蓝细菌6803agp基因的分子克隆和缺失突变株的构建

PCR扩增了蓝细菌集胞藻6803(Synechocystis sp.PCC6803)的agp基因（编码ADP－葡萄糖焦磷酸羧化酶）,进一步以pUC118为载体将其克隆到大肠杆菌中,构建了pUCA质粒。通过DNA体外重组,以红霉素抗性基因部分取代agp基因片段,构建了既含agp基因上游及下游序列、又携带选择性标记－红霉素抗性的pUCAE质粒。该质粒转化野生型集胞藻6803细胞,获得了能在含红霉素的培养基上正常生长的agp基因缺失突变株。对该突变株基因组DNA进行PCR扩增,验邝了其基因结构的正确性。突变株细胞生长速度较野生型细胞快,胞内的叶绿素含量比野生型细胞高,表明该突变株具有较高的光合效率。在突变株中未检测到糖原的存在,进一步从生理水平上验证了突变株构建的正确性。     

阻断嗜乙酰乙酸棒杆菌乙酸合成途径对其在缺氧条件下产琥珀酸的影响

为探究和阻断嗜乙酰乙酸棒杆菌乙酸代谢途径,提高缺氧条件下琥珀酸的产率,减少副产物乙酸的合成,以C. acetoacidophilum ΔldhA为出发菌株,利用同源重组的方法分别敲除磷酸乙酰转移酶、乙酸激酶、CoA转移酶和丙酮酸脱氢酶复合体的相关基因pta,ackA,ctfA与aceE,研究突变菌产琥珀酸过程中相关参数的变化。结果表明：敲除pta与ackA基因后,对乙酸浓度,糖耗速率和糖酸转化率影响不大;pta,ackA与ctfA基因的同时失活使得乙酸的浓度和摩尔转化率分别降低81.4%和77.2%,葡萄糖消耗速率下降28.3%,琥珀酸对葡萄糖摩尔转化率提高25.3%;而单独敲除aceE基因后,乙酸几乎不产生,葡萄糖消耗速率下降35.6%,琥珀酸对葡萄糖摩尔转化率提高34.7%。因此,缺氧条件下,嗜乙酰乙酸棒杆菌的乙酸合成几乎全部走乙酰CoA途径,pta,ackA与ctfA是由乙酰CoA合成乙酸途径中最主要的基因;敲除基因aceE, 可以完全阻断乙酸生成,有效提高琥珀酸产率。     

丁酸梭菌及产丁酸代谢改造

丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)是一种专性厌氧菌,可通过多基因过表达、同源重组、基于非复制型质粒和非复制型质粒的同源重组等多种遗传操作方式对其进行改造.丁酸是丁酸梭菌发酵的产物之一,丁酸用途广泛,用于饲料添加剂,可提高动物抵抗力,减少抗生素的使用.用丁酸梭菌发酵产丁酸,其产量仍然较低,不利于工业化...     

代谢工程改造大肠杆菌合成丁二酸及发酵罐放大工艺

【背景】Escherichia coli AFP111发酵生产丁二酸时大量副产乙酸,丁二酸得率低。【目的】代谢工程改造EscherichiacoliAFP111,提高丁二酸得率,降低副产物乙酸的生成,建立100 L规模的丁二酸发酵工艺。【方法】一步同源重组敲除乙酸合成途径关键酶基因,改造丁二酸合成途径关键酶启动子实现过表达;单因素优化5L发酵罐培养条件。【结果】敲除乙酸产生途径编码乙酸激酶和磷酸转乙酰酶的基因ackA-pta、苏氨酸脱羧酶和2-酮丁酸甲酸裂解酶的基因tdcDE获得SX02菌株,摇瓶发酵条件下其乙酸产量下降了53.42%,丁二酸得率提高9.85%。在SX02菌株基础上,经启动子改造过表达编码葡萄糖激酶的基因glk后获得菌株SX03,其Glk酶活性提高3.66倍,乙酸产量下降了31.62%,丁二酸得率提高8.28%。SX03菌株发酵生产丁二酸在5 L发酵罐进行放大,其乙酸产量为3.97 g/L,丁二酸得率为1.62 mol/mol葡萄糖,相比出发菌株的乙酸产量下降了75.76%,丁二酸得率提高19.12%。在5L发酵罐上对比研究了中和剂Na2CO3和NaOH混合液替换碱式MgCO3的发酵效果,并优化了发酵pH、搅拌转速和葡萄糖浓度,获得如下最适发酵条件:pH6.8,搅拌转速250r/min,葡萄糖100g/L,发酵结束时乙酸产量为2.24 g/L,丁二酸得率为1.66 mol/mol葡萄糖。中和剂替换优化后乙酸产量下降了20.65%,丁二酸得率提高2.47%。菌株SX03发酵工艺进一步在100 L发酵罐上实现放大,其乙酸产量为1.91 g/L,丁二酸得率为1.30 mol/mol葡萄糖。【结论】通过代谢工程改造的大肠杆菌,其副产物乙酸含量显著下降,丁二酸得率提高,并在5 L和100 L发酵罐上实现了工艺放大,展现出较大的工业化利用潜力。     

丁酸梭菌及产丁酸代谢改造

丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)是一种专性厌氧菌,可通过多基因过表达、同源重组、基于非复制型质粒和非复制型质粒的同源重组等多种遗传操作方式对其进行改造。丁酸是丁酸梭菌发酵的产物之一,丁酸用途广泛,用于饲料添加剂,可提高动物抵抗力,减少抗生素的使用。用丁酸梭菌发酵产丁酸,其产量仍然较低,不利于工业化生产,有必要通过代谢工程对丁酸梭菌产丁酸的途径进行优化。对丁酸梭菌的主要代谢途径、遗传操作体系及丁酸合成途径的优化等研究进展进行了综述。在此基础上,对丁酸梭菌进一步改造的思路和想法进行了展望。     

pUC19K质粒的构建及其在布鲁氏菌突变株构建中的应用

突变株的构建是细菌基因功能研究的前提。本研究构建了一个可用于布鲁氏菌突变株构建的自杀质粒。在pUC19质粒的多克隆位点插入卡那霉素抗性基因,在该基因两侧添加多个酶切位点,构建成为pUC19K。利用该质粒,我们构建了布鲁氏菌外膜蛋白Omp25基因的突变株。结果表明,利用该自杀质粒,通过一轮筛选即可得到目标基因被抗性基因替换的突变株。pUC19K质粒的构建及成功应用,为布鲁氏菌突变株的构建提供了一个快速有效的手段,也为布鲁氏菌的基因功能研究奠定了基础。     

天蓝淡红链霉菌SIPI-1482中酮还原酶基因dnrU的阻断突变研究

目的：研究柔红霉素产生菌天蓝淡红链霉菌SIPI-1482中酮还原酶基因dnrU阻断后的产物（13s）-13-二氢柔红霉素及其他发酵产物的变化。方法：利用同源重组的原理,以大肠杆菌质粒pUC18为基础构建了dnrU基因交换质粒,通过在SIPI-1482染色体上的dnrU基因中插入安普霉素抗性基因来筛选dnrU的阻断突变株。结果和结论：PCR验证表明成功地阻断了dnrU基因。dnrU基因敲除后,重组菌发酵产物中（13s）-13-二氢柔红霉素消失,而其他发酵中间产物也有一定变化。     

定向进化技术改良β-糖苷酶的低聚糖合成性能

对携带糖苷酶基因pBBGly的质粒pBtac2进行易错PCR定向进行研究,以改良其合成低聚糖催化性能。来源于Thermus thermophilus的耐高温β-糖苷酶,通过一轮易错PCR随机突变和限制性酶切再连接介导的体外基因重组,获得了两株高转糖基活性的突变酶:N339TF401S和F401S。它们能以天然糖类为糖基受体,低聚糖的合成得率分别为48%和62%,是野生型酶的6~8倍,而底物的水解活力只有野生型酶的0.08%和1.3%。另外,在突变酶的酶反应中,糖基受体对供体的水解反应有显著的促进作用,而野生型酶没有此特征。并且它们的催化水解动力学特征也明显区别于野生酶,水解反应初始浓度对速度关系呈一条直线。     

含质粒复制起始区ori44的苏云金芽胞杆菌解离载体的构建

将苏云金芽胞杆菌转座子Tn4430的解离酶识别位点res分别插入克隆载体pRSET B和pUC19得到质粒pBMB1201和pBMB1202。这两个质粒分别经BamHI/Hin dⅢ和EcoRI/HindⅢ双酶切回收含res位点的小DNA片段,与穿梭载体pHT3101经EcoRI/HindⅢ双酶切后加收的含大肠杆菌复制起始区、氨苄青霉素抗性基因和红霉素抗性基因的3．3kb片段连接,获得重组质粒pBMB1203。封闭pBMB1203两res位点外的BamHI和EcoRI位点后,得到解离载体pBMB1204。将来源于苏云金芽胞杆菌库斯塔克亚种YBT－1520的质粒复制起始区ori44片段插入pBMB1204的两res位点之间,得到解离穿梭载体pBMB1205。该解离载体插入壮观霉素抗性基因后电转化无晶体突变株,在辅助质粒所提供的解离酶作用下可发生解离消除抗性基因,解离频率为100％,解离后的质粒稳定性为93％。利用解离穿梭载体pBMB1205可在用抗性筛选到转化子后特定消除抗性标记基因和其它非苏云金芽胞杆菌DNA片段。     

一种基于途径分析提高丙酮酸产量的育种策略

为进一步提高光滑球拟酵母发酵生产丙酮酸的水平 ,在途径分析的基础上提出了一种组成型降低丙酮酸脱酸酶、但增强乙酰辅酶A合成酶活性的育种策略。通过亚硝基胍诱变 ,获得 1株乙酸需求型突变株CCTCCM2 0 2 0 19,在外加乙酸的培养基中表现出高于出发株 2 1%的丙酮酸生产能力和良好的遗传稳定性。检测突变株CCTCCM2 0 2 0 19中丙酮酸代谢相关酶的活性发现 :(1)丙酮酸脱羧酶活性降低了 4 0 % ;(2 )外加乙酸与否的条件下 ,乙酰辅酶A合成酶的活性分别提高了 10 3 5 %和 5 7 4 % ;(3)添加乙酸和突变对丙酮酸羧化酶、丙酮酸脱氢酶系、乙醇脱氢酶和乙醛脱氢酶的活性没有显著影响。在含有乙酸的培养基中突变株细胞干重比出发株高 2 1 7% ,可能是因为乙酰辅酶A合成酶活性的提高 ,补充了因丙酮酸脱羧酶活性降低而引起的胞质乙酰辅酶A短缺。在 7L罐中含有 6g L乙酸钠的培养基中发酵 6 2h ,丙酮酸产量达到 6 8 7g L ,对葡萄糖的产率为 0 6 5 1g g。     

Construction and characterization of pta gene-deleted mutant of Clostridium tyrobutyricum for enhanced butyric acid fermentation

Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 is an acidogenic bacterium, producing butyrate and acetate as its main fermentation products. In order to decrease acetate and increase butyrate production, integrational mutagenesis was used to disrupt the gene associated with the acetate formation pathway in C. tyrobutyricum. A nonreplicative integrational plasmid containing the phosphotransacetylase gene (pta) fragment cloned from C. tyrobutyricum by using degenerate primers and an erythromycin resistance cassette were constructed and introduced into C. tyrobutyricum by electroporation. Integration of the plasmid into the homologous region on the chromosome inactivated the target pta gene and produced the pta-deleted mutant (PTA-Em), which was confirmed by Southern hybridization. SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional protein electrophoresis results indicated that protein expression was changed in the mutant. Enzyme activity assays using the cell lysate showed that the activities of PTA and acetate kinase (AK) in the mutant were reduced by more than 60% for PTA and 80% for AK. The mutant grew more slowly in batch fermentation with glucose as the substrate but produced 15% more butyrate and 14% less acetate as compared to the wild-type strain. Its butyrate productivity was approximately 2-fold higher than the wild-type strain. Moreover, the mutant showed much higher tolerance to butyrate inhibition, and the final butyrate concentration was improved by 68%. However, inactivation of pta gene did not completely eliminate acetate production in the fermentation, suggesting the existence of other enzymes (or pathways) also leading to acetate formation. This is the first-reported genetic engineering study demonstrating the feasibility of using a gene-inactivation technique to manipulate the acetic acid formation pathway in C. tyrobutyricum in order to improve butyric acid production from glucose.     

Identification of Clostridium tyrobutyricum as the causative agent of late blowing in cheese by species-specific PCR amplification.

Butyric acid fermentation, the late-blowing defect in cheese, caused by the outgrowth of clostridial spores present in raw milk, can create considerable loss of product, especially in the production of semihard cheeses like Gouda cheese, but also in grana and Gruyère cheeses. To demonstrate the causative relationship between Clostridium tyrobutyricum and late blowing in cheese, many cheesemaking experiments were performed to provoke this defect by using spores from several strains of the major dairy-related clostridia. A method of PCR amplification of a part of the 16S rRNA gene in combination with hybridization with species-specific DNA probes was developed to allow the specific detection of clostridial sequences in DNAs extracted from cheeses. The sensitivity was increased by using nested PCR. Late blowing was provoked in experimental cheeses with 28 of the 32 C. tyrobutyricum strains tested, whereas experimental cheeses made with spores from C. beijerinckii, C. butyricum, and C. sporogenes showed no signs of butyric acid fermentation. In all experimental and commercial cheeses with obvious signs of late blowing, DNA from C. tyrobutyricum was detected; in some cheeses, signals for C. beijerinckii were also found. It was concluded that only C. tyrobutyricum strains are able to cause butyric acid fermentation in cheese.     

Effects of ptb knockout on butyric acid fermentation by Clostridium tyrobutyricum

Clostridium tyrobutyricum ATCC 25755 is an anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterium that produces butyrate, acetate, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide from various saccharides, including glucose and xylose. Phosphotransbutyrylase (PTB) is a key enzyme in the butyric acid synthesis pathway. In this work, effects of ptb knockout by homologous recombination on metabolic flux and product distribution were investigated. When compared with the wild type, the activities of PTB and butyrate kinase in ptb knockout mutant decreased 76 and 42%, respectively; meanwhile, phosphotransacetylase and acetate kinase increased 7 and 29%, respectively. However, ptb knockout did not significantly reduce butyric acid production from glucose or xylose in batch fermentations. Instead, it increased acetic acid and hydrogen production 33.3-53.8% and ≈ 11%, respectively. Thus, the ptb knockout did increase the carbon flux toward acetate synthesis, resulting in a significant decrease (28-35% reduction) in the butyrate/acetate ratio in ptb mutant fermentations. In addition, the mutant displayed a higher specific growth rate (0.20 h(-1) vs. 0.15 h(-1) on glucose and 0.14 h(-1) vs. 0.10 h(-1) on xylose) and tolerance to butyric acid. Consequently, batch fermentation with the mutant gave higher fermentation rate and productivities (26-48% increase for butyrate, 81-100% increase for acetate, and 38-46% increase for hydrogen). This mutant thus can be used more efficiently than the parental strain in fermentations to produce butyrate, acetate, and hydrogen from glucose and xylose.     

Effects of butyric and acetic acids on acetone-butanol formation by Clostridium acetobutylicum

The actions of butyric and acetic acids on acetone-butanol fermentation are investigated. Production of butyric and acetic acids are controlled by the extracellular concentrations of both acids: acetic acid added to the medium inhibits its own formation but has no effect on butyric acid formation, and added butyric acid inhibits its own formation but not that of acetic acid. The ratio of end metabolites depends upon acetic and butyric acid quantities excreted during the fermentation. In contrast to acetic acid, which specifically increases acetone formation, butyric acid increases both acetone and butanol formations. Acetate and butyrate kinase activities were also examined. Both increase at the start of fermentation and decrease when solvents appear in the medium. Coenzyme A transferase activity is weak in the acidogenic phase and markedly increases in the solvent phase. Acetic and butyric acids appear to be co-substrates. On the basis of these results, a mechanism of acetic and butyric acid pathways, coupled to solvent formation by C. acetobutylicum glucose fermentation is proposed.     

Effect of pH on metabolic pathway shift in fermentation of xylose by Clostridium tyrobutyricum

The effect of pH (between 5.0 and 6.3) on butyric acid fermentation of xylose by Clostridium tyrobutyricum was studied. At pH 6.3, the fermentation gave a high butyrate production of 57.9 g l(-1) with a yield of 0.38-0.59 g g(-1) xylose and a reactor productivity up to 3.19 g l(-1)h(-1). However, at low pHs (<5.7), the fermentation produced more acetate and lactate as the main products, with only a small amount of butyric acid. The metabolic shift from butyrate formation to lactate and acetate formation in the fermentation was found to be associated with changes in the activities of several key enzymes. The activities of phosphotransbutyrylase (PTB), which is the key enzyme controlling butyrate formation, and NAD-independent lactate dehydrogenase (iLDH), which catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate, were higher in cells producing mainly butyrate at pH 6.3. In contrast, cells at pH 5.0 had higher activities of phosphotransacetylase (PTA), which is the key enzyme controlling acetate formation, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), which catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. Also, PTA was very sensitive to the inhibition by butyric acid. Difference in the specific metabolic rate of xylose at different pHs suggests that the balance in NADH is a key in controlling the metabolic pathway used by the cells in the fermentation.     

Construction and characterization of ack deleted mutant of Clostridium tyrobutyricum for enhanced butyric acid and hydrogen production

Clostridium tyrobutyricum produces butyrate, acetate, H(2), and CO(2) as its main fermentation products from glucose and xylose. To improve butyric acid and hydrogen production, integrational mutagenesis was used to create a metabolically engineered mutant with inactivated ack gene, encoding acetate kinase (AK) associated with the acetate formation pathway. A non-replicative plasmid containing the acetate kinase gene (ack) fragment was constructed and introduced into C. tyrobutyricum by electroporation. Integration of the plasmid into the homologous region on the chromosome should inactivate the target ack gene and produce ack-deleted mutant, PAK-Em. Enzyme activity assays showed that the AK activity in PAK-Em decreased by approximately 50%; meanwhile, phosphotransacetylase (PTA) and hydrogenase activities each increased by approximately 40%. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results showed that the expression of protein with approximately 32 kDa molecular mass was reduced significantly in the mutant. Compared to the wild type, the mutant grew more slowly at pH 6.0 and 37 degrees C, with a lower specific growth rate of 0.14 h(-1) (vs 0.21 h(-1) for the wild type), likely due to the partially impaired PTA-AK pathway. However, the mutant produced 23.5% more butyrate (0.42 vs 0.34 g/g glucose) at a higher final concentration of 41.7 g/L (vs 19.98 g/L) as a result of its higher butyrate tolerance as indicated in the growth kinetics study using various intial concentrations of butyrate in the media. The mutant also produced 50% more hydrogen (0.024 g/g) from glucose than the wild type. Immobilized-cell fermentation of PAK-Em in a fibrous-bed bioreactor (FBB) further increased the final butyric acid concentration (50.1 g/L) and the butyrate yield (0.45 g/g glucose). Furthermore, in the FBB fermentation at pH 5.0 with xylose as the substrate, only butyric acid was produced by the mutant, whereas the wild type produced large amounts of acetate (0.43 g/g xylose) and lactate (0.61 g/g xylose) and little butyrate (0.05 g/g xylose), indicating a dramatic metabolic pathway shift caused by the ack deletion in the mutant.     

Extractive fermentation for butyric acid production from glucose by Clostridium tyrobutyricum

A novel extractive fermentation for butyric acid production from glucose, using immobilized cells of Clostridium tyrobutyricum in a fibrous bed bioreactor, was developed by using 10% (v/v) Alamine 336 in oleyl alcohol as the extractant contained in a hollow-fiber membrane extractor for selective removal of butyric acid from the fermentation broth. The extractant was simultaneously regenerated by stripping with NaOH in a second membrane extractor. The fermentation pH was self-regulated by a balance between acid production and removal by extraction, and was kept at approximately pH 5.5 throughout the study. Compared with conventional fermentation, extractive fermentation resulted in a much higher product concentration (>300 g/L) and product purity (91%). It also resulted in higher reactor productivity (7.37 g/L. h) and butyric acid yield (0.45 g/g). Without on-line extraction to remove the acid products, at the optimal pH of 6.0, the final butyric acid concentration was only approximately 43.4 g/L, butyric acid yield was 0.423 g/g, and reactor productivity was 6.77 g/L. h. These values were much lower at pH 5.5: 20.4 g/L, 0.38 g/g, and 5.11 g/L. h, respectively. The improved performance for extractive fermentation can be attributed to the reduced product inhibition by selective removal of butyric acid from the fermentation broth. The solvent was found to be toxic to free cells in suspension, but not harmful to cells immobilized in the fibrous bed. The process was stable and provided consistent long-term performance for the entire 2-week period of study.     

Effects of extractive fermentation on butyric acid production byClostridium acetobutylicum

Summary The addition of an oleyl alcohol extractant to a batch fermentation of glucose byClostridium acetobutylicum resulted in a concentration profile that was distinctly different from the non-extractive control fermentation. The concentration of butyric acid increased and subsequently decreased in the control fermentation. The concentration of butyric acid increased but did not subsequently decrease in the oleyl alcohol extractive fermentation. The production of butyric acid was found to have been prolonged into the solventogenic phase in the oleyl alcohol extractive fermentation. Butyric acid was continually replenished from glucose while it was being converted to butanol. Supplementation of exogenous acetic and butyric acids, the metabolic uncoupler carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone, or decanol to the oleyl alcohol extractive fermentation helped to reinstate the normal butyric acid concentration profile. These findings are discussed with respect to the effects of these additives on the pH ofC. acetobutylicum and its importance with regard to the production of butyric acid.     

Regulation of acetate kinase and butyrate kinase by acids in Clostridium acetobutylicum

Abstract The effects of acetic acid and butyric acid on acetate kinase, butyrate kinase and acetoacetate decarboxylase levels are studied. It is shown that acetate kinase biosynthesis is regulated by acetic acid whereas butyric acid has no effect. Acetate kinase specific activity is found to be maximal at the beginning of the fermentation, and decreases as acetic acid concentration increases in the medium. Butyrate kinase is not regulated by the end-product acids; its specific activity is constant during the fermentation. In the presence of acetic acid, acetoacetate decarboxylase biosynthesis represents a 4-fold increase in activity over a culture without acetate and a 1.7-fold increase over that obtained in presence of butyrate. The technique of fermentation used allows us to show that bacterial growth and solventogenesis may occur simultaneously.     

Adaptive evolution for fast growth on glucose and the effects on the regulation of glucose transport system in Clostridium tyrobutyricum

Laboratory adaptive evolution of microorganisms offers the possibility of relating acquired mutations to increased fitness of the organism under the conditions used. By combining a fibrous-bed bioreactor, we successfully developed a simple and valuable adaptive evolution strategy in repeated-batch fermentation mode with high initial substrate concentration and evolved Clostridium tyrobutyricum mutant with significantly improved butyric acid volumetric productivity up to 2.25 g/(L h), which is the highest value in batch fermentation reported so far. Further experiments were conducted to pay attention to glucose transport system in consideration of the high glucose consumption rate resulted from evolution. Complete characterization and comparison of the glucose phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) were carried out in the form of toluene-treated cells and cell-free extracts derived from both C. tyrobutyricum wide-type and mutant, while an alternative glucose transport route that requires glucokinase was confirmed by the phenomena of resistance to the glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose and ATP-dependent glucose phosphorylation. Our results suggest that C. tyrobutyricum mutant is defective in PTS activity and compensates for this defect with enhanced glucokinase activity, resulting in the efficient uptake and consumption of glucose during the whole metabolism.