曲酸的发酵生成与检测

本文概述曲霉发酵合成曲酸所需的各种营养因素及其对产酸力的影响,发酵工艺与菌种诱变,合成机理,曲酸的鉴定和检测方法,并对发酵工艺的发展趋势提出一些看法。     

曲酸的研究和应用

长期以来人们都知道食品酿造业操作工人的双手总是显得白嫩这一现象,生物化学家受此现象启发并进行研究,发现豆酱、酱、酒、醋等的酿造过程中发酵菌曲霉菌（Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｕｓｓｐ．）产生了一种天然产物,经分离、纯化和化学结构分析,确定是一种５羟基２羟甲基γ吡喃酮化合物,定名为曲酸（ＫｏｊｉｃＡｃｉｄ）。随后又进行了一系列研究,证明曲酸是皮肤细胞合成黑色素（Ｍｅｌａｎｉｎ）关键酶酪氨酸氧化酶的专特性抑制剂,抑制黑色素的合成,肯定了曲酸祛斑、阻滞色素沉着、使皮肤美白的独特功效。曲酸的应用,使美白祛斑化妆品更新换代,在国外各种牌号的含曲酸高档化妆品已相继投入市场。本研究生产的生物高技术新产品—曲酸制剂,为我国化妆品生产厂家开发高级曲酸化妆品提供优质廉价的原料。     

曲酸菌选育及发酵工艺研究

筛选获得产曲酸菌株米曲霉（Aspergillusoryzae）MSA进行⁶⁰Co诱变,并进行了发酵工艺条件研究,以葡萄糖为碳源、豆饼粉为氮源,在pH3.0、33℃摇瓶培养,可达到5d产酸5％以上水平。发酵液采用直接浓缩结晶工艺,脱色与重结晶后获得无色针状晶体,红外图谱检测确证为曲酸。     

曲酸的发酵生产及其应用的研究

筛选了１１８株曲霉、获得一株黄曲霉８００４。采用葡萄糖与蛋白胨为主要原料,８００４菌株发酵产曲酸４％以上。发酵液通过过滤、浓缩可直接结晶。利用发酵方法制得的曲酸与硬脂酸进行酯化反应,生成曲酸硬脂酸双酯、收率达８０％以上。化妆品试验表明曲酸及曲酸硬脂酸酯具有增白与防晒作用。曲酸（ｋｏｊｉｃ ａｃｉｄ）化学名称５－羟基,２－羟甲基ｒ－吡喃酮,１９０７年斋滕在米曲抽提液中发现（１）。１９９２年确定其结构     

四川浓香型与酱香型酒曲细菌区系构成的比较研究

浓香型酒和酱香型酒,不仅发酵制酒的工艺各异,而且制曲工艺也不同。由于制曲工艺的不同,因而影响到两大类酒曲中微生物区系的组成。本文报道将酒曲中的细菌分为三大类群:产酸细菌;底物分解细菌;放线菌,并进行了计数,研究了它们数量组成与结构特征。讨论了这些细菌与两大类型酒风格形成的关系。     

补料工艺对三孢布拉霉菌合成β-胡萝卜素的影响

微生物发酵法是现在国际上工业化生产天然β-胡萝卜素的主要研究方向,三孢布拉霉菌是其中一种理想的出发菌株。为进一步提高此菌株的合成能力,本文采取了在发酵过程中添加结构类似物的方式,研究了不同时间和不同浓度下补料对最终合成β-胡萝卜素的影响,确定了补料工艺对最终产物合成的促进作用,其中尤在发酵24hr时添加0.01%的巴比妥酸效果最佳。     

大幅度提高曲酸的发酵效率

日本三省制药公司高效率地生产曲酸发酵生产菌获得成功.用紫外线照射培养亲株产生菌,找出萄葡糖流加培养的最适条件,获得了比传统菌产量高2倍的曲酸.曲酸对参与黑色素生成的酪氨酸酶有抑制效果.三省制药公司除医药部外还向5个化妆品制造厂供应曲酸.为了充分适应今后对曲酸需求的增加,制定了稳步增产计划.产生菌是白曲霉M6-A1株.经紫外线照射后获得了高效发酵株19-C3株.培养开始时葡萄糖浓度为10%、pH 4～5、培养温度30℃.在使用2.51的培养罐的葡萄流加培养(葡萄糖浓度3～7%在7天内其生产     

米曲霉Aspergillus oryzae发酵生产曲梭的研究

分离到Ａｓｐｅｒｇｉｌｌｕｓ ｏｒｙｚａｅ１３个菌株,其曲酸产量变化幅度１６．６－４８．６ｍｇ／ｍｌ,从中选出４个高产菌株。在１％酵母提取物和１５％蔗糖培养液中３０℃发酵培养,８￣１０天菌体生长量和曲酸产量达到最大值,随后曲酸产量迅速下降。蔗糖浓度对菌体生长和曲酸产量影响甚大,最适蔗糖浓度为１５％。天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、赖氨酸、谷氨酸、吡哆醇、叶酸和抗坏血酸有利于菌体生长并显著提高曲酸产量。将在ＹＥＳ     

2—KLG产生菌混合发酵特性及最佳混生模式的研究

氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌合成的2－KLG对巨大芽孢杆菌的生长繁殖具有明显的抑制作用,可缩短其生长周期。发酵体系中巨大芽孢杆菌的存在是氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌的生长繁殖和合成2－KLG所必需的,发酵过程中巨大芽孢杆菌裂解所释放的活性物质可能是刺激氧化葡萄糖酸杆菌合成2－KLG的主要原因。二菌混合发酵需在适宜的混生模式下才可达到最佳效果。     

响应面试验优化红枣乳酸发酵饮料工艺

为获得红枣乳酸发酵饮料的最佳工艺条件,以乳酸发酵饮料中的总酸含量为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,应用Box Behnken试验设计和响应面分析法对红枣乳酸发酵工艺进行优化,并对乳酸发酵前后的活性物质含量进行了比较。结果表明：各因素对红枣乳酸发酵饮料中总酸含量的影响大小依次为接种量、发酵温度、发酵时间,最佳工艺条件为发酵温度43℃、发酵时间24h、接种量10%,在此条件下,活性成分得到了很好地保留,制备得到的红枣乳酸发酵饮料中的总酸含量可达0.897g/100g,得到的回归模型对试验拟合较好。     

Kinetics of kojic acid fermentation byAspergillus flavus link S44-1 using sucrose as a carbon source under different pH conditions

Kojic acid production byAspergillus flavus strain S44-1 using sucrose as a carbon source was carried out in a 250-mL shake flask and a 2-L stirred tank fermenter. For comparison, production of kojic acid using glucose, fructose and its mixture was also carried out. Kojic acid production in shake flask fermentation was 25.8 g/L using glucose as the sole carbon source, 23.6 g/L with sucrose, and 6.4 g/L from fructose. Reduced kojic acid production (13.5 g/L) was observed when a combination of glucose and fructose was used as a carbon source. The highest production of kojic acid (40.2 g/L) was obtained from 150 g/L sucrose in a 2 L fermenter, while the lowest kojic acid production (10.3 g/L) was seen in fermentation using fructose as the sole carbon source. The experimental data from batch fermentation and resuspended cell system was analysed in order to form the basis for a kinetic model of the process. An unstructured model based on logistic and Luedeking-Piret equations was found suitable to describe the growth, substrate consumption, and efficiency of kojic acid production byA. flavus in batch fermentation using sucrose. From this model, it was found that kojic acid production byA. flavus was not a growth-associated process. Fermentation without pH control (from an initial culture pH of 3.0) showed higher kojic acid production than single-phase pH-controlled fermentation (pH 2.5, 2.75, and 3.0).     

Kinetics and modelling of kojic acid production by Aspergillus flavus Link in batch fermentation and resuspended mycelial system

An unstructured model based on logistic and Luedeking-Piret equations was proposed to describe growth, substrate consumption and kojic acid production by Aspergillus flavus Link strain 44-1 in batch fermentation and also in a resuspended cell system. The model showed that kojic acid production was non-growth associated. The maximum kojic acid and cell concentrations obtained in batch fermentations using the fermenter with optimized dissolved oxygen control (32.5 g/l and 11.8 g/l, respectively) and using a shake-flask (36.5 and 12.3 g/l, respectively) were not significantly different. However, the maximum specific growth rate and a non-growth-associated rate constant for kojic acid formation (n) for batch fermentation using the fermenter (0.085/h and 0.0125 g kojic acid/g cell.h, respectively) were approximately three and two times higher than the values obtained for fermentation using a shake-flask, respectively. Efficient conversion of glucose to kojic acid was achieved in a resuspended pellet or mycelial system, in a solution containing only glucose with citrate buffer at pH 3.5 and at a temperature of 30 °C. The resuspended cell material in the glucose solution was still active in synthesizing kojic acid after prolonged incubation (up to about 600 h). The rate constant of kojic acid production (n) in a resuspended cell system using 100 g glucose/l was almost constant at an average value of 0.011 g kojic acid/g cell.h up to a cell concentration of 19.2 g/l, above which it decreased. A drastic reduction of n was observed at a cell concentration of 26.1 g/l. However, the yield based on glucose consumed (0.45 g/g) was similar for all cell concentrations investigated.     

Aspergillus oryzae laeA regulates kojic acid synthesis genes

Kojic acid synthesis genes regulation was investigated in Aspergillus oryzae. Our results indicate that kojic acid production was lost in the laeA disruption strain, but was recovered in the LaeA complement strain. Real-time PCR also confirmed that expression of kojic acid biosynthesis genes decreased in the laeA disruption strain, indicating that these genes are under the control of LaeA.     

Improvement of kojic acid production in Aspergillus oryzae B008 mutant strain and its uses in fermentation of concentrated corn stalk hydrolysate

A strain designated M866, producing kojic acid with a high yield, was obtained by combining induced mutation using ion beam implantation and ethyl methane sulfonate treatment of a wild type strain of Aspergillus oryzae B008. The amount of kojic acid produced by the strain M866 in a shaking flask was 40.2 g/L from 100 g/L of glucose, which was 1.7 times higher than that produced by wild strain (23.58 g/L). When the mixture of glucose and xylose was used as carbon source, the resulting kojic acid production was raised with the increasing of glucose ratios in the mixture. With concentrations of glucose at 75 g/L and xylose at 25 g/L mixed in the medium, the production of kojic acid reached 90.8 %, which was slightly lower than with glucose as the sole source of carbon. In addition, the kojic acid fermentation of the concentrated hydrolysate from corn stalk was also investigated in this study, the maximum concentration of kojic acid accumulated at the end of the fermentation was 33.1 g/L and this represents the yield based on reducing sugar consumed and the overall productivity of 0.36 g/g and 0.17 g/L/h, respectively.     

Kojic acid production byAspergillus flavus using gelatinized and hydrolyzed sago starch as carbon sources

Direct conversion of gelatinized sago starch into kojic acid byAspergillus flavus strain having amylolytic enzymes was carried out at two different scales of submerged batch fermentation in a 250-mL shake flask and in a 50-L stirred-tank fermentor. For comparison, fermentations were also carried out using glucose and glucose hydrolyzate from enzymic hydrolysis of sago starch as carbon sources. During kojic acid fermentation of starch, starch was first hydrolyzed to glucose by the action of α-amylase and glucoamylase during active growth phase. The glucose remaining during the production phase (non-growing phase) was then converted to kojic acid. Kojic acid production (23.5g/L) using 100 g/L sago starch in a shake flask was comparable to fermentation of glucose (31.5 g/L) and glucose hydrolyzate (27.9 g/L) but in the 50-L fermentor was greatly reduced due to non-optimal aeration conditions. Kojic acid production using glucose was higher in the 50-L fermentor than in the shake flask.     

Aspergillus oryzae laeA Regulates Kojic Acid Synthesis Genes

Kojic acid synthesis genes regulation was investigated in Aspergillus oryzae. Our results indicate that kojic acid production was lost in the laeA disruption strain, but was recovered in the LaeA complement strain. Real-time PCR also confirmed that expression of kojic acid biosynthesis genes decreased in the laeA disruption strain, indicating that these genes are under the control of LaeA.     

Cultivation characteristics of immobilized Aspergillus oryzae for kojic acid production

Aspergillus oryzae in situ grown from spores entrapped in calcium alginate gel beads was used for the production of kojic acid. The immobilized cells in flask cultures produced kojic acid in a linear proportion while maintaining the stable metabolic activity for a prolonged production period. Kojic acid was accumulated up to a high concentration of 83 g/L, at which the kojic acid began to crystallize, and, thus, the culture had to be replaced with fresh media for the next batch culture. The overall productivities of two consecutive cultivations were higher than that of free mycelial fermentation. However, the production rate of kojic acid by the immobilized cells was suddenly decreased with the appearance of central cavernae inside the immobilized gel beads after 12 days of the third batch cultivation.     

Isolation of a kojic acid-producing fungus capable of using starch as a carbon source

A fungal strain (S33-2), able to grow on cooked starch and produce a substantially high level of kojic acid, was isolated from morning glory flower ( Bixa orellana ). The fungus was characterized and identified as Aspergillus flavus. The effect of different types of starch (sago, potato and corn starch) on growth of strain S33-2 and kojic acid production was examined using shake flasks. It was found that strain S33-2 grew well on all types of starch investigated. However, kojic acid production was highest when corn starch was used, with the maximum kojic acid obtained being comparable to fermentation using glucose. The highest kojic acid production (19·2 g l⁻¹) was obtained when 75 g l⁻¹ corn starch was used. This gave a yield, based on starch consumed, and an overall productivity of 0·256 g g⁻¹ and 0·04 g l⁻¹ h⁻¹, respectively.     

甘油对粒毛盘菌DP5胞外多酚积累的影响

【目的】探明以甘油为碳源促进粒毛盘菌DP5积累多酚的可能原因。【方法】对碳源种类、甘油浓度、曲酸、抑制剂和前体等对多酚产量和生物量的影响进行分析。【结果】以甘油为碳源,能显著提高粒毛盘菌胞外多酚产量。甘油浓度为20 g/L时,胞外多酚产量最高,达到0.664 g GAE/L,并在发酵液中检测到曲酸,其含量为0.25 g/L。向以蔗糖为碳源的发酵液添加曲酸,胞外多酚含量从0.209 g GAE/L提高至0.376 g GAE/L。以甘油为碳源的发酵液中,酚氧化酶活性较低。粒毛盘菌DP5通过莽草酸途径和聚酮途径合成多酚,甘油有利于莽草酸途径和聚酮途径前体物质的合成。【结论】粒毛盘菌以甘油为碳源合成出曲酸,曲酸抑制多酚向黑色素的转化;甘油促进多酚前体的合成,从而提高了粒毛盘菌胞外多酚的积累量。