fliY基因失活减弱沙福芽孢杆菌ST7菌株的锰氧化能力

【背景】沙福芽孢杆菌ST7菌株具有较强的锰氧化能力,但其分子机制不清楚。【目的】着重研究鞭毛马达开关蛋白基因(fliY)对沙福芽孢杆菌锰氧化能力的影响。【方法】根据同源重组原理,以沙福芽孢杆菌ST7菌株为起始菌株,构建fliY基因敲除的突变株ΔfliY,测定菌落迁徙、细菌生物膜和锰氧化率等,研究fliY基因突变后菌株的运动能力、生物膜生成和锰氧化能力是否发生变化。【结果】经克隆测序,证实突变株ΔfliY中fliY基因的后半段被卡纳霉素抗性基因取代,fliY基因失活;与野生型菌株ST7相比,突变株ΔfliY在全营养的LB培养基中生长变化不大,但在含锰的PYCM培养基中,突变株的生长速度减慢、菌落较小、生物膜生成量显著下降,运动性和锰氧化能力分别下降65%和20%。【结论】fliY基因不仅影响菌株的生长和运动,而且参与细菌的趋化和锰氧化等生物学过程。     

Mn(Ⅱ)氧化细菌Pseudomonas aeruginosa L3的分离、鉴定及氧化特性

【背景】Mn(Ⅱ)氧化细菌是一类可以沉积和氧化Mn(Ⅱ)从而形成固态锰氧化物的细菌,在生物地球化学和环境修复领域中引起了广泛关注,但目前所研究的Mn(Ⅱ)氧化模式菌株中大多来源海洋,土壤源Mn(Ⅱ)氧化细菌涉及较少。【目的】丰富土壤源Mn(Ⅱ)氧化细菌的来源与物种多样性,同时也为方铁锰矿型Mn₂O₃的潜在应用提供新菌种。【方法】从湖南省株洲市已关停的清水塘冶炼工业园区内筛选得到一株具有Mn(Ⅱ)氧化能力的铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) L3,并就其分离纯化、鉴定、生长曲线、pH变化、Mn(Ⅱ)氧化特性及锰氧化物制备等方面进行系统研究。【结果】Pseudomonas aeruginosa L3的菌液离心后的上清液及提取的绿脓菌素(pyocyanin, PYO)均具有Mn(Ⅱ)氧化能力,与菌液相比,上清液对Mn(Ⅱ)氧化的能力更强。进一步利用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)对Pseudomonas aeruginosa L3产生的锰氧化物进行晶相分析,发现该锰氧化物在2θ为32.951°和5...     

动物用芽孢杆菌微生态制剂中蜡样芽孢杆菌的分离及安全性

【背景】芽孢杆菌是仅次于乳酸菌常用于微生态制剂中的菌种,然而部分芽孢杆菌微生态制剂规范不严,应用存在安全隐患。【目的】调查我国在售动物用芽孢杆菌微生态制剂中蜡样芽孢杆菌携带情况,揭示蜡样芽孢杆菌应用的潜在风险。【方法】对微生态制剂预处理,选择性筛选分离蜡样芽孢杆菌,通过全基因组测序测绘细菌毒素基因谱与耐药基因谱,细胞计数试剂盒-8法测定菌株对细胞的毒性,利用微量肉汤稀释法确定菌株耐药值。【结果】从50份微生态制剂产品中筛选分离得到23株蜡样芽孢杆菌群细菌,它们对氨苄西林、林可霉素和泰妙菌素3种抗生素均耐药,主要毒力基因nhe、hbl、cytK、ces的检出率分别为100%、30%、39%和4%,分离株均有溶血性且39%菌株产生热稳定毒素,不同菌株对非洲绿猴肾细胞呈现出不同程度的毒性。【结论】微生态制剂来源的蜡样芽孢杆菌毒性与耐药性严重,携带毒素基因与耐药基因广泛,多株菌株呈高细胞毒性且产生热稳定毒素。芽孢杆菌微生态制剂存在安全性问题,应加强对蜡样芽孢杆菌的质量安全监管力度,规范微生态制剂的市场秩序,杜绝安全隐患。     

一株高锰氧化活性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定和多铜氧化酶基因的克隆与结构特性

锰氧化物是Mn(Ⅱ)经生物和化学氧化后形成的矿物成分,在元素生物地球化学循环过程中起着重要作用,而不同种类的细菌对Mn(Ⅱ)的氧化作用是自然界中氧化锰矿物形成的主要成因.从山东崅峪采集的铁锰结核棕壤中分离得到一株具有高锰氧化活性的土壤杆菌,其对Mn(Ⅱ)的氧化作用活性明显高于其它分离菌株,达到65 μmol/L.通过个...     

贵州半夏块茎腐烂病拮抗细菌的筛选与鉴定

【目的】从半夏根际土壤筛选对半夏块茎腐烂病致病菌有拮抗活性的细菌并进行鉴定。【方法】采用稀释分离法和平板对峙法分离拮抗菌,然后根据菌落形态、生理生化特性,结合分子生物学方法进行鉴定。【结果】从半夏根际土壤共分离到228株细菌,其中菌株GZDF2、GZDF3、GZDF4对病原细菌及病原真菌均有拮抗活性,抑菌圈大小达23 mm,并且抑菌谱广。经形态学观察、生理生化特性分析和分子生物学方法,将菌株GZDF2、GZDF3、GZDF4鉴定为短短芽胞杆菌(Brevibacillus brevis)。进一步采用gyr B和rpo B基因对3株短短芽胞杆菌进行聚类分析,结果显示GZDF3菌株与其他2株短短芽胞杆菌存在遗传差异。【结论】半夏根际土壤中分离到的3株短短芽胞杆菌抑菌活性强、抑菌谱广,具有开发成生防剂的潜力。     

锰氧化细菌的分离鉴定及其锰氧化特性的分析

利用选择性培养基对锰矿样品进行分离、筛选, 得到一株高效锰氧化细菌(MN1405)。经形态特征、生理生化特征以及16S rRNA 基因序列分析, 将菌株MN1405 鉴定为Arthrobacter echigonensis。在培养条件下, MN1405 对培养基中的锰离子去除率可达93.38%, 且其培养所获得的培养液也具有良好的除锰效果。     

锰氧化细菌的生理生态功能与作用机制研究进展

锰的生物地球化学循环过程与全球尺度的营养元素循环紧密联系,是影响全球生态平衡及气候变化的重要因素之一。在自然界中,锰元素主要以氧化锰和含氧酸盐的矿物形式存在,近年来的研究观点普遍认为细菌介导的氧化作用是自然环境中锰氧化物形成的主要原因。锰氧化细菌广泛分布于海洋、锰矿土壤等生态系统,近期在植物微生态系统中也被发现,其生理生态功能未知。细菌的锰氧化过程是一个复杂的过程,多铜氧化酶和过氧化物(氢)酶是参与该过程的主要酶类,但关于其催化机制的认识尚不成熟。本综述系统探讨锰氧化细菌的种类和分布、细菌锰氧化作用的生理生态功能、参与细菌锰氧化作用的功能酶及其分子机制,总结这一研究领域所取得的成果和仍未解决的科学问题,并对今后的发展方向进行展望。     

新疆棉花黄萎病菌拮抗细菌的分离、筛选与鉴定

【背景】棉花黄萎病是由大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)引起的一种世界性病害,近年来对该病害的生物防治因具有环境友好和人畜安全的特性而倍受关注。【目的】筛选棉花黄萎病高效拮抗细菌并对其进行鉴定,为棉花黄萎病的生物防治扩充菌种资源。【方法】采用稀释涂布平板法分离细菌,并进行拮抗细菌的初筛和复筛,通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析对筛选到的细菌进行鉴定,确定其分类地位。【结果】初筛分离到535株对病原菌具有拮抗作用的细菌,并选取了108株拮抗细菌进行复筛,最终筛选到了4株优势拮抗细菌。通过形态观察、生理生化特征和16SrRNA基因序列分析,将菌株BHZ-29、SHT-15、SHZ-24和SMT-24分别鉴定为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillusvelezensis)、枯草芽孢杆菌斯皮兹仁亚种(Bacillus subtilis subsp. spizizenii)、萎缩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus)和香草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus vanillea)。【结论】获得了4株高效拮抗细菌,并且首次报道了香草芽孢杆菌对棉花黄萎病菌具有抑制作用。     

冲绳海槽热液区可培养硫氧化细菌多样性及其硫氧化特性

冲绳海槽热液区独特的地质环境孕育了特殊的生物群落,硫氧化细菌作为生物地球化学循环的重要参与者在热液生态系统中发挥着至关重要的作用。【目的】通过硫氧化菌株的分离培养揭示冲绳海槽热液区可培养硫氧化细菌的多样性和硫氧化活性。【方法】采用多种培养基对冲绳海槽热液区不同沉积物样品中的硫氧化细菌进行富集培养和分离纯化;利用16S rRNA基因序列确定硫氧化细菌的分类地位并进行系统发育分析;采用碘量法对典型硫氧化菌株硫氧化活性进行检测。【结果】本研究从冲绳海槽热液区样品中共分离鉴定85株硫氧化细菌,分属于α-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、放线菌门和厚壁菌门,优势属为氢弧菌属(Hydrogenovibrio)、拉布伦氏菌属(Labrenzia)、深海海旋菌属(Thalassospira)和海杆状菌属(Marinobacter)。硫氧化活性检测结果表明,7株典型硫氧化菌株对硫代硫酸钠的降解活性介于31%–100%之间,其中泰坦尼克号盐单胞菌SOB56 (Halomonas titanicae SOB56)、南极海杆状菌SOB93(Marinobacter antarcticus SOB93)、印度硫氧化粗杆菌SOB107 (Thioclava indica SOB107)和嗜温氢弧菌CJG136 (Hydrogenovibrio thermophiles CJG136)可以完全降解硫代硫酸钠。【结论】冲绳海槽热液区可培养硫氧化细菌的多样性丰富,为研究该热液区的硫循环过程提供了实验材料和理论基础,多种硫氧化活性菌株的获得极大地丰富了菌种资源,为探究深海热液区硫循环的能量代谢途径和分子机制奠定基础。     

东南极格罗夫山土壤可培养细菌的分离鉴定及其产胞外酶和抗菌活性北大核心CSCD

【目的】获得东南极格罗夫山地区土壤中可培养细菌组成信息,分析菌株胞外水解酶产生及抗菌活性情况。【方法】稀释直接涂布平板法获得可培养细菌菌株并根据其16S rRNA基因序列对其进行系统发育分析。平板法初步鉴定菌株的胞外酶产生情况,琼脂块法分析菌株对5种供试菌的抗性。【结果】所有土壤样品共分离出39株可培养细菌,分属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,19株,48.7%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,分属于α-、β-、γ-变形菌纲,共计10株,25.6%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,8株,20.5%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,1株,2.6%)和异常球菌-栖热菌门(Deinococcus-Thermus,1株,2.6%)等5门20个菌属,优势菌属为芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)。不同冻存温度的土壤样品分离菌株有所不同。33株细菌具有至少一种的胞外酶活力,其中产淀粉酶的菌株最多(25株,64.1%)。6株细菌可抑制至少一种供试菌的生长。【结论】格罗夫山土壤可培养细菌组成在大分类上与南极其他地区一致,但在属的水平上有所不同。分离出的具有胞外酶活性和抗菌活性的适冷菌株为进一步开发利用南极低温酶和抗菌活性物质提供了良好的菌种资源。     

Response of corn (Zea mays L.) to manganese application on Atlantic Coastal Plain soils

Field research was conducted on four Atlantic Coastal Plain soils in the United States to evaluate response of corn (Zea mays L.) plants to Mn application. The soils under study were classified as either Aeric or Typic Ochraquults. Manganese application increased corn grain yields by an average of 1195 kg ha^–1 on the four soils. The average grain yields on the soils were 7955 kg ha^–1 for the control and 9150 kg ha^–1 for the +Mn treatment. A Mitscherlich plant growth model was used to establish relationships between percent maximum grain yield and Mn concentration in the ear leaf at early silk (r=0.87, =0.01) and in the mature grain (r=0.58, =0.01). Based on 90% of maximum yield as the definition of the critical deficiency level, the critical Mn deficiency levels calculated with parameters from the Mitscherlich model were 10.6 mg kg^–1 in the ear leaf and 4.9 mg kg^–1 in the grain.     

Screening, identification and kinetic characterization of a bacterium for Mn(II) uptake and oxidation

Following sample collection and screening at a number of Mn-associated mine sites in Northern Australia, a microbial strain was selected for its enhanced rate of Mn uptake. The strain was identified by phylogenetic analysis as a Rhizobium sp. Kinetic studies of Mn(II) uptake and oxidation by this strain in glucose-based media established that the uptake of Mn(II) was much greater than the conversion of Mn(II) to Mn oxide. Chemical analysis and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the production of significant amounts of polysaccharides by this strain. These polysaccharides may play a role both in enhancing Mn(II) accumulation and in minimizing Mn oxide production.     

一株台湾红酵母(Rhodotorula taiwanensis)的鉴定及其除Mn(Ⅱ)性能研究

【目的】探究一株红酵母对Mn(Ⅱ)的去除效率及其作用机制。【方法】从酸性矿山废水中分离出一株耐酸酵母菌,通过形态和26S rRNA基因测序对菌种进行鉴定,研究不同pH和Mn(Ⅱ)浓度对该菌除Mn(Ⅱ)效果的影响。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析和X射线光电子能谱仪进行产物表征。【结果】分离得到的酵母菌经鉴定为台湾红酵母(Rhodotorula taiwanensis),其在pH 2.0、2 000 mg/L Mn(Ⅱ)条件下仍能生长较好。在初始pH 6.0、Mn(Ⅱ) 300 mg/L条件下培养144 h后,对Mn(Ⅱ)的去除率能达到98.52%;然而较高浓度的Mn(Ⅱ) (≥500 mg/L)会对细胞产生毒性,从而降低去除效果。R. taiwanensis MF4在去除Mn(Ⅱ)的过程中可以将Mn(Ⅱ)氧化成锰氧化物(主要为无定型的MnO₂、Mn₂O₃、MnO),形成层状物质在细胞表面积累,而且能产生碱度,提升环境pH值,最高可达8.4 [初始pH 7.0,Mn(II) 100 mg/L,144 h]。【结论】R. taiwanensis MF4具有耐受低pH和高浓度Mn(II)、有效去除Mn(II)以及产碱的作用,研究结果对酸性矿山废水修复与治理的末端工艺设计具有参考价值。     

Effects of silicon supply on apoplastic manganese concentrations in leaves and their relation to manganese tolerance in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.)

The effects of silicon (Si) supply on manganese (Mn) toxicity symptoms and Mn and Si concentrations in the leaf apoplast in a Mn-sensitive cowpea cultivar (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv. TVu 91) were investigated in solution culture experiments. When 1.44 mM Si was supplied concurrently with 50 M Mn, the Mn toxicity symptoms were clearly avoided without decreasing the total Mn concentration. On the other hand, the symptoms were not completely alleviated when the plants were pretreated with 1.44 mM Si and then exposed to 50 M Mn without concurrent Si supply. Plants of both of these treatments exhibited lower Mn concentrations in the apoplastic washing fluids but higher amounts of adsorbed Mn on the cell walls than the plants treated with 50 M Mn without Si supply. However, the difference in Mn concentration between plants with continuous and interrupted Si supply was not significant. Moreover, the Mn concentration in the apoplastic washing fluids of the plants with continuous supply of 1.44 mM Si and 50 M Mn and not showing Mn toxicity symptoms was higher than that of the plants grown at 10 M Mn without Si supply which showed distinct Mn toxicity symptoms. These results show that Si supply alleviates Mn toxicity not only by decreasing the concentration of soluble apoplastic Mn through the enhanced adsorption of Mn on the cell walls. A role of the soluble Si in the apoplast in the detoxicification of apoplastic Mn is indicated.     

Bioaccumulation of manganese in selected tissues of the freshwater crab,Potamonautes warreni (Calman), from industrial and mine-polluted freshwater ecosystems

Manganese concentrations in water and sediments of the Bronkhorstspruit River, Nooitgedacht Dam and especially in the Natalspruit River, did not fall within stated limits for the protection of aquatic life. Tissue manganese concentrations in Potamonautes warreni from the Natalspruit River were generally higher than those in the tissues of crabs from the other two aquatic ecosystems. The highest mean manganese tissue concentration in crabs from the three systems was detected in the carapace (587± 445 µg g^-1 wet weight). It appears that the carapace in these animals acts as a sink in which manganese can be deposited, thus also playing an important role in the detoxification of manganese in these crustaceans. No seasonal or sex-related variation was detected. Body size of the crabs, however, seems to be an important influencing factor in manganese bioaccumulation. A significant increase in carapace manganese concentrations was detected with an increase in body size. However, muscle manganese concentrations were higher in the smaller groups.The concentration factors (BF) calculated for the different tissues with respect to the water were highest in the carapace and ranged from 280.9 to 742.8. The BF with respect to the sediment was comparatively low for all the tissues (0.1 to 0.7). As the manganese concentration in the tissues reflects to some extent the degree of manganese contamination of the surrounding aquatic environment, it appears that P. warreni may be useful as a potential biomonitor of manganese pollution.     

商陆对锰污染土壤的修复实验研究

商陆是在中国境内发现的多年生、草本型锰超积累植物。通过室内土培试验,评价商陆对土壤中锰的去除潜力,确定最佳收获时间,以期达到最佳的重金属污染土壤植物修复效果。结果表明:商陆能将土壤中的锰转运到地上部位,叶片中Mn含量最高,平均值为17 043 mg/kg DW,远远大于茎和根的锰含量均值;单株的平均富集量在浓度为500 mg/kg DW时达最高,一棵商陆可富集平均13 mg的Mn;动态修复中确定的最佳收获时间为60 d,不同时间收获的商陆地下部分生物量差异不明显(P0.05),地上部分则差异较大。连续收获不改变其锰生物富集能力。这表明商陆对锰有较强的富集能力,是一种优良的修复锰污染土壤的物种,对土壤重金属污染的治理及植物修复领域数据库的完善具有重要意义。     

Mechanism of manganese transport regulation in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brucella</Emphasis> involving a long RNA helix

It has been found that divalent cation transporters of the Nramp family in eukaryotic cell phagosomes and bacteria that parasitize in these cells compete for metals, which is significant for bacterial survival. Long helices were determined by means of our algorithm in the 5′-untranslated region for each mRNA in Brucella. Long helices of quite similar nucleotide composition were found in mRNAs that encode manganese transporters and Ni-dependent glyoxalase I. We suggest that long helices in these regions are involved in the regulation of RNA stability.     

Growth and nutrition of small Betula pendula plants at different relative addition rates of iron,manganese and zinc

In order to investigate the dependence of growth rate upon plant concentrations of iron, manganese and zinc, Betula pendula seedlings were cultivated in a hydroponic system. In three different experiments, all essential nutrient elements except iron, manganese or zinc, were titrated in non-growth limiting amounts at low external concentrations. The solution was continuously recirculated and sprayed on the roots. The micronutrients (Fe, Mn and Zn) were added as addition rates, R_A (day^-1), relative to the calculated internal amount in the plants. No chelates were added to the culture solution.At steady-state nutrition, plant relative growth rate showed a linear dependence upon the internal concentration of the limiting micronutrient. These data do not support the Steenbjerg effect where negative correlations between growth and plant nutrient concentrations have been reported. Steady-state nutrition was associated with very different growth responses to the different limiting nutrients.