氟监测植物筛选的主成分分析方法

氟监测植物筛选的主成分分析方法马恩林（首都师范大学,北京１０００５３）ＵｓｅｏｆＰｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌＣｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔＡｎａｌｙｓｉｓｉｎＳｅｌｅｃｔｉｎｇＭｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇＰｌａｎｔｓｆｏｒＦｌｕｏｒｉｄｅ￥ＭａＥｎｌｉｎ（ＣａｐｉｔａｌＮｏｒｍａ...     

氟化氢熏气对植物影响的防护研究

研究采用开顶式熏气装置,用不同浓度的ＣａＣｌ２、Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２、Ｖｃ和Ｃ６Ｈ６ＣＯＯＮａ（苯甲酸钠）作为小麦的氟污染防护剂。通过实验研究了其防护效果并作了进一步的机理。实验结果表明,０．５‰Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２防护效果极显著,０．１‰Ｃａ（ＯＨ）２、１‰Ｖｃ和１‰ＣａＣｌ２也有显著的防护作用,因此,使用防护剂时掌握其浓度是至关重要的。     

植物监测大气污染及其抗性

研究了在佛山市不同污染点东村和五星盆栽的30种绿化植物的叶面积、Fv/Fm、叶片细胞膜渗漏率及光合色素含量相对于清洁对照点华南植物园的差异。结果显示,大气污染条件下,绿化植物叶片的生长受到抑制,PSⅡ最大光化学效率下降,光合色素发生降解,细胞膜受到了伤害。各实验点所有植物叶面积、Fv/Fm及光合色素含量平均值均为:植物园>五星>东村,而叶片细胞膜渗漏率平均值为:植物园<五星<东村,与大气污染程度相一致。方差分析表明,上述指标中叶面积对大气污染最敏感,Fv/Fm受种间差异影响最小。受大气污染影响,各生理参数的变化具有不相关性。各项生理参数均表现出抗性的种有白桂木(Artocarpushypargyreus)、环榕(Ficusannulata)、广宁油茶(Camelliasemiserrata);而枫香(Liquidambarformosana)为敏感种。     

蚕豆监测大气SO2污染的指标筛选研究

熏气和暴露试验表明,蚕豆叶片可见伤害症状不宜作为监测指标,超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性、抗坏血酸（ＡＳＡ）含量和游离氨基酸（ＡＡ）含量作为监测指标,其指示效果优于过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性和叶绿素含量,其中又以ＳＯＤ活性为最好,而根据以上５个指标综合评价的效果又要优于任何单个指标．     

美国湿地植物指示指标由来及应用

该文略述美国湿地植物指示指标由来并以俄亥俄州立大学湿地研究园人工实验湿地为例,详细地列出了该人工湿地建成15年后的植物及美国湿地植物指示。这个实例有助于中国的湿地恢复及保育。     

几种盐生植物抗盐生理指标的研究

研究对几种盐生植物进行了相关抗盐生理指标测定,抗盐生理指标测定结果表明：盐生植物组的功能叶中ＭＤＡ含量平均值高于非盐生植物对照组,而膜透性平均值低于对照组;盐生植物组Ｃ１＾－离子含量平均值高于对照组,可溶性糖含量平均值低于对照组,脯氨酸含量在所测３种渗透调节剂中所占比例最高,而且盐生植物组平均值高于对照组;无机渗透剂与有机渗透剂之间似有互补关系;Ｃ１＾－离子含量与肉质性存在一定正相关;盐生植物组和     

一种非破坏性监测培养植物细胞的简易方法

在研究悬浮培养中植物细胞的生长规律时,常常采用多次分批法测定生长曲线,但工作量大,且存在着个体差异,以致测定的结果有误差。为此,我们研制出一体化非破坏性监测的培养装置(图1),对剌五加体细胞胚进行培养,监测其体积增长变化,并得到剌五加体细胞胚的生长模型,现简介如下。 1 培养装置由培养的三角瓶和监测体积的量筒组成,两者的容积比为5∶2。结构简单,操作方便。     

一些敏感植物对HF暴露的反应

本文旨在以金荞麦、火炭母和水杉为材料,利用开顶式熏气装置,研究敏感植物对HF暴露的生理反应。在熏气过程中,对供试植物叶片进行了气孔阻抗、蒸腾强度、电导率和叶绿素含量的测定。实验发现,火炭母的气孔阻抗高于金荞麦,而且即便是同一种火炭母,但红叶火炭母的气孔阻抗又高于绿叶火炭母。另外,不同植物对HF敏感性上的差异同样反应在电导率比值的变化趋势和数值上。敏感植物的电导率比值均较高。作者认为,确当的选择和测定有关的生理指标是大气污染生物监测的一项重要内容。     

几种鉴定植物抗大气污染能力指标的介绍

文章从植物形态、生长和生理生化指标、cDNA微阵列技术和综合评价等方面,对鉴定植物抗大气污染的各种指标进行了评述。     

试论生态环境监测指标体系

生态环境监测是环境监测的重要组成部门,也是随着环境监测工作的发展逐渐发展壮大,是生态环境建设的技术保证和支持体系。试对生态环境监测的基本概念和监测指标的设置进行了初步探讨。     

利用红树植物监测海岸油污染方法初探

一、前言在海洋污染物中,石油污染是最普遍和最严重的一种。这种污染主要来自海上油船运输泄漏、海洋油田开发、油层自然渗出造成的远洋石油污染。近年来,随着沿海各地拆船工业的迅速发展,由于忽视环保工作或环保措施跟不上生产发展,拆船作业中大量含油压仓水排入海中,以及船只轮机部位大量存油,油垢溢     

干旱指标研究进展

干旱作为全球最为常见的自然灾害之一,已经对我国的农业生产造成了严重影响。为更好地预测影响作物的干旱并及时采取应对措施,综述了国内外广泛应用的各类干旱指标,包括气象指标、土壤墒情指标、作物生理生态指标及其它综合监测指标等,评述了各类干旱指标的优缺点以及在农业上的适用性,探讨了未来以作物干旱为核心的干旱指标研究拟重视的方面,以为减缓和预防干旱对农业的不良影响及制订科学的政策提供依据。     

大型无脊椎动物群落指数和群落数量指数在河流水质评价中的应用

本文介绍了新西兰常用的大型无脊椎动物群落指数(MCI)和大型无脊椎动物群落数量指数(QMCI)的原理及使用方法,并利用MCI和QMCI对新西兰惠灵顿地区40条河流53个监测点进行评价.结果表明:MCI和QMCI均与河流营养指标呈极显著相关关系,可用来监测和评价水体的营养污染状况;二者快速准确地监测出惠灵顿地区河流水质总体良好,但部分河流污染严重,并分析了污染的原因.MCI与QMCI存在极显著相关关系,但MCI与营养指标间的相关关系大于QMCI,可以准确地反映出水体中营养元素的富集状况.     

温度植被干旱指数在蒙古高原干旱监测中的应用

以蒙古高原为研究区,选择2000-2019年植物生长季的MODIS归一化植被指数(NDVI)和陆地表面温度(LST)构建NDVI-LST特征空间,由该特征空间计算蒙古高原温度植被干旱指数(TVDI);利用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检验及Hurst指数方法分析蒙古高原TVDI的时空...     

Novel technique for component monitoring of CO2 exchange in plants

A novel technique designed for component monitoring of CO₂ exchange in plants is described. The system is based on application of self-clamping leaf chambers connected to an open gas-exchange measuring system and on automatic recording of CO₂ concentration. This technique was implemented in a commercially available instrument, PTM-48A Photosynthesis Monitor, which provides for long-term measurements of gas exchange and for discrimination of its separate components. Furthermore, many other plant functions can be monitored during plant growth and development under laboratory, greenhouse, and field conditions.     

小麦不同生育时期Cd、Cr、Pb污染监测指标体系

以小麦为供试材料,分别采用发芽试验、溶液培养、土柱栽培等毒理试验方法,研究了小麦萌芽期、幼苗期及成株期受重金属污染毒害的指标体系。结果表明,①小麦根伸长抑制率可作为萌芽期重金属污染评价的一项生物指标;Cd、Cr、Pb对小麦根生长的7d半效应浓度(EC50)值分别为1.39、0.20mmo.lL-1和2.75mmol.L-1,据此得到3种重金属对小麦同一性状的毒性次序为CrCdPb;此外各性状抑制率与胁迫浓度的关系可用双曲线模型y=x/(a+x/100)或指数曲线模型y=a(1-exp(-bx))较好模拟。②Cd、Cr、Pb单一污染胁迫对小麦幼苗性状的毒性次序均以影响叶面积和冠部干重为主,表明叶面积和冠部干重为幼苗期污染监测的敏感指标;重金属对除根干重外所有性状的毒性次序:CrCdPb,该毒性次序是根据引起50%抑制的临界浓度即EC50值确定的;各性状抑制率与胁迫浓度的关系可用直线模型、或双曲线模型、或指数曲线模型较好模拟。③重金属单一污染胁迫造成小麦籽粒产量下降幅度是CdCrPb;二元互作对产量影响的重要性次序为CdCrCdPbCrPb;在Cd、Cr、Pb复合污染胁迫条件下,穗数可以作为成株期重金属污染监测的首选指标。以上指标可为农田小麦重金属污染的监测和综合治理提供一些理论依据。     

A potential novel source of information for screening and monitoring the impact of exotic plants on ecosystems

Exotic invasive species often affect the pools and fluxes of carbon, nutrient elements, and energy, but there are few sources of information that permit these effects to be anticipated. Some plant traits, such as growth rates and tissue nutrient content, are known to influence the ecosystem process, but information about these traits is often not available. I propose that plant secondary chemistry may be a useful trait for assessing the likelihood of ecosystem (and community) impacts. Information about such traits is readily available from several sources, rendering it a good candidate for screening and monitoring programs. Plant secondary chemicals affect a variety of ecosystem processes, largely through their direct and indirect impacts on soil microbial community composition and function. They also have well-known effects on human physiology, as evidenced in the numerous plant-derived bioactive compounds used for their medicinal and other physiological effects. There is a large amount of information available about plant secondary chemistry due to its role in herbal medicine, dietary supplements and the emerging field of nutraceuticals. This information includes databases and traditional texts in ethnobotany, plant chemistry, and alternative medicine. I review evidence that secondary compounds are widespread in invasive species and affect soil microbial communities and microbially-mediated ecosystem processes. Invasion ecology may profit from collaborations with a novel group of scientists, including those in ethnobotany, nutraceuticals, plant chemistry and alternative medicine.     

Availability of fluoride to plants grown in contaminated soils

Two pot experiments were carried out to study uptake of fluoride (F) in clover and grasses from soil. Fluoride concentrations in t Trifolium repens (white clover) and t Lolium multiflorium (ryegrass) were highly correlated with the amounts of H₂O– and 0.01 t M CaCl₂–extractable F in soil when increasing amounts of NaF were added to two uncontaminated soils (r=0.95–0.98, t p<0.001). The amounts of H₂O– or 0.01 t M CaCl₂–extractable F did not explain the F concentrations to a similar extent in t Agrostis capillaris (common bent) grown in 12 soils (Cambic Arenosols) collected from areas around the Al smelters at Å: rdal and Sunndal in Western Norway (r=0.68–0.78). This may be due to variation in soil pH and other soil properties in the 12 soils. Soil extraction with 1 t M HCl did not estimate plant–available F in the soil as well as extraction with H₂O or 0.01 t M CaCl₂. Fluoride and Al concentrations in the plant material were positively correlated in most cases. Fluoride and Ca concentrations in the plant material were negatively correlated in the first experiment. No consistent effects were found on the K or Mg concentrations in the plant material. The F accumulation in clover was higher than in the grasses. The uptake from soil by grasses was relatively low compared to the possible uptake from air around the Al smelters. The uptake of F in common bent did not exceed the recommended limit for F contents in pasture grass (30 mg kg^–1) from soil with 0.5–28 mg F(H₂O) kg^–1 soil. The concentration in ryegrass was about 50 mg F kg^–1 when grown in a highly polluted soil (28 mg F(H₂O) kg^–1 soil). Concentrations in clover exceeded 30 mg F kg^–1 even in moderately polluted soil (1.3–7 mg F(H₂O) kg^–1 soil). Liming resulted in slightly lower F concentrations in the plant material.