温度对武汉东湖近邻剑水蚤发育及繁殖的影响

近邻剑水蚤完成一个世代所需的时间随不同的温度而有差别,在一定的温度范围内,其时间与温度呈正相关,在6．5℃时为64．3天,20℃时仅为20．2天,当25℃时则发育减慢。     

十一星瓢虫在不同温度下的实验种群生命表

组建了十一星瓢虫在16℃、20℃、24℃、28℃和32℃下的实验种群生命表。结果表明：各 虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在16℃下世代的发育历期最长(64.2天),而32℃时仅为16.4天,24℃和28℃时分别为27.1天和21.5天。卵、幼虫、蛹和世代的发育起点温度分别为10.9℃,11.1℃,12.5℃和10.6℃,有效积温分别为40.9,110.3,39.7,359.4日·度。成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,16℃时最长,为34.7天,在32℃下最短,为14.1天; 单雌产卵量在24℃时最高,平均为463.8粒,32℃时最低,为96.4粒。在恒温24℃～28℃内, 十一星瓢虫的种群趋势指数和内禀增长力较高, 种群加倍时间较短。16℃时种群增长受到较大制约,种群趋势指数仅为24℃时的10.7%,种群加倍时间约22.3天,为24℃时的4.1倍。32℃时十一星瓢虫的发育历期缩短,存活率、繁殖力降低。     

温度和寄主密度对雅脊金小蜂寄生和刺死米象幼虫的影响（英文）

本文通过研究雅脊金小蜂Theocolax elegans在6个不同温度梯度下对米象Sitophilus oryzae幼虫的寄生和取食能力,评价了雅脊金小蜂对米象的控制效果。雅脊金小蜂寄生米象的功能反应结果表明,在17℃～29℃的温度范围内,寄生蜂的寄主处理时间与温度成反比,从0.333天（17℃）到0.063天（29℃）。寄主搜索率也随温度变化而变化,17℃时最低（0.083头/天）,26℃时最高（1.521头/天）;当温度升高到29℃,寄主搜索率略有下降;但当温度升高到32℃,寄主搜索率明显下降。温度调节的功能反应模型表明,在26℃～29℃的温度范围内,寄生率较高。所以,在26℃～29℃时,雅脊金小蜂对米象有较好的控制效果。     

美洲斑潜蝇实验种群生命表的研究

在15、20、25、30和35℃五种温度下,观察了美洲斑潜蝇Liriomyza sativae Blanchard实验种群的发育历期、存活率、产卵量、寿命等,组建了实验种群生命表,估测了种群参数。结果表明：随温度升高发育历期缩短,在试验的温度范围内,卵、幼虫、蛹的历期变化分别为7.6～2.0天,12.7～2.9天,34.3～6.8天;成虫寿命变化为17.3～6.5天。卵、幼虫、蛹的发育起点温度分别为7.5℃,9.8℃,11.5℃,10.9℃,有效积温为3.9,52.7,128.5,229.9日度。在五种温度下,卵的存活率均在84.2%以上。幼虫除在15℃时存活率为66.7%外,其它温度均在94.6%以上,蛹的存活率变化幅度最大,25℃时为80.3%,35℃时仅为10.0%。30℃时种群的内禀增长力r_m最大,加倍时间最短,净生殖率最高。在20～35℃四种温度下种群的稳定年龄组配中未成熟阶段所占比例均在97%以上。     

温度对近亲裸腹溞发育、生长和卵的生产量的影响

近亲裸腹溞(Moina affinis)的胚胎发育和总生活时间与温度呈反比。其后各龄期的生长、卵的生产量与温度的变化密切相关。30℃时,总胚胎发育时间为18—20小时,平均龄期为25.1小时,总生活时间为15.7天;20℃时,总胚胎发育时间为42—48小时,平均龄期为53.2小时,总生活时间为33.3天。在30℃时,有2个成体前龄,13个成龄;而在20℃时,有3个成体前龄,12个成龄。不论30℃或20℃,幼龄的龄期短于成龄龄期。近亲裸腹溞各个不同龄期的生长也因温度而变化。30℃时,10龄之前,以1、2龄的增长尤为迅速,而10龄以后增长速度则缓慢;在20℃时,第1—4龄,第6—7龄增长速度最快,第10龄后,增长趋于停止。30℃时,各成龄的累计产卵数为133.0个;而20℃为213.9个。30℃时卵的生产率(a值)为1.1811;高于20℃时的a值0.9643。       

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在不同温度下的实验种群生命表

组建了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga 在15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃温度下的实验种群生命表。结果表明,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊各虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在15℃下卵-成虫的发育历期最长（72.4天）,而30℃时仅为21.2天,20℃和25℃时分别为27.3天和23.9天;韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵、幼虫,蛹和卵-成虫的发育起点温度分别为5.9℃、8.7℃,3.3℃和7.8℃,有效积温分别为77.7、267.2、75.7和418.2日·度;韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,雌虫寿命在20℃时最长,为11.7天,在30℃下最短,仅存活4.1天,除30℃外在其它温度下雌蚊寿命均长于雄蚊;单雌产卵量在20℃时最高,平均为159.9粒,30℃时最低,为114.7粒。20℃～25℃是韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的最适生长温度,成虫寿命长、繁殖力强、种群趋势指数大,温度过高或过低均不利于种群的繁衍。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在不同温度-i下的实验种群生命表

组建了韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga在15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃温度下的实验种群生命表.结果表明,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊各虫态的发育速率随温度的升高而加快,在15℃下卵-成虫的发育历期最长(72.4天),而30℃时仅为21.2天,20℃和25℃时分别为27.3天和23.9天;韭菜迟眼蕈蚊卵、幼虫,蛹和卵-成虫的发育起点温度分别为5.9℃、8.7℃,3.3℃和7.8℃,有效积温分别为77.7、267.2、75.7和418.2日@度;韭菜迟眼蕈蚊成虫寿命随温度升高而逐渐缩短,雌虫寿命在20℃时最长,为11.7天,在30℃下最短,仅存活4.1天,除30℃外在其它温度下雌蚊寿命均长于雄蚊;单雌产卵量在20℃时最高,平均为159.9粒,30℃时最低,为114.7粒.20℃～25℃是韭菜迟眼蕈蚊的最适生长温度,成虫寿命长、繁殖力强、种群趋势指数大,温度过高或过低均不利于种群的繁衍.     

腐食酪螨在不同温度和营养条件下生长发育的比较研究

在12.5℃、15℃、20℃、25℃和30℃恒温下,用啤酒酵母粉和玉米粉为饲料,测定了不同温度和饲料条件下腐食酪螨Tyrophagus putrescentiae各个发育阶段和世代的发育历期,获得其在各条件下的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明,在本文的实验温度范围内,该螨的发育历期与温度呈负相关,即随着温度的升高发育历期缩短。在各发育阶段不同饲料条件下发育起点温度和有效积温都有所差异。用啤酒酵母粉作饲料时,腐食酪螨的全世代历期为48.04天（12.5℃下）和8.41天（30℃下）,发育起点温度为10.18℃,有效积温为155.44 d·℃; 用玉米粉作饲料时,全世代历期为78.79天（12.5℃下）和10.77天（30℃下）,发育起点温度为10.52℃,有效积温为208.33 d·℃。以成螨体长和体宽为指标,比较了在各温度条件及不同饲料条件对其生长的影响,结果表明不同饲料对螨体大小有显著影响,温度的影响不明显。     

温度在柑橘凤蝶蛹滞育解除中的作用

调查温度在柑橘凤蝶Papillio xuthus L.滞育蛹解除中的作用。结果显示,羽化温度在15,20,25和30℃时,滞育蛹最早羽化分别在第45,16,11和第5天,发育历期分别为60.3,26.0,15.2和11.6d,羽化持续时间分别为35,19,14和15d。同时低温处理(10℃)显示,25℃时,低温处理0,20和40d后,滞育蛹分别在处理后第38,第14和第13天开始羽化,羽化时间持续分别为40,71和16d,发育历期分别为60.9,28.5和19.0d。结果表明,随着羽化温度升高和低温处理时间延长,滞育蛹羽化时间提前,发育历期缩短。但当羽化温度超过25℃后,滞育蛹发育历期差异已不显著。     

捕食量和温度对麦长管蚜在多异瓢虫体内可测定时间的影响

为了方便准确评价麦田捕食性天敌对麦长管蚜 Sitobion avenae (Fabricius) 的控制作用,应用单克隆抗体及间接 ELISA 方法研究了捕食量和温度对麦长管蚜在多异瓢虫 Adonia variegata（Goeze）体内可测定时间的影响。结果表明：在不同的温度和捕食量下,麦长管蚜在多异瓢虫体内的降解中间产物曲线均为单峰型。温度对猎物的可测定时间有显著的影响,随着温度的上升,猎物的可测定时间不断缩短。特别是当温度达到 30℃时,猎物的降解速率迅速上升,其可测定时间只有 1.18 天。捕食量对猎物的可测定时间也有显著影响,随着捕食量的增加,猎物的可测定时间延长。在 25℃的条件下,当捕食量从 1 头蚜虫增加到 3 头蚜虫,可测定时间从 2.81 天延长到 4.25 天。     

温度对金银花尺蠖存活和繁殖的影响

在室内7个恒温(16、19、22、25、28、31和34℃)条件下研究了温度对金银花尺蠖Heterolocha jinyinhuaphaga Chu生长发育、存活、成虫寿命及繁殖等生物学特性的影响。结果表明,温度对其有显著的影响,金银花尺蠖各虫态的发育历期随温度升高而明显缩短,当温度继续升高到34℃,发育历期反而延长,各虫态发育历期同温度之间呈抛物线变化;25℃时金银花尺蠖各虫态的存活率最高,均达到90%以上,在高温和低温下,存活率则明显下降;低温条件下,金银花尺蠖的雌性比率大于雄性的比率,随着温度的升高,雌性比率在不断的下降;成虫寿命与温度成负相关,随着温度的升高而缩短;平均单雌产卵量在25℃时最高,为232.34粒,高温和低温下,则明显下降。     

近邻剑水蚤对浮游动物的摄食

近邻剑水蚤能捕获和摄食实验所提供的所有浮游动物,尤喜食小型浮游动物。猎物受攻击的部位发生在头部,背部和腹部。猪物密度、水温、光照强度和昼夜变化对近邻剑水蚤的摄食有重要影响。     

Life cycle of Cyclops vicinus in relation to food availability, predation, diapause and temperature

The seasonal cycle of Cyclops vicinus was studied during a 5year period in the shallow and hypertrophic Lake Søbygård.The annual number of generations varied between three and sixand sometimes included midsummer generations. Naupliar and copepoditedensity was extremely high, the maximum recorded being 1313and 745 1^–1 respectively. The seasonal fluctuation inthe abundance of C.vicinus was related to the concentrationof edible phytoplankton (EDP): when diatoms and cryptomonadswere abundant, nauplii and copepodites were also abundant, whereaswhen greens such as Scenedesmus spp. were dominant, no cohortswere observed. The maximum density of copepodites in the separatecohorts and the amount of EDP, expressed as carbon content,were found to be significantly correlated. The development ofthe second cohort also seemed to depend on the occurrence ofa peak in rotifer density. High number of eggs per female generallycoincided with high biovolume of EDP, suggesting that algaeconstituted a major part of the diet of adult C. vicinus. Theduration of the naupliar stage was inversely related to temperatureand is one of the shortest times that have been recorded inthe literature. The short duration is probably attributableto the abundance of food. Fish composition and the calculatedsex ratio of C.vicinus indicate low predation pressure fromplanktivorous fish. The high density of C.vicinus during thesummer, when the whole population would be expected to haveentered diapause, is probably attributable to the concurrenceof low predation and the abundance of food.     

温度对副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育和繁殖的影响

通过观察副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂Metaphycus parasaissetiae Zhang and Huang在18,21,24,27,30,33和36℃恒温条件下的生长发育情况,求得其世代发育起点温度和世代有效积温分别为13.10℃和215.00日.度,建立世代发育历期预测式为N=[215.00±44.32]/[T-(13.10±3.24)],世代发育速率与温度之间的关系拟合为S形曲线V=-e(1.33+37.73/T),推算出该蜂在海南1年可发生18代。所设试验温度范围内,该蜂对橡副珠蜡蚧Parasaissetia nigra(Nietner)的寄生率在13.33%～20.00%范围内波动,30℃时寄生率最高;雌性比率在27℃时最大为70.03%。随着试验温度的升高,成蜂羽化相对集中,羽化持续时间逐渐缩短,羽化高峰提前。30℃条件下雌蜂终生产卵量最多,平均25.77粒。雌蜂寿命随试验温度的升高而逐渐缩短,同一恒温条件下补充20%蜂蜜水可显著延长雌蜂寿命。27～30℃可视为有利于副珠蜡蚧阔柄跳小蜂发育繁殖的适温范围,最适温度为30℃。     

温度对透明溞和隆线溞一亚种发育及生长的影响

透明溞(Daphnia hyalina)和隆线溞一亚种(D. carinata ssp.)的发育、生长与温度的关系极为密切。胚胎发育时间随温度升高而缩短。低温培养的个体普遍大于高温。龄期、寿命也随温度升高而变短。在15—30℃温度范围内,实验种群的内禀增长力(rm)随温度升高而增加。透明溞的产卵率以20℃为最高,达1.4936;而隆线溞一亚种则在15℃为最高,达1.490。不同种类在各种温度下,卵一胚胎,幼体,成体3个发育阶段所需时间的百分比变化甚小。卵一胚胎占总发育时间(从卵进入孵育囊起至成体死亡止)的(5.08±0.42)%,幼体为(10.76±1.53)%,成体为(84.16+1.72)%。根据不同温度下总胚胎发育时间,并参考了文献中记载的资料,获得了溞属温度与总胚胎发育时间的曲线迥归方程: Ln D=3.5748+0.0769 LnT-0.3122(Ln T)2对隆线溞一亚种的形态、生态进行了描述,对它的分类地位进行了讨论。       

The effect of temperature on the development times of eggs,naupliar and copepodite stages of five species of cyclopoid copepods

The duration times of eggs, combined naupliar instars and of the different copepodite stages of five species of cyclopoid copepods — Acanthocyclops robustus, Cyclops vicinus, Diacyclops bicuspidatus, Mesocyclops leuckarti, and Thermocyclops crassus — were investigated at five different temperatures. The five species can be divided in two groups: two species, C. vicinus and D. bicuspidatus, adapted to cold water conditions and three species, A. robustus, M. leuckarti and T. crassus adapted to warm water conditions. The cold water species showed a faster egg development than M. leuckarti and T. crassus at 5–15 °C. The eggs and instars of the warm water species M. leuckarti tend to develop faster than those of the former two species at higher temperatures. A. robustus showed the shortest egg and instar development at 10–25 °C. The warm water species T. crassus produced no eggs at 10 °C and temperatures below. At higher temperatures (20, 25 °C) the egg and instar duration times were similar or longer than those of the other species. When cultured in total darkness a great part of the C_IV respectively C_V copepodites of the summer forms entered arrest and the percentage of copepodites that showed an arrest of development was highest at lowest temperatures. The present results are compared with data from literature and differences are discussed.     

短时高温对烟蚜生长发育、繁殖和取食行为的影响

【目的】烟蚜Myzus persicae是一种世界性的重要农业害虫,本研究测定了短时高温对烟蚜生长发育、繁殖和取食行为的影响。【方法】测定初产若蚜每天在30, 35和40℃下处理1, 2和4 h的发育历期及成蚜在相同处理下的繁殖力,应用刺吸电位技术（electronic penetration graph, EPG）测定成蚜在30和35℃下处理1和2 h后以及在25, 28, 30和35℃恒温下的取食行为。【结果】短时高温（30~35℃）对各龄若蚜发育历期影响较小,但40℃下处理2 h后其发育历期显著增加（P<0.05）;若蚜存活率、成蚜寿命及其繁殖历期随温度和处理时间的增加而降低;在25~35℃下,随温度和处理时间的增加,成蚜繁殖率变化较小,但40℃下处理2和4 h后,其繁殖率显著降低（P< 0.01）;短时高温对烟蚜的取食行为影响显著,随温度和处理时间的增加,非刺探波np数量（P<0.05）及其持续时间（P<0.01）显著减少,而韧皮部刺吸波E持续时间显著增加（P<0.05）;但持续高温下,随温度升高,np波数量及其持续时间先减少后增加,而E波则相反。【结论】短时高温对烟蚜若蚜发育速率影响较小,但使若蚜存活率、成蚜寿命及其繁殖历期显著降低,且对成蚜繁殖有一定的抑制作用,而对成蚜的取食有一定的促进作用。研究结果有助于了解烟蚜不同年份间夏季种群数量的变化机制。     

高温对稻褐飞虱发育与生殖的影响

通过高温处理及交配产卵实验,探讨了高温对稻褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)发育与生殖的影响。研究了不同高温条件对褐飞虱若虫发育历期、产卵量、产卵前期、寿命等生物学特性的影响。34℃以上高温导致褐飞虱若虫发育历期延长。高温处理4龄若虫使羽化后的雌成虫产卵量减少。高温处理不同日龄雌成虫也致使其产卵量减少,其中以1日龄短翅型、3日龄长翅型的产卵量影响最大。高温处理后褐飞虱寿命缩短。高温恒温处理,对短翅型雌成虫的产卵前期影响不大,但能延长长翅型雌成虫的产卵前期;而高温变温处理致使短、长翅型雌成虫的产卵前期均延长。高温变温对褐飞虱生殖的影响程度大于高温恒温。高温处理组雌、雄成虫与对照组相应的成虫交配试验表明,高温对雌性的影响大于雄性。实验初步确定34℃为对褐飞虱发育与生殖产生影响的临界温度。     

Effects of temperature and larval diet on development rates and survival of the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in north Queensland, Australia

Immature development times, survival rates and adult size (wing-lengths) of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) were studied in the laboratory at temperatures of 10-40 degrees C. The duration of development from egg eclosion (hatching of the first instar) to adult was inversely related to temperature, ranging from 7.2 +/- 0.2 days at 35 degrees C to 39.7 +/- 2.3 days at 15 degrees C. The minimum temperature threshold for development (t) was determined as 8.3 +/- 3.6 degrees C and the thermal constant (K) was 181.2 +/- 36.1 day-degrees above the threshold. Maximum survival rates of 88-93% were obtained between 20 and 30 degrees C. Wing-length was inversely related to temperature. The sex ratio (female:male) was 1:1 at all temperatures tested (15, 20, 25 and 35 degrees C) except 30 degrees C (4:3). Under field conditions at Townsville and Charters Towers, north Queensland, the duration of immature development varied according to the container position (i.e. shaded or exposed) and the availability of food resources, as well as inversely with temperature. These data indicate that containers with an abundance of organic matter (e.g. those used for striking plant cuttings) or those amongst foliage or under trees (e.g. discarded plastic tubs and tyres) tended to produce the largest adult Ae. aegypti, which had faster development and better immature survival. As such progeny have been linked to a greater risk of dengue transmission, it would seem important to focus on control of such containers.