石松类卷柏科地史时期和现代地理分布格局的形成

卷柏科仅含一属,全球分布,具有宽幅生态适应性,属于维管植物基部类群石松类植物,现生约700种。卷柏科起源于泥盆纪,化石记录遍布自石炭纪至今的各地质时期。目前,现代卷柏属亚属的分类方案基本稳定,但对于化石卷柏的亚属分类、以及地质历史时期的时空分布问题还缺乏相关研究。本文全面总结了卷柏科化石记录的时代和地理分布,并结合分子系统学探讨其地理分布格局的演化,为该科植物的分类与进化研究提供参考。根据现有研究基础,结合最新的卷柏科系统分类研究成果和化石记录,本文对该类群化石的系统分类进行归纳和厘定,并对化石类群的卷柏亚属Selaginella、Hexaphyllum亚属及rhizophoric clade物种的分化和地理分布格局的形成进行了讨论。本文认为,卷柏科起源于古生代的欧美植物区,不晚于二叠纪,其后伴随着泛大陆解体扩散至华夏植物区及冈瓦纳植物区。化石亚属Hexaphyllum是rhizophoric clade的基部类群,在石炭纪末灭绝。化石证据表明,从古生代末期起,rhizophoric clade已成为卷柏科的优势类群,并在中生代形成了全球分布的格局。     

Gene Activity during Germination of Spores of the Fern, Onoclea sensibilis: RNA and Protein Synthesis and the Role of Stored mRNA

Pattern of ³H-uridine incorporation into RNA of spores of Onocleasensibilis imbibed in complete darkness (non-germinating conditions)and induced to germinate in red light was followed by oligo-dTcellulose chromatography, gel electrophoresis coupled with fluorographyand autoradiography. In dark-imbibed spores, RNA synthesis wasinitiated about 24 h after sowing, with most of the label accumulatingin the high mol. wt. poly(A)^–RNA fraction. There was noincorporation of the label into poly(A) ⁺ RNA until 48 h aftersowing. In contrast, photo-induced spores began to synthesizeall fractions of RNA within 12 h after sowing and by 24 h, incorporationof ³H-uridine into RNA of irradiated spores was nearly 70-foldhigher than that into dark-imbibed spores. Protein synthesis,as monitored by ³H-arginine incorporation into the acid-insolublefraction and by autoradiography, was initiated in spores within1–2 h after sowing under both conditions. Autoradiographicexperiments also showed that the onset of protein synthesisin the cytoplasm of the germinating spore is independent ofthe transport of newly synthesized nuclear RNA. One-dimensionalsodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of³⁵S-methionine-labelled proteins revealed a good correspondencebetween proteins synthesized in a cell-free translation systemdirected by poly(A) ⁺RNA of dormant spores and those synthesizedin vivo by dark-imbibed and photo-induced spores. These resultsindicate that stored mRNAs of O. sensibilis spores are functionallycompetent and provide templates for the synthesis of proteinsduring dark-imbibition and germination. Key words: Onoclea sensibilis, fern spore germination, gene expression, protein synthesis, sensitive fern, stored mRNA     

Lageniastrum macrosporae (fossil Volvocales, Lageniastraceae nov. fam.), an endophyte in megaspores from the Carboniferous of the French Massif Central

Sublagenicula nuda lycophyte megaspores from the upper Visean of central France frequently host a colonial green alga as an endophyte. This association was first recorded more than 100 years ago by the French paleobotanist B. Renault, who introduced the name Lageniastrum macrosporae for the alga. However, the biological significance of the discovery was not fully assessed until recently. The L. macrosporae-S. nuda association represents the oldest compelling fossil evidence for algal endophytes in land plants, and the only example to date of an alga residing in the interior of spores of vascular cryptogams. Here we present a detailed re-evaluation and photographic documentation of the surviving original specimens from the Visean of Combres/Lay and Esnost. Moreover, a newly discovered specimen from the Stephanian of central France represents the first record of this association from the Upper Carboniferous. An emended diagnosis for L. macrosporae Renault, 1896 is provided, and a lectotype and paralectotype are designated. Although L. macrosporae displays a striking suite of morphological characters found in members of the extant chlorophyte family Volvocaceae (especially the genus Volvox), the peculiar biology of the fossil necessitates establishment of a new family, for which the name Lageniastraceae is proposed. Considerations of the adaptive advantages for the alga of occupying the interior of megaspores are offered. These include the possible effectiveness of the spores in protection during periods of desiccation and against plankton-feeding animals, and use of the spores as potential vectors for dispersal from one isolated body of water to another by spore-feeding animals.     

Species-specific phytoplankton sedimentation in relation to primary production along an inshore--offshore gradient in the Baltic Sea

The temporal and spatial variability in the quality and quantityof settling phytoplankton material in relation to concurrentprimary production was studied using sediment traps at threecoastal stations from a semi-enclosed bay (Pojo Bay) throughthe outer archipelago to the open Gulf of Finland. The fluxof settling phytoplankton was high (9.3 g C m^–2period^–1)in Pojo Bay, especially in spring, and lower in the archipelago(8.1 g C m^–2 period^–1) and open-sea area (5.2 gC m"2 period"1), although the primary production followed theopposite pattern. A large influx of allochthonous material intoPojo Bay in spring brought allochthonous phytoplankton cellsinto the traps, but limited primary production. Diatoms werethe most abundant settled phytoplankton at all stations, butthe species composition varied between Pojo Bay (Aulacoseiraspp., Rhizosolenia minima) and the outer stations (Skeletonemacostatum, Chaetoceros spp.)At the outer stations, migratingdinoflagellates (Peridiniella catenate) comprised part of thesettling material in spring. The high settling flux of the cyanophyteAphanizomenon flos-aquae is discussed. The species compositionof the phytoplankton assemblage influenced the proportion ofthe total organic carbon sedimentation that consisted of phytoplanktoncarbon.     

The use of sea temperature in characterizing the mesoscale heterogeneity of phytoplankton in an embayment of the southern Benguela upwelling system

The role of meteorological events and hydrography in determiningchanges to the phytoplankton community was investigated in anembayment exposed to a narrow band of coastal upwelling. Dailysampling demonstrated the importance of advective processesdriven by meteorological forcing in controlling rapid shiftsin the biomass and species composition of the phytoplanktoncommunity. Samples of similar phytoplankton composition wereassociated with different stages of the upwelling cycle, asdefined by an index of biological ageing of upwelled waters.Relationships between the physical, chemical and biologicalfields were defined from time-senes measurements. The time elapsedfollowing upwelling, required for the determination of biologicalrates, was estimated from the rate of heating. A primary productionestimate of 2.14 g C m^–2 day^–1 was derived fromdetermination of the rate of nutrient depletion, whereas a phytoplanktonbiomass-nutrient consumption equation provided an estimate of3 92 g C m ^–2 day^–1. Both rates were within therange of estimates obtained from in vitro tracer methods.     

Studies on the control and properties of ornithine transcarbamylase in germinated spores of Geotrichum candidum

The effects of arginine and urea on the levels of ornithinetranscarbamylase (OTC) were investigated in relation to thephysiological functions of this enzyme in Geotrichum candidum.OTC was repressed in germinated spores to half of its initiallevel when exogenous arginine exceeded 12 mM. The repressionof OTC could not be correlated with intracellular arginine concentration.The addition of urea at the final concentration of 0.035 M increasedthe specific activity of OTC by 5.5 and 2.5 fold as comparedto enzyme levels in arginine-repressed spores and control sporesrespectively. Simultaneous addition of urea and arginine duringgermination prevented either arginine repression or urea inductionof OTC. The enzyme was partially purified from germinated sporesand isolated as a single protein band after disc electrophoresis.Two distinct pH optima for the forward reaction (pH 8.8–9)and backward reaction (pH 7.8) were found. Km values for ornithineand carbamyl phosphate were 5 x 10^–3 M and 6.8 x 10^–4so respectively. The Km for citrulline in the catabolic directionwas 1 x 10^–2 M. Enzymes obtained from cell-free extractsof germinated spores could synthetize ATP from citrulline andADP under physiological conditions by coupling the phosphorolysisof citrulline with carbamate kinase activity. The initial rateof germination was stimulated in the presence of citrullineas the sole nitrogen source, as compared to arginine, glutamineor yeast extract. These observations suggest that citrullinemay be catabolized during germination by means of OTC ratherthan via the energy-consuming urea cycle. (Received June 26, 1971; )     

Pteridophytic features in some Lower Carboniferous seed megaspores

Some Lower Carboniferous seed megaspores have triradiate sutures–unequivocal evidence of their being arranged in a tetrahedral configuration. This type of tetrad arrangement is unknown in the ovules of modern gymnospermS. Some of the fossil tetrads consist of one large functional megaspore and three smaller abortive spores attached at the apex of the large one. All four spores have an exinous covering.
Spores arranged in tetrahedral tetrads, and hence with triradiate sutures, are characteristic of many modern and fossil free-sporing pteridophyteS. In possessing this feature the fossil seed megaspores are more similar to the spores of these pteridophytes than to the megaspores of modern gymnosperms.     

Isolated Megaspore Tetrads of Stauropteris burntislandica

A new type of fossil spore tetrad, Didymosporites scotti gen.et sp. nov. is described from the Dinantian and Namurian (Carboniferous)of Ireland, Scotland, and England. The spores always occur inthe form of a tetrad composed of two large (presumably fertile)and two minute (presumably abortive) spores, all with cutinizedwalls. Reasons are given for regarding these as the megasporesof the coenopterid fern Stauropteris burntislandica; their distributionindicates a far wider range in time and space than that previouslyknown for this species. Their occurrence as adhering tetradssuggests that Stauropteris burntislandica 'shed' its megasporesstill enclosed in the sporangiumIan interesting analogy withboth Lepidocarpon and the seeds of Pteridosperms.     

Enzymatic Isolation of Protoplasts from Fern Protonemal Cells Stainable with a Fluorescent Brightener

Protoplasts were successfully isolated for the first time fromthe filamentous protonemal cells of ferns after the cells werecultured in contact with both air and medium. Sterilized sporesof Adiantum capillus-veneris and Pteris vittata were inoculatedon a piece of nylon mesh (40- {diaeresis}m mesh) placed on amat of polyester fibers which was soaked in liquid culture medium,and the spores were illuminated from above with continuous redlight. Protonemal cells, exposed to the air during this procedure,could be stained with Calcofluor White, a dye that binds tocell walls. Protoplasts were easily isolated from these protonemalcells by digestion of the cell wall with cellulase and pectinase.A total of 0.8–1.9 x 10⁴ and 0.6–2.0 x 10⁴ protoplastswere obtained from protonemata that originated from 10 mg ofdry spores of Adiantum and of Pteris respectively. Viability,as judged by staining with fluorescein diacetate was more than90% for both species. Staining with 4'6-diamidino-2-phenylindole(DAPI) revealed that about half of the protoplasts of both speciescontained a nucleus. (Received May 22, 1989; Accepted September 5, 1989)     

Fluxes of diatoms in the Dona Paula Bay, west coast of India

Sediment traps were deployed at a station in the Dona PaulaBay to collect sedimenting particles at weekly intervals fromNovember to May during 1995–1997. Sedimented particleswere analysed for total diatom flux, chlorophyll a (Chl a) andparticulate organic carbon (POC). The highest diatom flux wasrecorded in April–May for both the years. Fluxes of diatomsvaried from0.6 x 10⁴ cells m^–2 day^–1 (November 1995)to 121.47 x 10⁴ cells m^–2 day^–1 (December 1996).In all, 19 diatom genera were identified in the sedimented material.Navicula, Nitzschia, Pleurosigma, Licmophora, Coscinodiscus,Rhizosolenia and Surirella were the most abundant genera inthe sedimented material throughout the sampling period. Meanflux of POC and diatom carbon was 251 and 0.39 mg C m^–2day^–1, respectively. The diatom carbon accounted for 0.15%of the POC flux. Mass flux of diatoms showed significant negativecorrelation with the concentration of nitrate and phosphate.This suggests that the nutrient concentration played an importantrole in influencing the sedimentation of diatoms at this coastalstation.     

The Induced Resistance Response of Carrot Root Slices to Heat-killed Conidia and Cell-free Germination Fluid of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Pers. 1. The Possible Role of Cell Death

The ability of a cell-free secretion from germinating conidia(germination fluid) and heat-killed conidia of Botrytis cinereaPers. ex Pers. to induce resistance in exposed carrot root tissueswas unaffected during freezing to –25 °C and rapidthawing, and by heating to 50 °C for 10 min. Activity waslost by boiling for 10 min or at room temperature after 24 h. There was less cell death (Evans blue and neutral red staining)in the surface tissue of slices pretreated with heat-killedconidia and subsequently exposed to infection than in similartissue of untreated, inoculated slices. Both inducing preparationsalone caused maceration and cell death in one or two cell layersof the slice surface. Healthy tissue killed by freezing to –25°Cfor 2 h and rapid thawing, released a factor which, when similarlytested on slices, resulted in germ-tube inhibition and reducedvisual symptoms following inoculation with live spores. Thepossibility that cell death triggered the release of a hostelicitor which caused enhanced accumulation of phytoalexinsand suberin deposition is discussed. Botrytis cinerea, carrot, induced resistance, cell death, vital staining     

Separation of marine seston and density determination of marine diatoms by density gradient centrifugation

An attempt has been made to separate constituents of marineseston samples: inorganic material, detritus and the algal species,by density gradient centrifugation, without affecting the physiologicalstate of the algae. A relatively inert gradient material, consistingof Percoll, salt and sucrose, was composed. Since the densitiesof detritus and algae as well as those of different algal speciesoften overlapped, only 10 of the 100 samples processed in thecourse of the year showed a reasonable separation. However,an enrichment with respect to one or more species was oftenachieved. Densities of eleven species of marine diatoms andof one dinoflagellate have been determined at different timesof the year. For eight diatom species and for the dinoflagellatethe following specific density ranges were established: Bidduiphiaaurita: 1.18–1.23 g cm^–3, Biddulphia sinensis: 1.03–1.08g cm^–3, Cerataulina bergonii: 1.03–1.06 g cm^–3,Ditylum brightwellii: 1.07–1.13 g cm^–3, Rhizosoleniadelicatula: 1.04–1.09 g cm^–3, Skeletonema costatum:1.12–1.17 g cm^–3, Streptotheca thamensis: 1.04–1.10g cm^–3 , Thalassiosira rotula: 1.05–1.10 g cm^–3,Peridinium sp.: 1.08–1.12 g cm^–3. No seasonal variationin density was demonstrated. Gradients of different compositiondid not influence density measurements.     

Experimental modelling of exine self-assembly

Living and fossil megaspores produced by Selaginella (Lycopsida) and its extinct ancestors form distinctive (and occasionally iridescent) exines. Ultrastructural studies of these spores have provided data that demonstrate a colloidal mode of development which in turn implies a degree of self-assembly in the construction of these exines. We present here experimental evidence in support of the theory of selaginellalean megaspore exine construction by depletion flocculation. Iridescent colloidal flocculations of polystyrene latex particles demonstrate an ultrastructural organization virtually indistinguishable from that of the biological system, and clearly demonstrate that self-assembly of complex Selaginella exines by a relatively simple construction process is plausible.     

桫椤生态系统生物量与生产力

 活化石植物是最接近于化石物种的现存相似种, 并且具有一定的生态学保守性。利用活化石植物生态系统来估算陆地生态系统碳固存能力的进化趋势是一种有效的手段。该研究中利用标准地-标准木法调查了活化石物种树蕨桫椤(Alsophila spinulosa)生态系统的生物量和生产力。与现存的裸子植物为优势种的生态系统和被子植物为优势种的生态系统相比, 桫椤的生物量(36.151±8.159 Mg C•hm^–2)和生产力(2.535±0.174 Mg C•hm^–2•a^–1)都比较小。与植物化石调查方法相比, 活化石生态系统生物量和生产力数据在描述古生态系统碳固存能力进化趋势方面提供了一种有意义的手段, 并且有助于进一步的理解全球碳平衡演变的过程。     

The First Record of Fossil Wood of Winteraceae from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica

Fossil wood of the Winteraceae from the Upper Cretaceous sedimentsof James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula, is described herefor the first time. The specimen is characterized by the absenceof vessels, rays of two distinct sizes and tracheids with one–threerows of circular bordered pits, mainly on the radial walls,grading to horizontally elongate and scalariform. Despite anatomicalconformity to the family Winteraceae, the fossil wood is notidentical to any one extant genus and therefore has been assignedto the fossil organ genus Winteroxylon Gottwald with which thefossil shows greatest similarity. Copyright 2000 Annals of BotanyCompany Antarctica, Cretaceous, angiosperm, wood, anatomy, Winteraceae, Winteroxylon, fossil, palaeoclimate     

Dinoflagellate cyst production at a coastal Mediterranean site

To assess the diversity and seasonality of dinoflagellate cystproduction, surface sediment and trap samples were studied inthe Gulf of Naples (Mediterranean Sea). A total of 59 differentcyst morphotypes were recorded. At the stations within the 70m isobath, sediment assemblages were dominated by calcareousPeridiniales (66–79%), while at the deepest stations non-calcareousPeri-diniales attained the highest percentages (40–49%).The sediment trap sampling, carried out fortnightly over twoannual cycles, revealed high production rates (up to 1.7 x 10⁶cysts m^–2 day^–1) from spring to late autumn of bothyears, with a distinct seasonal production pattern. Althoughrather similar in species composition, the total cyst flux differedmarkedly between the 2 years (1.26 and 0.55 x 108 cysts m^–2year^–1, respectively). Species-specific production patternswere observed: some species formed cysts over several months,others in restricted periods of the year. Cyst-forming speciesconstituted a small part of the planktonic dinoflagellate populationsrecorded in the area. A coupling between the trap material andsurface water plankton was observed for calcareous Peridiniales.This sampling approach allowed the detection of some speciesnever recorded before in the gulf, including two potentiallytoxic species: Alexandrium andersoni and Gymnodinium catenatum-likespecies.     

On the causes of interspecific differences in the growth-irradiance relationship for phytoplankton. Part I. A comparative study of the growth-irradiance relationship of three marine phytoplankton species: Skeletonema costatum, Olisthodiscus luteus and Gonyaulax tamarensis

Three marine phytoplankton species (Skeletonema costatum, Olisthodiscusluteus andGonyaulax tamarensis) were grown in batch culturesat 15°C and a 14:10 L:D cycle at irradiance levels rangingfrom 5 to 450 µEinst m^–2 s^–1. At each irradiance,during exponential growth, concurrent measurements were madeof cell division, carbon-specific growth rate, photosyntheticperformance (both O₂ and POC production), dark respiration,and cellular composition in terms of C, N and chlorophyll a.The results indicate that the three species were similar withrespect to chemical composition, C:N (atomic) = 6.9 ±0.4, photo-synthetic quotient, 1.43 ± 0.09, and photosyntheticefficiency, 2.3 ±0.1 x 10^–3 µmol O₂ (µgChl a)^–1 h^–1 (µEinst m^–2 s^–1)^–1.Differences in maximum growth rate varied as the –0.24power of cell carbon. Differences in growth efficiency, werebest explained by a power function of Chl a:C at µ = 0.Compensation intensities, ranged from 1.1 µEinst m^–2s^–1 for S. costatum to 35 forG. tamarensis and were foundto be a linear function of the maintenance respiration rate.The results indicate that interspecific differences in the µ–Irelationship can be adequately explained in terms of just threeparameters: cell carbon at maximum growth rate, the C:Chl aratio (at the limit as growth approaches zero) and the respirationrate at zero growth rate. A light-limited algal growth modelbased on these results gave an excellent fit to the experimentalµ–I curves and explained 97% of the observed interspecificvariability. ¹Present address: Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory Columbiaof University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA     

Sinking rates of heterogeneous, temperate phytoplankton populations

Throughout the summer of 1978, the sinking rates of phytoplanktonwithin the Controlled Experimental Ecosystems (CEE's) were monitoredusing a technique based upon measurement of the transit timeof radioactively (¹⁴C) labeled cells. The experimental frameworkof FOODWEB 1 offered an unprecedented opportunity to documentthe sinking rates of heterogeneous phytoplankton of diversetaxonomic composition, growing under a variety of nutrient regimes;the absence of advective exchange in the CEE's provided knowledgeof the preconditioning history of the phytoplankton sampledat any given time. Sinking rates of whole phytoplankton assemblages (not size-fractioned)ranged from 0.32 – 1.69 m·day^–1; the averagerate (± s.d.) observed was 0.64 ± 0.31 m·day^–1.The most notable deviations from the mean value occurred whenthe population size distribution and taxonomic composition shifteddue to blooms. The relationship between phytoplankton sinkingand ambient nutrient levels was studied by following the ratesof a given size fraction (8–53 µm) for ten daysfollowing nutrient enrichment of a CEE. Over this time sinkingrates ranged from 1.08– 1.53 m·day^–1; decreasedrates occurred after nutrification, yet over the course of theentire trial sinking rates were not significantly (p >0.05)correlated to the ambient levels of any single nutrient species. The sinking rate implications of spore formation were also studied,and showed that sinking rates of Chaetoceros constrictus andC. socialis spores (2.75 ± 0.61 m·day^–1)were ca 5-fold greater than rates measured when the vegetativestages of these species dominated the population, reflectingthe influence of physiological mechanisms in controlling phytoplanktonbuoyancy. An example of the potential influence of colony formation uponbuoyancy was noted in observations of C. socialis which occasionallywas found to exist in large spherical configurations made ofcoiled cell chains and having low (0.40 m·day^–1)sinking rates. A hydrodynamic rationale is presented to showhow such a colony together with enveloped water may behave asa unit particle having lower excess density, and therefore lowobserved sinking rate, despite its conspicuously large size. Overall, sinking rates were not significantly correlated withany of the measured nutrient or photic parameters. There were,however, trials and comparisons which showed evidence for: (1)higher sinking rates in populations dominated by large cells,(2) decreased sinking rates after nutrient enrichment, and (3)buoyancy response to light levels. It is suggested that correlationof sinking rates with synoptic environmental measurements atany given time is not explicit because the associations mayinvoke lag times of physiological response. The interpretationmade from these findings is that the preconditioning historyof the population, rather than the prevailing conditions atthe time of a given measurement, is most closely associatedwith population buoyancy modifications.     

Photoinduction of Spore Germination in a Fern, Mohria caffrorum

Irradiation of spores of the fern Mohria caffrorum Sw. witheither red light (67.4 µW cm^–2) or far-red light(63.2 µW cm^–2) for a period of 24 h induced maximumlevels of germination. Brief irradiations with blue light (127.6µW cm^–2) administered before or after photoinductioncompletely nullified the effects of red or far-red light; however,with prolonged exposure to blue light, germination levels roseto near maximum. The similar effects of red and far-red lightin promoting spore germination makes the involvement of phytochromein this process questionable. Based on energy requirements,the promotive and inhibitory phases of blue light appear toinvolve independent modes of action. Mohria caffrorum, ferns, spore germination, photoinduction, phytochrome     

Enzymes involved in the last steps of the biosynthesis of mannitol in brown algae

Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.17 [EC] ) and mannitol-1-phosphatase(EC number yet unassigned) were detected in the brown algae,Spatoglossum pacificum and Dictyota dichotoma. The enzymes wereextracted from algal fronds and their properties were investigatedusing partially purified preparations. Mannitol-1-phosphatase shows maximum activity at pH 7. The enzymehad a narrow substrate specificity. The Km value for mannitol-1-phosphateis 8.3x10^–4 M (30°C, pH 7.0). The enzyme is activatedby Mg⁺⁺ and Mn⁺⁺and is strongly inhibited by PCMB, Hg⁺⁺and NaF. Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase showed maximum activitiesat pH values 6.5 and 10.2 in reductive and oxidative reactions,respectively. The dehydrogenase also showed narrow substratespecificity; mannitol-1-phosphate and NAD or fructose-6-phosphateand NADH₂ are utilized, respectively, in oxidative and reductivereactions by the enzyme. Km values for these substrates andthe coenzymes are 2.5x10^–4 M and 7.1x10^–5 M forthe first pair and 2.8x10^–4 M and 1.3x10^–5 M forthe latter pair. This enzyme was strongly inhibited by PCMBand Hg⁺⁺, but was only slightly affected by adenosine phosphates. Possible roles of these enzymes in the biosynthesis of mannitolin brown algae are discussed. ¹ Contributions from the Shimoda Marine Biological Station ofTokyo Kyoiku University, No. 233. This work was supported inpart by a Grant-in-Aid for Co-operative Research from the Ministryof Education, Japan and in part by a grant to one of us (T.Ikawa) from the Matsunaga Science Foundation. ² Present address: Chemical and Physical Laboratory, HoechstJapan Research Laboratory, Minamidai, Kawagoe, Japan. (Received February 22, 1972; )