烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸和Sirtuins在衰老和疾病中的作用

烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NAD⁺)作为氧化还原反应的重要辅酶,是能量代谢的核心。NAD⁺也是非氧化还原NAD⁺依赖性酶的共底物,包括沉默信息调节因子(Sirtuins)、聚ADP-核糖聚合酶(poly ADP-ribose polymerases, PARPs)、CD38/CD157胞外酶等。NAD⁺已成为细胞信号转导和细胞存活的关键调节剂。最近的研究表明,Sirtuins催化多种NAD⁺依赖性反应,包括去乙酰化、脱酰基化和ADP-核糖基化。Sirtuins催化活性取决于NAD⁺水平的高低。因此,Sirtuins是细胞代谢和氧化还原状态关键传感器。哺乳动物中已经鉴定并表征了7个Sirtuins家族成员(SIRT1-7),其参与炎症、细胞生长、生理节律、能量代谢、神经元功能、应激反应和健康衰老等多种生理过程。本文归纳了NAD⁺的生理浓度及状态、NAD⁺     

烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸合成相关酶有助于1,4-丁二醇转化为4-羟基丁酸

4-羟基丁酸(4-HB)不仅具有医学应用价值,而且是合成生物材料P3HB4HB的重要前体.在烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD)参与情况下,大肠杆菌Escherichia coli S17-1(pZL-dhaT-aldD)可以把1,4-丁二醇(1,4-BD)转化为4HB.为提高4HB产率,通过过表达烟酸磷酸核糖转移酶(PncB)和烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸合成酶(NadE)增加胞内NAD含量,从而加速1,4-BD转化反应的进行.结果表明,PncB-NadE的表达使1,4-BD转化率比对照组增加13.03％,由10g/L的1,4-BD得到4.87 g/L的4HB,单位细胞的4HB产量由1.32 g/g提高40.91％至1.86 g/g.因此PncB和NadE可用于促进1,4-BD转化为4HB.     

腺嘌呤核苷酸及代谢产物在调节糖脂代谢稳态中的作用

糖脂代谢是高等生命体最基本的代谢活动,其过程受到环境和遗传的影响,并在器官、细胞和分子等不同水平上得到精确调控。脂质的过度摄取和积累导致肥胖,诱导糖代谢调节的失控,从而形成胰岛素抵抗和高血糖等代谢综合征。本文综述了游离脂肪酸诱导靶细胞释放腺嘌呤核苷酸的相关研究,回顾了过去数十年关于正常和特殊生理状态下腺嘌呤核苷酸信号发生、转导和作用方式的研究成果,提出了腺嘌呤核苷酸及其代谢产物是脂质代谢和糖代谢相互调节过程中的介导因子,其在2型糖尿病发生、发展中可能承担新角色。     

辅酶Ⅰ体内代谢调控研究进展

辅酶Ⅰ——烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD⁺）是一种在糖酵解、糖异生、三羧酸循环及呼吸链中发挥重要作用的辅酶,广泛参与DNA修复、组蛋白去乙酰化等生命过程。近年来研究表明NAD⁺合成的前体和中间化合物（具有维生素B3活性的烟酸、烟酰胺、烟酰胺核苷和烟酰胺单核苷酸）在预防糙皮病、延缓衰老,治疗神经和心血管多种疾病、调节胰岛素分泌、调控mRNA的表达等方面具有重要疗效。着重介绍了辅酶Ⅰ体内的合成代谢以及参与的调节衰老进程,以期为利用合成生物学技术在大肠杆菌中富集NAD⁺中间化合物提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

β-烟酰胺单核苷酸功能与合成研究进展

β-烟酰胺单核苷酸(nicotinamide mononucleotide,NMN)是辅酶I——NAD~+(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)合成的关键中间体,存在于各种生物体内。NAD~+广泛参与体内多种反应,对人体健康起着非常重要的作用。服用烟酰胺单核苷酸后可以快速提升体内NAD~+水平,从而在体内起到多种关键功能。近年来,研究NMN为年龄相关性功能衰退和疾病的发病机制提供了许多重要的见解。研究发现NMN具有多种功能作用,例如抗衰老,促进心脑健康等。NMN已经成为保健品、食品原料等领域研究的热点,其市场容量增长迅速,目前已有多种以NMN为主要成分的保健品上市销售。基于NMN持续火热的研究态势以及未来巨大的市场预期,本文较为系统地综述了NMN的研究背景、作用机理、保健功能、全球品牌产品、主要的化学方法与生物学方法的合成路线等,旨在为普及以及推动NMN在人类健康领域的研究和应用提供参考。     

NAD^+与细胞衰老

烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,NAD^+)作为糖酵解、三羧酸循环和氧化磷酸化中关键酶的辅助因子,参与了细胞的物质代谢、能量合成、损伤DNA的修复等多种生理病理过程。近年来越来越多的研究发现,细胞内NAD^+水平在机体或细胞衰老过程中呈明显下降趋势,而补充NAD^+能延缓细胞/机体的衰老,使NAD^+及其前体物质在细胞衰老中的作用受到广泛关注。该文就NAD^+及其前体物质与细胞代谢、衰老的关系及相关分子机制研究的最新进展进行综述,以期深入认识NAD^+与细胞衰老的内在联系,为细胞衰老相关的基础及应用研究提供理论参考。     

腺嘌呤核苷酸化合物对多型核白细胞内[Ca~(2+)]_i的影响

为了探讨腺嘌呤核苷酸化合物对多型核白细胞内［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的影响,本文采用ＡＴＰ和ＡＤＰ激活此类白细胞,并用Ｆｕｒａ－２双波长荧光法测定细胞内游离钙浓度的变化。结果表明,ＡＴＰ和ＡＤＰ能激活多型核白细胞,引起细胞内［Ｃａ２＋］ｉ的明显升高。多型核白细胞对ＡＴＰ和ＡＤＰ具有不同的敏感性。在较低的激活剂浓度（１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）下,此类白细胞对ＡＤＰ更敏感;而在较高的激活剂浓度（１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）下,此类白细胞对ＡＴＰ更敏感。另外,多型核白细胞被ＡＤＰ激活后能再度被ＡＴＰ所激活,而被ＡＴＰ激活后不能再被ＡＤＰ激活,表明ＡＴＰ和ＡＤＰ对此类白细胞的作用机制不同。     

关键酶基因转录水平对重组大肠杆菌合成NAD+的影响

【目的】烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)是生物体内一种重要的辅因子,其细胞内含量对于NAD⁺依赖型氧化还原反应和有关生化合成代谢具有重要意义。为强化辅因子合成,本文通过不同诱导条件下关键酶基因转录水平与产物合成水平的相关性分析,利用增加正向关键酶基因拷贝数策略提高胞内氧化型辅酶NAD+的浓度。【方法】以实验室前期构建的大肠杆菌NA016为出发菌株,分别从诱导温度、诱导剂浓度、诱导时机三个方面进行了诱导条件的优化,并利用实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR)技术对代谢改造中的有关过表达基因进行了转录水平分析,确定了NAD+~含量与这些过表达基因转录水平之间的相关性,增加对NAD⁺合成代谢具有正向作用的基因拷贝数以进一步提高胞内NAD+水平。【结果】通过诱导条件优化实验确定菌株NA016的最适诱导温度,在诱导时机为OD600达到0.6时加入0.8mmol/L的IPTG可使胞内NAD+含量提高35.37%;转录水平方面分析发现基因nadE和pncB的表达对NAD+的合成具有正向调节作用。进一步...     

槲皮素对节律钟基因的调控研究*

目的:探讨槲皮素对节律钟基因表达的影响。方法:通过50%的马血清刺激诱导人骨肉瘤U2OS细胞同步化,利用槲皮素处理同步化后的U2OS细胞。进一步利用荧光定量PCR检测节律钟关键基因的变化。利用western blot检测槲皮素对组蛋白乙酰化的影响,并且通过试剂盒测定槲皮素对细胞内氧化型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD+)的影响。通过尼克酰胺和槲皮素同时处理U2OS细胞,利用荧光定量PCR检测节律钟关键基因的变化。结果:U2OS细胞经过槲皮素处理后节律钟关键基因芳烃受体核转位蛋白3(brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1,BMAL1),节律周期蛋白2(Period 2, PER2),孤儿核受体alpha(REV-ERBα)和蓝光受体蛋白1(Cryptochrome 1,CRY1)在转录水平的表达水平有明显的升高。槲皮素处理可以显著降低U2OS细胞的组蛋白乙酰化的水平,并且显著升高U2OS细胞内的氧化型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸的水平。进一步研究发现,尼克酰胺(Nicotinamide,NAM)处理完全抑制了槲皮素对节律基因的影响。结论:槲皮素显著地激活了节律钟关键基因的mRNA表达水平,槲皮素对于节律基因的调控依赖于Sirtuins的活性,其机制可能是由于槲皮素增加了细胞内的氧化型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸的水平所导致。     

A Metaphosphate-dependent Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Kinase from Brevibacterium ammoniagenes

The enzyme utilizing metaphosphate for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphorylation was purified 500-fold from B. ammoniagenes and its properties were studied. The isolated enzyme appeared homogeneous on disc gel electrophoresis; its molecular weight was determined to be 9.0 × 10⁴ by gel filtration. This enzyme specifically phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide at the optimum pH at 6.0. Of phosphoryl donors tested, metaphosphate was most effective for the reaction, and adenosine-5′-triphosphate was less effective. The activity was inhibited by adenosine-5′-monophosphate, adenosine-5′-diphosphate or reduced pyridine nucleotides. The enzyme did not exhibit catalytic activity in the absence of a divalent cation. We concluded that the enzyme phosphorylating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the presence of metaphosphate is distinct from adenosine-5′-triphosphate-dependent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase, and tentatively designated it metaphosphate-dependent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase.     

Increasing NAD Synthesis in Muscle via Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Is Not Sufficient to Promote Oxidative Metabolism

The NAD biosynthetic precursors nicotinamide mononucleotide and nicotinamide riboside are reported to confer resistance to metabolic defects induced by high fat feeding in part by promoting oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle. Similar effects are obtained by germ line deletion of major NAD-consuming enzymes, suggesting that the bioavailability of NAD is limiting for maximal oxidative capacity. However, because of their systemic nature, the degree to which these interventions exert cell- or tissue-autonomous effects is unclear. Here, we report a tissue-specific approach to increase NAD biosynthesis only in muscle by overexpressing nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, the rate-limiting enzyme in the salvage pathway that converts nicotinamide to NAD (mNAMPT mice). These mice display a ∼50% increase in skeletal muscle NAD levels, comparable with the effects of dietary NAD precursors, exercise regimens, or loss of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases yet surprisingly do not exhibit changes in muscle mitochondrial biogenesis or mitochondrial function and are equally susceptible to the metabolic consequences of high fat feeding. We further report that chronic elevation of muscle NAD in vivo does not perturb the NAD/NADH redox ratio. These studies reveal for the first time the metabolic effects of tissue-specific increases in NAD synthesis and suggest that critical sites of action for supplemental NAD precursors reside outside of the heart and skeletal muscle.     

Photoregulation of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Kinase Activity in Cell-free Extracts

This article gives evidence that NAD kinase activity is controlled by the action of phytochrome. The NADP level rapidly increased in the cotyledons of seedlings of Pharbitis nil strain Violet (a short day plant), when the inductive dark for flowering was interrupted with a 5-minute illumination of red light. Illumination with far red light immediately after illumination with red light counteracted partly the effect of the latter.     

Kinetics of Activation of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Kinase by Phytochrome-Far Red-absorbing Form

The effects of exogenous redox cofactors and purine analogues on the activation of the NAD kinase by Pfr were examined. Addition of phenazine methosulfate, flavin mononucleotide, or methylene blue increased the activation of NAD kinase by red light in a partially purified preparation of phytochrome. Phenazine methosulfate and flavin mononucleotide do not absorb light in the red or far red region, so they do not act as light receptors in this activation. Thus they probably intervene in electron transfer between phytochrome and NAD kinase. Addition of kinetin with these compounds increased photopotentiation further. In the presence of phenazine methosulfate and kinetin, the activation of NAD kinase by red light was counteracted by illumination with far red light immediately after red light.     

Levels of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide in Facultative Bacteria and the Effect of Oxygen

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and reduced NAD (NADH) levels have been measured in bacterial cultures. The cofactors were assayed by using the very sensitive cycling assay described previously by Cartier. Control experiments showed that the level of total NAD(H) falls during harvesting, and so samples were taken quickly from growing cultures and extracted immediately without separating the cells from the medium. Total NAD(H) ranged from 4.0 to 11.7 mumoles/g of dry cells for three facultative organisms, Klebsiella aerogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus albus. NADH was remarkably constant in these bacteria; only one out of ten series of determinations was outside the range 1.4 to 1.9 mumoles/g of dry cells. NAD(+) showed much greater variation. An anaerobe (Clostridium welchii) had significantly more total NAD(H) whereas an aerobe Pseudomonas aeruginosa had about as much NAD(H) as the facultative organisms. NAD and NADH were measured during growth: once more NADH was much more constant than NAD. During change-over between aerobiosis and anaerobiosis, NADH showed a temporary increase but then returned to a constant level, whereas NAD changed from high aerobically to low anaerobically. These results are discussed in terms of the control mechanisms that may be involved.     

Deficiency of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase 3 (Nmnat3) Causes Hemolytic Anemia by Altering the Glycolytic Flow in Mature Erythrocytes

NAD biosynthesis is of substantial interest because of its important roles in regulating various biological processes. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 3 (Nmnat3) is considered a mitochondria-localized NAD synthesis enzyme involved in de novo and salvage pathways. Although the biochemical properties of Nmnat3 are well documented, its physiological function in vivo remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that Nmnat3 was localized in the cytoplasm of mature erythrocytes and critically regulated their NAD pool. Deficiency of Nmnat3 in mice caused splenomegaly and hemolytic anemia, which was associated with the findings that Nmnat3-deficient erythrocytes had markedly lower ATP levels and shortened lifespans. However, the NAD level in other tissues were not apparently affected by the deficiency of Nmnat3. LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics revealed that the glycolysis pathway in Nmnat3-deficient erythrocytes was blocked at a glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) step because of the shortage of the coenzyme NAD. Stable isotope tracer analysis further demonstrated that deficiency of Nmnat3 resulted in glycolysis stall and a shift to the pentose phosphate pathway. Our findings indicate the critical roles of Nmnat3 in maintenance of the NAD pool in mature erythrocytes and the physiological impacts at its absence in mice.     

Nicotinamide Phosphoribosyltransferase Promotes Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition as a Soluble Factor Independent of Its Enzymatic Activity

Boosting NAD⁺ biosynthesis with NAD⁺ intermediates has been proposed as a strategy for preventing and treating age-associated diseases, including cancer. However, concerns in this area were raised by observations that nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), a key enzyme in mammalian NAD⁺ biosynthesis, is frequently up-regulated in human malignancies, including breast cancer, suggesting possible protumorigenic effects for this protein. We addressed this issue by studying NAMPT expression and function in human breast cancer in vivo and in vitro. Our data indicate that high NAMPT levels are associated with aggressive pathological and molecular features, such as estrogen receptor negativity as well as HER2-enriched and basal-like PAM50 phenotypes. Consistent with these findings, we found that NAMPT overexpression in mammary epithelial cells induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a morphological and functional switch that confers cancer cells an increased metastatic potential. However, importantly, NAMPT-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition was found to be independent of NAMPT enzymatic activity and of the NAMPT product nicotinamide mononucleotide. Instead, it was mediated by secreted NAMPT through its ability to activate the TGFβ signaling pathway via increased TGFβ1 production. These findings have implications for the design of therapeutic strategies exploiting NAD⁺ biosynthesis via NAMPT in aging and cancer and also suggest the potential of anticancer agents designed to specifically neutralize extracellular NAMPT. Notably, because high levels of circulating NAMPT are found in obese and diabetic patients, our data could also explain the increased predisposition to cancer of these subjects.     

Specificity for Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate of Nitrate Reductase from the Salt-tolerant Alga Dunaliella parva

Nitrate reductase of the salt-tolerant alga Dunaliella parva could utilize NADPH as well as NADH as an electron donor. The two pyridine nucleotide-dependent activities could not be separated by either ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose or gel filtration on Sepharose 4B. The NADPH-dependent activity was not inhibited by phosphatase inhibitors. NADPH was not hydrolyzed to NADH and inorganic phosphate in the course of nitrate reduction. Reduction of nitrate in vitro could be coupled to a NADPH-regenerating system of glycerol and NADP-dependent glycerol dehydrogenase. It is concluded that the nitrate reductase of D. parva will function with NADPH as well as NADH. This is a unique characteristic not common to most algae.     

Production of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Glycohydrolases by Bacteria

The distribution of heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni and Cd) were investigated in various organs and tissues of striped dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba. The animals were caught alive at Taiji, on the coast of Kii Peninsula, during the open season in December 1978. Determination of the metals was made by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and significant differences of metal concentration in the positions of the muscle, blubber and skin, respectively, were observed. The front ventral muscle of matured dolphins showed the highest concentrations of Zn and Cd and lowest Fe when compared to other parts of the muscle. Most of the metals recorded relatively low concentrations in melon rather than in the other lipid layers of blubber. In skin tissue, the concentrations of Fe, Mn and Zn were significantly higher in black-colored skin than in white skin. Moreover, a difference in the concentrations of metals according to bone position was observed. In general, high concentrations of most of the metals were found in liver, kidney and bone, with low concentrations in brain and the lipid layer of blubber. Furthermore, relatively high concentrations of Cu, Mn and Zn were found in skin, and for Mn, Zn, Ni and Cd it was likewise in pancreas and the reproductive organs. Based upon these results, the nature of the organ(s) of a dolphin that has to be selected for ecological and hygienic comparison was discussed.     

Production of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide by Saccharomyces carlsbergensis

The accumulation of NAD was studied by culturing yeast in the presence of NAD precursors, Among the strains tested, Saccharomyces carlsbergensis showed the highest ability for the accumulation of NAD, Additions of pantothenate, inositol, zinc ion and fatty acids were effective for the accumulation of NAD. Under the optimal culture condition, NAD level in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis reached 42 mg per gram dry cells. Surfactants belonging to alkyl sulfate were effective on the leaking of the intracellular NAD, and about 75 mg of NAD per 100 ml was accumulated.