在工业酒精酵母中的整合表达

构建了含有工业酿酒酵母自身GPD2启动子和终止子、扣囊复膜孢酵母b-葡萄糖苷酶基因(BGL1)和潮霉素选择性标记hyg的重组质粒pPIC-gpd-bgl-hyg, 通过酵母染色体同源重组, 将BGL1基因整合进入工业酒精酵母的染色体上。重组酵母可以在以纤维二糖为唯一碳源的培养基上生长, 48 h时b-葡萄糖苷酶酶活达到0.764 U/mL。在玉米浓醪酒精发酵实验中, 与宿主菌株相比, 重组酵母醪液中纤维二糖含量减少约80％, 达到了消耗醪液中纤维二糖含量的目的。     

超嗜热酯酶EST2在不同宿主中的异源高效表达研究

来源于超嗜热古菌Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius的酯酶EST2是目前报道的活性最高的超嗜热酯酶,具有极大的工业应用价值。为促进EST2的生产应用,将其分别在大肠杆菌及毕赤酵母中进行异源表达,并就不同宿主对表达情况和重组酶酶学性质的影响进行了分析。在大肠杆菌和毕赤酵母中重组表达的EST2酶学性质基本一致:最适温度分别为75℃和77.5℃,最适pH均为8.0,比活力分别为4656.6 U/mg和4078.3 U/mg,70℃水浴保温4.5 h,残余活力均在70%以上。在摇瓶发酵的基础上,于5 L发酵罐中进行了重组大肠杆菌及毕赤酵母的高密度发酵。毕赤酵母高密度发酵120 h菌体干重达68 g/L,最大表达酶活力为959.6 U/ml。大肠杆菌高密度发酵25 h菌体干重达60.8 g/L,最大酶活力14825.6 U/ml,表达量是毕赤酵母的15.4倍,单位时间产量是酵母的74.2倍。结果表明大肠杆菌发酵周期短、表达量高,更适合进行嗜热酯酶EST2的高效生产,这为促进嗜热酯酶在工业生物技术产业的应用奠定了基础。     

纤维二糖差向异构酶在毕赤酵母中的表达及酶学性质研究

首先将来源于Caldicellulosiruptor saccharolyticus的纤维二糖差向异构酶基因CsCEm进行密码子优化,然后进行全基因合成,再将其引入到载体pPIC9K中,构建重组质粒pPIC9K-CsCEm并转化入毕赤酵母GS115,得到酵母工程菌株.经微孔板筛选、摇瓶筛选得到酶活最高的重组工程茵GS115-4-19.该菌株经甲醇诱导144 h后,摇瓶发酵液上清酶活达到0.42 U/mL.酶学性质研究结果表明:该酶的最适pH为7.5,且在pH 6.0 ～8.0范围内相对酶活都在80％以上;在pH 4～9的缓冲液中放置24 h后仍保持原酶活力的80％以上;最适温度为80℃,在60℃～80℃保温30 min后,相对酶活在80％以上.动力学研究结果表明该酶对底物乳糖的Km和Vmax分别为(120.27±9.96) mmol/L和(1.035±0.05) mmol/L/min.纤维二糖差向异构酶在毕赤酵母中的成功表达为生物酶法合成乳果糖提供了重要参考.     

黑曲霉纤维二糖水解酶基因cbhA在毕赤酵母中异源表达

[目的]对黑曲霉纤维二糖水解酶cbhA基因进行了克隆和在毕赤酵母中的真核表达。[方法]采用PCR方法扩增黑曲霉纤维二糖水解酶A(Cellobiohydrolase A,CBHA)基因,获得的DNA序列与cbhA基因表现出高度相似,推导出的氨基酸序列与真菌CBHA酶也高度相似,属于糖基水解酶第7家族。将扩增得到的cbhA基因克隆到毕赤酵母表达载体pPIC9K上,与α-因子信号肽序列形成融合蛋白,进一步通过电转化方法将线性化质粒p PIC9K-cbhA转化至毕赤酵母GS115菌株进行表达。[结果]在甲醇诱导下,重组菌株CMC比酶活力是对照的2.5倍,SDS-PAGE分析结果也确认了cbhA基因在重组菌株GS115/p PIC9K-cbhA中的表达。对该酶性质的分析表明,重组CBHA酶水解CMC底物最适p H值为5.0,最适温度为55℃。[结论]黑曲霉纤维二糖水解酶基因cbhA的克隆和其真核表达工程菌株的构建,为获得纤维二糖水解酶A高产菌株,实现纤维素酶多组分的人工组装奠定了基础。     

酿酒酵母异源表达纤维二糖转运蛋白LacY与纤维二糖利用菌株的构建北大核心

【目的】在酿酒酵母体内设计代谢通路,使酿酒酵母能利用纤维素水解产物纤维二糖生产乙醇。【方法】首先,用大肠杆菌DH5α总DNA为模板克隆编码大肠杆菌乳糖透过酶的LacY基因。为过表达LacY基因,以质粒YEplac181作为载体,将酿酒酵母PGK1p强启动子加到LacY基因之前,CYC1t终止子加到LacY基因之后,构建质粒YEplac181-PGK1p-LacY-CYC1t。之后,将纤维二糖转运蛋白LacY表达质粒和β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-glucosidase,BGL)表达质粒pRS316-PGK1p-gh1-1-CYC1t依次转入野生型酿酒酵母W303-1A中,使野生型酿酒酵母W303-1A异源表达可转运纤维二糖的LacY蛋白和β-葡萄糖苷酶GH1-1,构建可利用纤维二糖的酿酒酵母工程菌W303-1A GL。最后,通过发酵测定酿酒酵母工程菌W303-1A GL的纤维二糖利用情况和乙醇产量,并对纤维二糖代谢通路中纤维二糖酶活力进行测定。【结果】本研究构建了纤维二糖转运蛋白LacY和β-葡萄糖苷酶GH1-1协同表达的酿酒酵母工程菌W303-1AGL。W303-1AGL可以有效利用纤维二糖发酵生产乙醇,W303-1A GL发酵24 h时乙醇产量达到3.25 g/L,得率为0.325 g乙醇/g纤维二糖,利用葡萄糖产乙醇理论得率为0.511 g乙醇/g纤维二糖,达到葡萄糖产乙醇理论得率的64%,细胞密度最高在第54 h达到OD600=10.84,胞内β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶活在72 h最高,可达到0.51 U/mg。【结论】本研究成功构建了能有效利用纤维二糖的重组酿酒酵母工程菌W303-1A GL,为提高纤维素乙醇生产效率、降低纤维素乙醇生产成本提供了新思路。     

纤维剩余物发酵制备乙醇工艺研究

单因素实验和正交优化对固定化酵母制备工艺条件进行优化研究,并对固定化酵母的重复利用发酵能力进行了考察,其优化工艺条件为海藻酸钠与酵母质量比1∶2 g·g~(-1),底物糖浓度30%,酵母用量1.5 g,固定化酵母发酵120 h。在此条件下,乙醇产率均值为83.68%。为塔拉纤维剩余物的酶解液发酵制备乙醇提供技术支撑。     

嗜热棉毛菌木糖苷酶Xyl43基因优化及其在毕赤酵母中高效表达

【目的】通过外源表达手段构建重组毕赤酵母实现木糖苷酶的高效表达。【方法】基于毕赤酵母密码子偏好性优化嗜热棉毛菌β-木糖苷酶(Xyl43)基因密码子,将其导入毕赤酵母GS115中实现分泌表达,并对重组木糖苷酶酶学性质进行分析。通过单因素实验优化高产菌株的摇瓶发酵条件,并在5 L发酵罐中进行扩大培养。【结果】Xyl43基因优化后的序列中222个碱基发生改变,G+C含量由52.8%降低到44.6%,序列一致性为78.17%;将构建的表达载体p PIC9K-Opt Xyl43电击转入毕赤酵母中,利用平板初筛和摇瓶复筛获得一株高效表达重组菌(命名为P.pastoris GS115-Xyl43);其所产重组木糖苷酶大小为51.5 k D,动力学参数Km为2.93 mmol/L、Vmax为157.9μmol/(min·mg),最适反应温度55°C,最适p H 7.0,在p H 6.0-9.5条件下具有良好的稳定性;摇瓶优化结果表明:培养基初始p H 6.0、甲醇补加浓度1.0%、培养温度28°C、摇床转速250 r/min为最佳产酶条件,在此条件下发酵144 h胞外酶活达到42 U/m L(蛋白含量0.54 g/L);5 L发酵罐放大培养,发酵156 h(甲醇诱导96 h),木糖苷酶酶活为222.2 U/m L,蛋白含量2.36 g/L,较摇瓶提高了4.3倍。【结论】木糖苷酶在毕赤酵母中实现了高效表达,具有较好的工业化应用前景。     

嗜热网球菌纤维二糖差向异构酶在枯草芽孢杆菌中的表达及发酵优化

通过化学方法合成嗜热网球菌(Dictyoglomus thermophilum)来源的纤维二糖差向异构酶基因ce,将其引入到载体pBSuL3-ce,构建重组质粒pBSuL3-ce并转化进枯草芽孢杆菌,发酵48h后测定胞内酶活为7. 5U/ml。酶学性质结果表明:该酶的最适pH为8. 5;最适温度为85℃,85℃的半衰期为120min。为降低发酵成本,对发酵培养基进行优化:以35g/L豆粕粉为氮源、5g/L甘油为碳源时,酶活力最高可达12. 3U/ml。依据摇瓶优化的条件在3L发酵罐中扩大培养,胞内酶活达到56U/ml,比摇瓶培养酶活提高了8倍。利用发酵所得酶制备乳果糖,在乳糖浓度为400g/L、反应温度为85℃、初始pH 8. 5、加酶量为20U/ml的条件下,乳果糖转化率可达51%。     

Lactic fermentation of cellobiose by a yeast strain displaying β-glucosidase on the cell surface

The Aspergillus aculeatus beta-glucosidase 1 (bgl1) gene was expressed in a lactic-acid-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain to enable lactic fermentation with cellobiose. The recombinant beta-glucosidase enzyme was expressed on the yeast cell surface by fusing the mature protein to the C-terminal half region of the alpha-agglutinin. The beta-glucosidase expression plasmids were integrated into the genome. Three strong promoters of S. cerevisiae, the TDH3, PGK1, and PDC1 promoters, were used for beta-glucosidase expression. The specific beta-glucosidase activity varied with the promoter used and the copy number of the bgl1 gene. The highest activity was obtained with strain PB2 that possessed two copies of the bgl1 gene driven by the PDC1 promoter. PB2 could grow on cellobiose and glucose minimal medium at the same rate. Fermentation experiments were conducted in non-selective-rich media containing 95 g l(-1) cellobiose or 100 g l(-1) glucose as a carbon source under microaerobic conditions. The maximum rate of L-lactate production by PB2 on cellobiose (2.8 g l(-1) h(-1)) was similar to that on glucose (3.0 g l(-1) h(-1)). This indicates that efficient fermentation of cellobiose to L-lactate can be accomplished using a yeast strain expressing beta-glucosidase from a mitotically stable genomic integration plasmid.     

Single Amino Acid Substitutions in HXT2.4 from Scheffersomyces stipitis Lead to Improved Cellobiose Fermentation by Engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae cannot utilize cellobiose, but this yeast can be engineered to ferment cellobiose by introducing both cellodextrin transporter (cdt-1) and intracellular β-glucosidase (gh1-1) genes from Neurospora crassa. Here, we report that an engineered S. cerevisiae strain expressing the putative hexose transporter gene HXT2.4 from Scheffersomyces stipitis and gh1-1 can also ferment cellobiose. This result suggests that HXT2.4p may function as a cellobiose transporter when HXT2.4 is overexpressed in S. cerevisiae. However, cellobiose fermentation by the engineered strain expressing HXT2.4 and gh1-1 was much slower and less efficient than that by an engineered strain that initially expressed cdt-1 and gh1-1. The rate of cellobiose fermentation by the HXT2.4-expressing strain increased drastically after serial subcultures on cellobiose. Sequencing and retransformation of the isolated plasmids from a single colony of the fast cellobiose-fermenting culture led to the identification of a mutation (A291D) in HXT2.4 that is responsible for improved cellobiose fermentation by the evolved S. cerevisiae strain. Substitutions for alanine (A291) of negatively charged amino acids (A291E and A291D) or positively charged amino acids (A291K and A291R) significantly improved cellobiose fermentation. The mutant HXT2.4(A291D) exhibited 1.5-fold higher K_m and 4-fold higher V_max values than those from wild-type HXT2.4, whereas the expression levels were the same. These results suggest that the kinetic properties of wild-type HXT2.4 expressed in S. cerevisiae are suboptimal, and mutations of A291 into bulky charged amino acids might transform HXT2.4p into an efficient transporter, enabling rapid cellobiose fermentation by engineered S. cerevisiae strains.     

扣囊复膜孢酵母b-葡萄糖苷酶基因在工业酿酒酵母中的表达

本文以工业酿酒酵母菌株( Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y )为研究对象,针对其复杂的生理生化遗传特性,建立了相对应的转化体系。以pRS41H质粒为基础载体,构建了含有工业酿酒酵母自身的gpd2启动子、终止子和扣囊复膜孢酵母的b-葡萄糖苷酶基因bgl的重组质粒pRS-gb。电击转化进入工业酿酒酵母细胞,潮霉素抗性筛选,获得重组菌。该重组菌可以在以纤维二糖为唯一碳源的培养基中生长,培养36 h,b-葡萄糖苷酶酶活达到0.967 u/ml。以纤维二糖为唯一碳源的酒精发酵中,酒精度可以达到0.92 g/l。这对工业生产中利用纤维素为原料发酵生产酒精具有重要意义。     

Energetic benefits and rapid cellobiose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing cellobiose phosphorylase and mutant cellodextrin transporters

Anaerobic bacteria assimilate cellodextrins from plant biomass by using a phosphorolytic pathway to generate glucose intermediates for growth. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae can also be engineered to ferment cellobiose to ethanol using a cellodextrin transporter and a phosphorolytic pathway. However, strains with an intracellular cellobiose phosphorylase initially fermented cellobiose slowly relative to a strain employing an intracellular β-glucosidase. Fermentations by the phosphorolytic strains were greatly improved by using cellodextrin transporters with elevated rates of cellobiose transport. Furthermore under stress conditions, these phosphorolytic strains had higher biomass and ethanol yields compared to hydrolytic strains. These observations suggest that, although cellobiose phosphorolysis has energetic advantages, phosphorolytic strains are limited by the thermodynamics of cellobiose phosphorolysis (ΔG°=+3.6 kJ mol⁻¹). A thermodynamic “push” from the reaction immediately upstream (transport) is therefore likely to be necessary to achieve high fermentation rates and energetic benefits of phosphorolysis pathways in engineered S. cerevisiae.     

Transport of glucose and cellobiose by Candida wickerhamii and Clavispora lusitaniae

The cellular location of beta-1,4-glucosidase activity from, as well as the transport of glucose and cellobiose into, cells of Clavispora lusitaniae NRRL Y-5394 and Candida wickerhamii NRRL Y-2563 was investigated. The beta-glucosidase from Cl. lusitaniae appeared to be a soluble cytoplasmic enzyme. This yeast transported both glucose and cellobiose when grown in medium containing cellobiose as the sole carbon source. Glucose, but not cellobiose, uptake was observed for cells grown on glucose. The Ks and Vmax values for cellobiose transport were different when Cl. lusitaniae was cultured either aerobically (0.11 mM, 6.28 nmol.min-1.mg-1) or anaerobically (0.25 mM, 3.88 nmol-1.min-1.mg-1). The Ks and Vmax values for glucose transport (0.23-1.10 mM and 17.2-33.9 nmol.min-1.mg-1) also differed with the various growth conditions. The beta-glucosidase from C. wickerhamii was extracytoplasmically located. This yeast transported glucose, but not cellobiose, under all growth conditions tested. The Ks for glucose uptake was 0.13-0.28 mM when C. wickerhamii was cultured on cellobiose and 0.25-0.30 mM when cultured on glucose. The Vmax values for glucose uptake were greater for cells cultured on cellobiose (35.0-37.9 nmol.min-1.mg-1) than for cells cultured on glucose (15.6-21.4 nmol.min-1.mg-1). Cellobiose did not inhibit glucose uptake in either yeast. Glucose partially inhibited cellobiose transport in C. lusitaniae, but only if the yeast was grown aerobically. In both yeasts, sugar transport was sensitive to carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone and 1799, but insensitive to valinomycin.     

Engineered Pentafunctional Minicellulosome for Simultaneous Saccharification and Ethanol Fermentation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Several yeast strains have been engineered to express different cellulases to achieve simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of lignocellulosic materials. However, successes in these endeavors were modest, as demonstrated by the relatively low ethanol titers and the limited ability of the engineered yeast strains to grow using cellulosic materials as the sole carbon source. Recently, substantial enhancements to the breakdown of cellulosic substrates have been observed when lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) were added to traditional cellulase cocktails. LPMOs are reported to cleave cellulose oxidatively in the presence of enzymatic electron donors such as cellobiose dehydrogenases. In this study, we coexpressed LPMOs and cellobiose dehydrogenases with cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases, and β-glucosidases in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These enzymes were secreted and docked onto surface-displayed miniscaffoldins through cohesin-dockerin interaction to generate pentafunctional minicellulosomes. The enzymes on the miniscaffoldins acted synergistically to boost the degradation of phosphoric acid swollen cellulose and increased the ethanol titers from our previously achieved levels of 1.8 to 2.7 g/liter. In addition, the newly developed recombinant yeast strain was also able to grow using phosphoric acid swollen cellulose as the sole carbon source. The results demonstrate the promise of the pentafunctional minicellulosomes for consolidated bioprocessing by yeast.     

解纤维梭菌培养条件的优化

解纤维梭菌Clostridium cellulolyticum是产纤维小体的专性厌氧菌,由于其培养困难,目前仍难以实现高效培养.文中采用响应面法对产纤维小体的解纤维梭菌C.cellulolyticum高细胞密度培养的条件进行了优化.首先用Plackett-Burman实验设计对影响因素效应进行评价,筛选出的显著影响因素分别为:酵母提取物浓度、纤维二糖浓度及培养温度.之后用最陡爬坡实验设计逼近菌体最佳生长条件的区域范围.最后通过中心组合实验设计和响应面分析方法确定显著影响因素的水平和C.cellulolyticum的最优培养条件.优化后的显著影响因素酵母提取物浓度、纤维二糖浓度和培养温度分别为3 g/L、7 g/L和34℃.在最优条件下,摇瓶培养的菌体浓度OD600值由0.303提高到了0.586,增加了93.4％.在发酵罐批次培养条件下,菌体OD600值达到了3.432,比文献报道值高出了2.8倍.研究结果为C.cellulolyticum培养及应用研究提供了基础.     

An evaluation of cellulose saccharification and fermentation with an engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae capable of cellobiose and xylose utilization

Commercial-scale cellulosic ethanol production has been hindered by high costs associated with cellulose-to-glucose conversion and hexose and pentose co-fermentation. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) with a yeast strain capable of xylose and cellobiose co-utilization has been proposed as a possible avenue to reduce these costs. The recently developed DA24-16 strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae incorporates a xylose assimilation pathway and a cellodextrin transporter (CDT) that permit rapid growth on xylose and cellobiose. In the current work, a mechanistic kinetic model of cellulase-catalyzed hydrolysis of cellulose was combined with a multi-substrate model of microbial growth to investigate the ability of DA24-16 and improved cellobiose-consuming strains to obviate the need for exogenously added β-glucosidase and to assess the impact of cellobiose utilization on SSF and separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF). Results indicate that improved CDT-containing strains capable of growing on cellobiose as rapidly as on glucose produced ethanol nearly as rapidly as non-CDT-containing yeast supplemented with β-glucosidase. In producing 75 g/L ethanol, SSF with any strain did not result in shorter residence times than SHF with a 12 h saccharification step. Strains with improved cellobiose utilization are therefore unlikely to allow higher titers to be reached more quickly in SSF than in SHF.     

Co-fermentation of cellobiose and xylose using beta-glucosidase displaying diploid industrial yeast strain OC-2

The co-utilization of sugars, particularly xylose and glucose, during industrial fermentation is essential for economically feasible processes with high ethanol productivity. However, the major problem encountered during xylose/glucose co-fermentation is the lower consumption rate of xylose compared with that of glucose fermentation. Here, we therefore attempted to construct high xylose assimilation yeast by using industrial yeast strain with high β-glucosidase activity on the cell surface. We first constructed the triple auxotrophic industrial strain OC2-HUT and introduced four copies of the cell-surface-displaying β-glucosidase (BGL) gene and two copies of a xylose-assimilating gene into its genome to generate strain OC2-ABGL4Xyl2. It was confirmed that the introduction of multiple copies of the BGL gene increased the cell-surface BGL activity, which was also correlated to the observed increase in xylose-assimilating ability. The strain OC2-ABGL4Xyl2 was able to consume xylose during cellobiose/xylose co-fermentation (0.38 g/h/g-DW) more rapidly than during glucose/xylose co-fermentation (0.18 g/h/g-DW). After 48 h, 5.77% of the xylose was consumed despite the co-fermentation conditions, and the observed ethanol yield was 0.39 g-ethanol/g-total sugar. Our results demonstrate that a BGL-displaying and xylose-assimilating industrial yeast strain is capable of efficient xylose consumption during the co-fermentation with cellobiose. Due to its high performance for fermentation of mixtures of cellobiose and xylose, OC2-ABGL4Xyl2 does not require the addition of β-glucosidase and is therefore a promising yeast strain for cost-effective ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass.