Book Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
Birth and Childhood Among the Arabs, Studies in a Muhammadan Village in Palestine. H ilma G ranquist .
Child Problems Among the Arabs, Studies in a Muhammadan Village in Palestine. H ilma G ranquist .     

European and Mediterranean Studies, an Overview

Social Change in a Peripheral Society: The Creation of a Balkan Colony . Daniel Chirot. Studies in Social Discontinuity
People of the Mediterranean: An Essay in Comparative Social Anthropology . J. Davis.
Catholics and Protestants: Agricultural Modernization in Two German Villages . Gunter Golde.
Family and Inheritance: Rural Society in Western Europe, 1200–1800 . Jack Goody, Joan Thirsk , and E. P. Thompson.
The One Blood: Kinship and Class in an Irish Village . Elliott Leyton.
Mediterranean Family Structures . J. G. Peristiany. Studies in Social Anthropology, 13
Kinship and Modernization in Mediterranean Society . J. G. Peristiany.
The Fate of Shechem: Or the Politics of Sex . Julian Pitt-Rivers.
East European Peasantries: Social Relations: An Annotated Bibliography of Periodical Articles . Irwin T. Sanders and Walter C. Bisselle
Culture and Political Economy in Western Sicily . Jane Schneider and Peter Schneider. Studies in Social Discontinuity
Three Bells of Civilization: The Life of an Italian Hill Town . Sydel Silverman.
Peasant Wisdom: Cultural Adaptation in a Swiss Village . Daniela Weinberg.     

Audiovisual Notes

Growing Up at Paradisc. 1977 . By Sundy Wilson .
Mbindo Lala: a Hospital in Village Form . 1976.     

China's Century: Fast Forward with Historical Baggage

Private Life under Socialism: Love, Intimacy, and Family Change in. Chinese Village 1949–1999 . Yan Yunxiang. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003. 289 pp.
Only Hope: Coming of Age under China's One-Child Policy . Vanessa Fong. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. 242 pp.
On the Move: Women in Rural-to-Urban Migration in Contemporary China . Arianne M. Gaetano and Tamara Jacka, eds. New York: Columbia University Press, 2004. 355 pp.     

Continuity and Change in Modern India

A Caste in a Changing World: The Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmans, 1700–1935 . Frank F. Conlon. Sponsored by the Center for South and Southeast Asia Studies. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977. xv + 255 pp. $15.00 (cloth).
Shanti Nagar: The Effects of Urbanization in a Village in North India. Vol. 1: Social Organization . Stanley A. Freed and Ruth S. Freed. Anthropological Papers, 53, Part 1. New York: The American Museum of Natural History, 1976. 254 pp. $13.85 (paper).
Family and Social Change in Modern India . Giri Raj Gupta , ed. Main Currents in Indian Sociology, 2. Durham, N.C.: Carolina Academic Press, 1976. xxxiv + 263 pp. n.p. (cloth).
Caste, Class and Democracy: Changes in a Stratification System . Vijai P. Singh. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1976. viii + 158 pp. $12.50 (cloth), $5.95 (paper).
Dimensions of Social Change in India . M. N. Srinivas, S. Seshaiah , and V. S. Parthasarathy , eds. New Delhi: Allied Publishers Private, 1977. xiii + 518 pp. Rs 60.00 (cloth).     

Good Enough for Government Work? A Study in "Grey Archeology"

Archaeological Salvage Excavations at Patoka Lake, Indiana: Prehistoric Occupations of the Upper Patoka River Valley . Cheryl Ann Munson , ed. Glen A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology Research Reports, No. 6. Bloomington: Indiana University, 1980. xxvii + 829 pp. $15.00 (paper).
Colonization and Conquest: The 1980 Archaeological Excavations at Fort Toulouse and Fort Jackson, Alabama . Gregory A. Waselkov, Brian M. Wood , and Joseph M. Herbert . Auburn University Archaeological Monograph No. 4. Montgomery, AL: Auburn University, 1982. xxix + 399 pp. $11.00 (paper).
The Kellogg Village Site Investigations: Clay County, Mississippi . James R. Atkinson, John C. Phillips , and Richard Walling . A Report of work undertaken in cooperation with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, in fulfillment of Modification Three to Contract DACW 01–77–0015. Starkville: Mississippi State University, 1980. x + 345 pp. n.p. (paper).
Parkin: The 1978–1979 Archaeological Investigations of a Cross County, Arkansas Site . Phyllis A. Morse . Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, No. 13. Fay-etteville: University of Arkansas, 1981. 110 pp. $6.00 (paper).
The Shallow Lake Site (3Un9/52) and Its Place in Regional Prehistory . Martha A. Rolingson and Frank F. Schambach . Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, No. 12. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas, 1981. 240 pp. $10.00 (paper).
Yellow Creek Archaeological Project: Volume 1 . Robert M. Thome, Bettye J. Broyles , and Jay K. Johnson . Archaeological Papers of the Center for Archaeological Research, No. 1. Chattanooga: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1981. 354 pp. $13.00 (paper).
Yellow Creek Archaeological Project: Volume 2 . Jay K. Johnson . Archaeological Papers of the Center for Archaeological Research, No. 2. Chattanooga: Tennessee Valley Authority, 1981. 347 pp. $13.00 (paper).     

铜陵新桥矿区周边农田土壤汞含量分布特征及其污染评价

为了解矿业活动对农田土壤Hg富集的影响,采集铜陵市新桥矿区周边村庄(新建村、叶湖村、新湖村、湖城村)农田土壤样品.应用原子荧光光度计测定土壤总汞(THg)及各形态汞含量,采用地累积指数法评价污染水平.结果表明:新桥矿区周边农田土壤中总汞的平均浓度为(0.137±0.078) mg·kg^-1,超过铜陵市土壤背景值.4个村庄的土壤总汞平均浓度为新建村(0.221 mg·kg^-1)>新湖村(0.118 mg·kg^-1)>叶湖村(0.115 mg·kg^-1)>湖城村(0.096 mg·kg^-1).其中新建村不同形态汞的平均含量顺序为残渣态(0.036 mg·kg^-1) >碱溶态(0.031 mg·kg^-1) >过氧化氢溶态(0.022 mg·kg^-1)>酸溶态(0.020 mg·kg^-1)>水溶态(0.012 mg·kg^-1).分析表明,距矿区远近是影响农田土壤汞含量分布的主要因素,受污染的新桥河流加大了该地区农田土壤汞污染程度,而有机质影响总汞及过氧化氢溶态汞在土壤中的积累和转化.土壤汞污染地累积指数为新建村(1.559)>新湖村(0.654)>叶湖村(0.616)>湖城村(0.356),其中新建村农田土壤汞污染达到中度污染水平,需加以重视.     

THE DECLINE OF AN ADAPTATION IN THE ABSENCE OF A PRESUMED SELECTION PRESSURE

The colonial nesting Village Weaver (Ploceus cucullatus) lays eggs that vary in ground color and pattern, but individual females lay similar eggs each time. Tests on captive African stocks have shown that females reject eggs of other cohorts if such eggs are sufficiently different. The Village Weaver may have evolved rejection behavior and variable eggs in response to cuckoo parasitism in Africa. The Village Weaver was introduced into Hispaniola from Africa as early as the 18th century. Before the arrival of the Shiny Cowbird (Molothrus bonariensis) in the early 1970's, there were no brood parasites on Hispaniola. Furthermore, in an experimental parasitism study, Hispaniolan Village Weavers accepted both dummy eggs and dissimilar Village Weaver eggs. The Village Weaver may have decreased the egg-rejection behavior in the absence of the selective pressure of brood parasitism. Now Hispaniolan populations of the Village Weaver are parasitized by the Shiny Cowbird, which lays eggs dissimilar to those of the weaver. Brood parasitism by the Shiny Cowbird exerts a detrimental impact on the Village Weaver by reducing nest success and productivity.     

野生桂花繁育系统的观察和研究

对湖南省浏阳市周洛村桂花峡、福建省长汀县官坊村石峰寨东北坡和南坡、浙江省龙泉市供村及张公桥和毛圩村6个野生桂花〔Osmanthus fragrans(Thunb.)Lour.〕居群中桂花单株的性别比例进行了统计,并对单性雄株和两性株的花部雌蕊形态、花粉粒数量和外部形态及花粉在柱头上的萌发情况进行了观察和比较。结果显示:6个居群中雄性比率差异较大(0～0.62),平均值接近0.5;其中,石峰寨东北坡和南坡居群的雄性比率最大(0.62),张公桥居群的雄性比率最小。两性株花的雌蕊发育正常,而单性雄株的花具有退化雌蕊的痕迹。不同居群及个体间每个花药的花粉粒数量存在一定差异,且单性雄株每个花药的花粉粒数量多于两性株,但差异均不显著(P>0.05)。单性雄株和两性株的花粉粒形态一致,花粉粒均为长椭圆形、极轴长16μm、具三沟和网状雕纹型表面纹饰;花粉均具有较高活力且均能在柱头上萌发。结合对木犀属(Osmanthus Lour.)其他种类的观察结果认为:桂花的繁育系统应属功能性的雄全异株,这种繁育系统可能为两性同体与雌雄异株间的过渡类型,在木犀属的其他种类中也能观察到雄全异株的存在。     

崂山茶区茶树根围AM真菌多样性

为调查崂山茶区土壤中丛枝菌根(AM)真菌资源的分布状况, 于2007年9月从青岛崂山茶区12个茶园采集茶树(Camellia sinensis)根围土样, 采用湿筛倾注–蔗糖离心法分离AM真菌, 测定其物种丰度、频度、孢子密度、相对多度、重要值、多样性指数等。共分离到AM真菌3属22种, 无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)出现的频度最高, 其次是球囊霉属(Glomus)。AM真菌孢子密度以晓望村茶园最高, 高家村茶园最低; 种丰度以常家村茶园最高; 常家村茶园和万来客茶园的Shannon-Wiener指数显著高于其他茶园。光壁无梗囊霉(Acaulospora laevis)是北崂茶厂、万里江茶园、樱山春茶园、万里江有机茶园、常家村茶园和桑园村茶园的优势种; 波状无梗囊霉(Acaulospora undulata)为万里江有机茶园和万来客茶园的优势种; 隐球囊霉(Glomus occultum)为樱山春茶园、晓望村茶园和万来客茶园的优势种。应用典型相关分析(CCA)对环境因子与崂山茶区AM真菌群落组成的关系进行了分析, 各因子的影响大小依次为: 土壤速效磷含量＞土壤有机质含量＞种植年限＞土壤碱解氮含量＞土壤pH值＞土壤速效钾含量。     

村落风水林助力山地乡村生物多样性保护——以金钱松为例

金钱松是中国最具国际影响力的古老孑遗植物之一,其面临生境破碎化、种群分散以及个体数量减少的种种威胁。幸运的是,已有研究指出村落风水林为金钱松自然种群提供了庇护,然而,村落风水林到底如何发挥保护效用,尚待深入探索。因此,该研究通过野外调查和社区访谈的方法对所有金钱松自然种群的更新现状、保护行为和干扰程度进行全面调查,并以林家塘村金钱松自然种群为例揭示金钱松村落风水林保护和管理模式。结果表明:(1)相较于其他生境类型,村落风水林生境中金钱松自然种群径级结构连续,幼苗密度较高;(2)水口林、墓地林和阳基树承载的风水与禁忌文化是村落风水林能够有效保护金钱松自然种群的内在原因;(3)新时代乡村旅游业的发展进一步促进了村民对金钱松村落风水林的保护。综上所述,在乡村振兴背景下,基于风水和禁忌文化的村落风水林保护和管理模式是金钱松自然种群保护的绝佳模式。     

基于理想生态系统模式与三维景观指数的徽派村落空间特征解析——以呈坎为例

徽派村落是中国传统村落的典型代表,蕴含了丰富的地域文化和生态内涵,是中国古代人与自然和谐相处的典范,其研究与保护在生态学、地理学、建筑学和美学等领域具有重要的科学价值.本文以呈坎村为例,综合风水理论、心理场理论等,从生态学视角提出理想人居环境的理想生态系统模式,并引入三维景观指数,对徽派村落空间结构进行解析,定量分析村落理想生态系统各景观要素组合结构的生态功能体现.结果表明: 呈坎村立体结构为“山-林-屋-水-林”的景观空间组合模式,形成了以人为中心、自然景观立体环绕的圈层结构,符合理想人居模式.传统基于投影距离的方法造成了景观指数偏差(如对面积与边长的低估).平均斑块面积三维指数比二维指数高6.7%;林地的面积比重三维指数比二维指数高1.0%,其他景观类型的面积比重均有所下降,其中建设用地和耕地等人工斑块的面积比重下降最多.面积与周长指标被低估,形状指标和多样性指标被高估,导致景观格局分析中自然斑块的优势度被低估、人工斑块的优势度被高估.三维景观指数表明,呈坎村落生态系统中各自然要素及组合体现出了较好的生态功能,关键要素和景观生态系统具有较高的稳定性、连接度和聚集性;定量印证了以呈坎为代表的徽派村落是理想的生态系统.     

湖北省发现中国瘰螈

2009年6～9月,在咸丰县丁寨乡、甲马池乡采集到一批两栖类标本,经鉴定其中中国瘰螈(Paramesotriton chinesis)为湖北省新纪录种。     

青海省甘蒙柽柳群落植被区系分析

为了探明青海省甘蒙柽柳(Tamarix austromongolica Nakai)群落植被的区系特征,对同德县然果村甘蒙柽柳古树林群落的古树资源基本特征和结构特征进行了分析,并对该古树林群落及同德县班多村和贵德县曲卜藏村甘蒙柽柳幼树林群落的科属组成、生活型和区系特征进行了分析和比较;在此基础上,提出甘蒙柽柳古树林群落的保护策略.调查结果显示:在然果村古树林群落中,胸径大于1.40 m的甘蒙柽柳百年古树有203株,最高植株的株高、胸径和地径分别为22.85、1.78和3.39 m;群落中小叶杨(Populus simonii Carr.)百年古树有15株,最高植株的株高和胸径分别为25.00和4.18 m.在垂直结构上,然果村古树林群落分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层3个层次,其中,草本层包括多年生丛草层和一年生杂草层2个层次;在水平结构上,甘蒙柽柳均匀散布在群落内,小叶杨呈带状聚集分布,大部分灌木呈丛状分布,草本植物则呈小丛或单生态分布.然果村古树林群落有种子植物8科18属21种,班多村幼树林群落有种子植物10科18属20种,曲卜藏村幼树林群落有种子植物8科12属12种.区系分析结果表明:在科水平上,3个甘蒙柽柳群落均以世界分布型为主;在属水平上,然果村古树林群落和班多村幼树林群落均以北温带分布型为主,占总属数(不包括世界分布型)的37.50%和43.75%,而曲卜藏村幼树林群落则以世界分布型为主,中亚分布型次之.比较结果表明:3个群落的甘蒙柽柳植株大小差异明显,物种组成和区系成分也有一定差异.综合考虑认为,甘蒙柽柳古树林群落保护应采取就地保护和迁地保护相结合的方式.     

Inter- and intra-instar food consumption in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica

Food consumption was measured in an insecticide-susceptible (Orlando) and-resistant (Village Green) strain of German cockroach, Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), throughout each stadium. All instars exhibited a similar pattern of consumption over the course of the instar; consumption was low to moderate at the beginning of each instar, climbed steadily to a maximum near the middle, declined progressively from the mid-instar maximum, and ceased or was minimal several days before the next molt. Consumption ceased or was minimal during the final two to four days of each instar. Cumulative consumption for the six instars was significantly greater in the Village Green strain as compared with the Orlando strain. Village Green nymphs consumed 79.6±0.7 mg of rat chow while Orlando nymphs consumed 63.7±3.4 mg. Total consumption by instar increased significantly with each successive instar in the Village Green strain. In addition, Village Green sixth instar females consumed significantly more food than sixth instar males. A similar trend was observed for the Orlando strain; consumption tended to increase in each successive instar. Relative consumption rate (food consumed/cockroach/instar divided by the mean weight of the instar) was highest in the first two instars and decreased in subsequent instars.     

Interpopulation Relationships of Four Post-Contact Coalescent Sites From South Dakota:

Abstract

Craniometric comparisons were used to determine tribal affiliation of three Le Beau Phase sites and one Bad River Phase site from South Dakota: Four Bear (39DW2), Oahe Village (39HU2), Swan Creek (39WW7), and Stony Point Village (39ST235). Oahe Village and Swan Creek classified as Arikara in all analyses. Four Bear and Stony Point Village probably also represent Arikara populations although the evidence is less conclusive. Some individuals were assigned to the Mandan in each site. While alternative explanations are possible, those cases may indicate that some Mandan were living in these villages. If Mandan burials are present at Four Bear and Swan Creek, they are not associated with the presence of secondary burials as suggested by Hurt (1957). Arikara populations of the Post-Contact period show considerable variation through time and space.     

哈尼梯田区不同旅游模式村寨土地利用变化对生态系统服务与人类福利的影响

区域旅游开发是驱动土地利用变化(LUCC)并影响生态系统服务及人类福利的重要因素。以红河哈尼梯田世界遗产区不同旅游发展模式的黄草岭村(观光和接待)和胜村(接待)为研究对象,解译获得两村2009年和2017年LUCC图并进行变化分析,再运用替代成本、市场价值和影子工程等定量方法评估两村生态系统服务价值及其变化。结果表明:(1)黄草岭村和胜村LUCC动态度分别为14.83%和5.64%,其中变化最大的建设用地在两村分别增加39.18%和23.68%。(2)黄草岭村因发展梯田观光旅游和林地面积的增加使其生态系统服务价值增长1520.77万元,而胜村则因耕地和林地面积的增加而增长374.93万元,其中林地价值最高。(3)单项生态系统服务价值中,黄草岭村因发展旅游其休闲娱乐价值增幅最大,为1249%,而胜村却没有增加,说明旅游发展模式对两村生态系统服务价值的增加影响较大。(4)黄草岭村和胜村的生态系统服务价值增加速率分别为1.5倍和1倍,旅游服务收入增加速率分别为18.7倍和4.1倍,单位土地面积的村民福利分别增加23.79万元hm~(-2) a~(-1)和4.90万元hm~(-2) a~(-1),说明多样的旅游服务能更好地提高人类福利,为政府发展遗产旅游与制定生态系统补偿标准提供科学支撑。     

A reconsideration of the evidence for Escherichia coli STa (heat stable) enterotoxin-driven fluid secretion: a new view of STa action and a new paradigm for fluid absorption

1. Summary, 7
2. Introduction, 8
3. Existing model of net fluid transport, 8
4. A new model for net fluid absorption, 10
5. Evidence for the new model for net fluid absorption, 12
5.1 Evidence from altering ambient carbon dioxide levels, 13
5.2 The role of carbonic anhydrase in net fluid absorption, 14
5.3 Evidence from perfusion with antibiotics, 14
5.4 Evidence from chronic animal models of diarrhoeal disease and resection studies, 14
5.5 Evidence from oral rehydration solution studies, 15
5.6 Evidence from numerical calculations, 16
5.7 Evidence from gene product deletion studies, 17
6. Lack of evidence for the present model of Sta-driven intestinal secretion, 17
6.1 Changes in short circuit current in Ussing chamber studies, 17
6.2 Evidence from T 84 cell studies, 17
6.3 Proxy in vivo systems, 18
6.4 Short duration perfused in vivo loops, 18
6.5 Notional bicarbonate secretion in vivo and in vitro , 19
7. Reconciliation of the new model for fluid absorption with STa action, 21
7.1 Experimentally based evidence, 21
7.2 Clinical evidence from enzyme deletion, 22
8. Acknowledgements, 23
9. References, 23     

Bacteriophages as indicators of enteric viruses and public health risk in groundwaters

1. Introduction, 5
2. Direct virus detection, 6
3. Bacteriophages, 6
3.1 Somatic coliphages, 8
3.2 F⁺-specific bacteriophages, 9
3.3 Bacteriophages infecting Bacteroides fragilis ,14
4. Summary, 15
5. Critical issues that must be addressed, 15
6. Acknowledgements, 15
7. References, 16     

Book Reviews

Book Reviewed in this article:
DFG-ökotoxikologie von Pflanzenschutzmitteln-Mitteilungen I, 1994
Bennett, W. F. (ed) .
Arit, K. Enzian, S. and Pallut, B.
Ettl, H., G. Gärtner .
Blume, H.-P., Felix-Henningsen, P., Fischer, W. R., Frede, H.- G., Horn, R., Stahr, K.
Mielke, H.
Goodman, R.N., Novacky, A.J.
Karg, W., Freier, B.
Müller, R. et al .
Landsmann, J., Casper, R.
Shigo, A. L.
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