A restriction endonuclease cleavage map of mouse mitochondrial DNA.

A restriction endonuclease cleavage map is presented for mouse mitochondrial DNA. This map was constructed by electron microscopic measurements on partial digests containing fixed D-loops, and by electrophoretic analysis of partial and complete single enzyme digests, and of double digests. No map differences were detected between mitochondrial DNA from cultured LA9 cells and an inbred mouse line for the six endonucleases used. Three cleavage sites recognized by HpaI, five sites recognized by HincII, two sites recognized PstI and four sites recognized by BamI were located with respect to the origin of replication and the EcoRI and HinIII sites previously determined by others. No cleavages were produced by KpnI or SalI. The migration of linear DNA with a molecular weight greater than 1 X 10(6) was not a linear function of log molecular weight in 1% agarose gels run at 6.6 volts/cm.     

The restriction endonuclease cleavage map of rat liver mitochondrial DNA.

Mitochondrial DNA from rat liver contains six sites for cleavage by the restriction endonucleases Hind III and EcoRI. A large stretch of DNA, comprising about 40% of the mitochondrial genome is not cleaved by either of the enzymes; eight cleavage sites are located on a DNA stretch of 35% of the genome length suggestive of an unequal distribution of the A - T baspairs over the molecule. The number of Hind III and Eco R I fragments is much higher than reported for other mammalian mitochondrial DNAs up to now.     

A restriction map of Xenopus laevis mitochondrial DNA

The mitochondrial DNA from Xenopus laevis is a 17.4 x 10(3)-base-pair circular DNA molecule. The mapping of this DNA, using 19 different restriction endonucleases is reported here. The sites are as follows: 1 for BamHI, PstI, SacI, SalI, BalI; 2 for BglII, SacII, EcoRI, ClaI, 3 for XhoI, 4 for AvaI, XbaI, PvuII, 5 for HindIII, 6 for HhaI, BclI, HpaI, 10 for AvaII and 11 for HincII. The same sites (except for one of the two ClaI sites) are observed in the molecule cloned in pBR322 DNA. The fragments corresponding to 62 cleavage sites have all been ordered and precisely located. They provide suitable conditions for further investigations connected with the study of replication and nucleotide sequence determination of this molecule.     

Revisiting the mouse mitochondrial DNA sequence

The existence of reliable mtDNA reference sequences for each species is of great relevance in a variety of fields, from phylogenetic and population genetics studies to pathogenetic determination of mtDNA variants in humans or in animal models of mtDNA-linked diseases. We present compelling evidence for the existence of sequencing errors on the current mouse mtDNA reference sequence. This includes the deletion of a full codon in two genes, the substitution of one amino acid on five occasions and also the involvement of tRNA and rRNA genes. The conclusions are supported by: (i) the re-sequencing of the original cell line used by Bibb and Clayton, the LA9 cell line, (ii) the sequencing of a second L-derivative clone (L929), and (iii) the comparison with 12 other mtDNA sequences from live mice, 10 of them maternally related with the mouse from which the L cells were generated. Two of the latest sequences are reported for the first time in this study (Balb/cJ and C57BL/6J). In addition, we found that both the LA9 and L929 mtDNAs also contain private clone polymorphic variants that, at least in the case of L929, promote functional impairment of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Conse quently, the mtDNA of the strain used for the mouse genome project (C57BL/6J) is proposed as the new standard for the mouse mtDNA sequence.     

The use of restriction endonucleases to compare mitochondrial dna sequences in Mus musculus: A detailed restriction map of mitochondrial DNA from mouse L cells

The complete mitochondrial genome of a chloramphenicol-resistant, oligomycin-resistant mouse L cell has been cloned in E. coli. Using fragments of this DNA, purified by preparative agarose gel electrophoresis, we have mapped 139 restriction sites cleaved by 15 endonucleases. We have then compared the positions of these sites with those found in mtDNA purified from several other L-cell lines, from the tissue of several strains of laboratory mice, and from a plasmid containing mtDNA of a single, wild Mus musculus sample. The results indicate that all of the L-cell mtDNAs are identical except at a single EcoRI site, and that the L-cell sequence is identical to that found in mtDNA from normal tissue. They also suggest that mtDNA sequences found in North American Mus musculus populations may be much more homogeneous than expected from analysis of other rodents.     

Methylation pattern of mouse mitochondrial DNA.

The pattern of methylation of mouse mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was studied using several techniques. By employing a sensitive analytical procedure it was possible to show that this DNA contains the modified base 5-methylcytosine (m5Cyt). This residue occurred exclusively at the dinucleotide sequence CpG at a frequency of 3 to 5%. The pattern of methylation was further investigated by determining the state of methylation of several MspI (HpaII) sites. Different sites were found to be methylated to a different extent, implying that methylation of mtDNA is nonrandom. Based on the known base composition and nucleotide sequence of mouse mtDNA, the dinucleotide sequence CpG was found to be underrepresented in this DNA. The features of mtDNA methylation (CpG methylation, partial methylation of specific sites and CpG underrepresentation) are also characteristic of vertebrate nuclear DNA. This resemblance may reflect functional relationship between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes.     

Isolation,physical map and gene map of mitochondrial DNA from the cryptomonad Pyrenomonas salina

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the cryptomonad Pyrenomonas salina was isolated by CsCl-buoyant density centrifugation of whole-cell DNA in the presence of Hoechst dye 33258. mtDNA consists of circular molecules about 47 kb in size as estimated from restriction enzyme analysis. A physical map for six restriction enzymes (Bam HI, Bge I, Eco RI, Pst I, Sac I and Sac I) has been constructed. Genes coding for the small subunit of rRNA, cytochrome oxidase subunits I and II, and apocytochrome b were localized on this map using Southern blot hybridization with heterologous gene probes from Oenothera. Genes for 5S rRNA and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 are absent from P. salina mtDNA. The mitochondrial genome, being the first analysed to this extent in chromophytic algae, should be valuable for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.