Consanguinity and prereproductive mortality in the Utah Mormon population

To test the effects of parental consanguinity on mortality among offspring, inbreeding coefficients were estimated for 303,675 members of the Utah Mormon population who were born between 1847 and 1945. Although consanguinity has been relatively rare in this population, the large sample size permitted the identification of more than 3,500 inbred offspring. Among the offspring of unrelated parents, 13.2% died before the age of 16. Significant elevations in prereproductive mortality were seen among the offspring of first-cousin marriages (22%) and among the offspring of closer unions (32%). The cor- responding relative risks are 1.70 (95% confidence limits = 1.52, 1.91) and 2.41 (95% confidence limits = 1.59, 3.41), respectively. Other categories of relationship did not produce significant elevations in offspring mortality. Similar results were obtained when a case-control approach was used to remove the effects of socioeconomic variation. Consistent with many other studies of populations with low consanguinity rates, this population experienced a relatively high absolute increase in mortality among the offspring of first-cousin marriages (9%). Preliminary evidence is offered for the hypothesis that mortality differentials are larger in populations with low inbreeding and low mortality because nongenetic causes of death do not obscure the effects of consanguinity.     

Geographic, demographic and inbreeding patterns in a Basque mountainous region of Guipuzcoa

The Goierri, a mountain region within the Basque Hills of Guipúzcoa, includes one of the most culturally controlled autochthonous populations within the Basque area, mainly from linguistic point of view. The effects of geography and demographic changes (1862–1995) on consanguinity variables over its 21 Municipalities have been investigated. Rates of consanguineous marriages and mean inbreeding levels recorded in some of the southern villages can be considered high but, average values for the entire region were lowered due to the early industrialization of the province. In spite of that, consanguinity in the study area has been, for a long time, a prevailing and conspicuous phenomenon when compared to the other Guipúzcoa regions. The impact of marriages between first cousins from immigrant groups on the regional inbreeding levels represents an interesting result as well. Geographic and demographic factors seem to be related both to the extent of marriages as well as to the number of potential mates within populations, which, in turn, are associated with mean inbreeding levels. Altitude seems to show weak relationship with population distribution and population consanguinity variables. Nevertheless, levels of endogamy appear positively correlated with consanguinity rates and mean inbreeding coefficient and, inversely related-but not statistically significant- to mean village sizes. First cousin marriages yield the highest levels of exogamy and exogamous M22 marriages were mostly concentrated within short (1–10 km) and long-range marital distances (>50 km). The aveaage values of Goierri have been compared with a consanguinity data set of some selected Spanish mountain populations taken from the literature. One of the main results is that geographic and demographic variables are poorly correlated with the most important inbreeding parameters. However, different clusters of populations can be observed with specific characteristics for each of them, not highly correlated with geography.     

The Effect of Inbreeding on Mortality and Morbidity among Telugu-speaking Populations of Kharagpur, West Bengal, India

Increased mortality and morbidity including congenital malformations among the offspring of consanguineous marriages have been widely reported in human populations from different parts of the world. However, there are few studies on the effect of the intensity of inbreeding and different degrees of inbreeding on mortality and morbidity. The present study is an attempt to examine the effects of inbreeding on mortality and morbidity including congenital disorders in different levels of inbreeding among Telugu-speaking populations of Kharagpur, West Bengal, India, based on data collected through extensive pedigrees. The study reveals that the frequency of spontaneous abortions and stillbirths is higher in the offspring of consanguineous marriages than in that of non-consanguineous marriages. A similar effect is also observed in the infant mortality rate, which is known to have a genetic component, but is not seen in the mortality rate of children and juveniles. The rate of morbidity is consistently higher in the offspring of consanguineous marriages with a sex bias in favour of inbred females. The increased morbidity rates in inbred individuals tend to be inversely correlated with the increase in average autosomal inbreeding coefficient. This appears to strengthen Sanghvi’s hypothesis of a decline in the frequency of deleterious genes with intensification of inbreeding through generations. The present study also confirms an increase in genetic disorders with an increase in inbreeding in almost all populations.     

Isolation and marriage patterns in four South Tyrolean villages (Italy) during the nineteenth century

No information is currently available on the marriage patterns of German-speaking communities of the South Tyrol area. The aim of this study is to investigate the reproductive isolation of four South Tyrolean mountain villages during the 19th century. Data about 3953 marriages were drawn from existing pedigrees and completed with data from the parish registers of the studied villages to calculate the following indicators: age at marriage, endogamy, inbreeding from dispensations and from isonymy and repeated pairs of surnames among couples. The results show high levels of endogamy (78-87%) and an elevated age at marriage in all the studied villages. The percentages of consanguineous marriages (10-33%) vary considerably but result overall in relatively low inbreeding values (alpha 0.0015-0.0036; Ft 0.0098-0.0138). Levels of endogamy are consistent with the geographic characteristics of the area, while inbreeding values are lower than those observed in previous studies on Alpine communities. This is due to a low frequency of marriages between close relatives, probably related to the peculiar demographic and cultural characteristics of the studied populations that differentiate them from neighbouring Italian-speaking villages.     

Distribution of HLA antigens in Kotas and Badagas of the Nilgiri Hills, South India

Blood samples from 103 Kotas and 58 Badagas residing in the Nilgiri Hills, South India, were examined for HLA-A and -B antigen profiles. The Kota group was characterized by fairly high frequencies of A2 and B7 antigens as well as the haplotype A2-B7. The frequencies of Aw19, A28, and Bw22 were found to be higher in Badagas than in Kotas. The results are compared with the literature available on other Indian populations.     

Analysis of marital structure in Massachusetts using repeating pairs of surnames.

Analysis of surnames from marriages is now a well-established method in the study of marital and genetic structure. Traditional methods of partitioning inbreeding into random and nonrandom components rely on the total number of isonymous marriages. Because this number is often low, standard errors of inbreeding estimates tend to be high. Lasker and Kaplan (1985) devised a method that circumvents this problem by focusing on the total number of repeating pairs (RP) of surnames among marriages. The observed value of RP can be compared with the value expected at random (RPr) to assess patterns of subdivision within a population. The RP method is applied here to data from 3431 marriages that took place from 1800 to 1849 in 4 Massachusetts towns. The level of excess RP [(RP-RPr)/RPr] is positively associated with population size and exogamy rate. These results indicate a tendency for greater relative subdivision in larger, more exogamous populations. One possible reason for increased subdivision is preferential marriage by social class, although adequate data are not available for a test of this hypothesis.     

Ancestral consanguinity and mortality among three endogamous populations of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India

Consanguineous marriages have been practiced around the globe by many societies from time immemorial, particularly in South India. Consanguineous marriages play a major role in the health of a population, and diseases leading to mortality of the progeny are a consequence of detrimental recessive genes. To evaluate the effects of ancestral consanguinity on mortality in relation to consanguineous marriage, we have ascertained data from 1,500 women belonging to three endogamous communities (Akuthota Reddy, Odde, and Madiga) of Chittoor District, Andhra Pradesh, India. There were 500 women from each community. For each marriage we drew a family pedigree, extended upward to two earlier generations on either side of the spouses, to determine the prevalence and pattern of consanguinity, with detailed information on fertility and mortality. We observed a significant difference in the mortality rates between consanguineous and nonconsanguineous marriages when all the marriages of the women, women's parents, and (women's) husband's parents were considered in all three communities. In inbreeding, the offspring of earlier generations might have passed on deleterious genes to later generations (under unfavorable conditions), which resulted in a negative aspect of reproduction (among the offspring of the present couple).     

Population genetics of the population of the European north of the RSFSR. IV. The level of blood relationship in 5 villages of Pinega District, Archangel Province]

Computer program "RODAN-1" is used for inbreeding coefficient estimation. The population studied consists of two communities of 5 villages. 385 marriages were computed. The coefficient of inbreeding is 0.00145 for pedigree for rural Russian population (the Arkhangelsk region). The inverse dependence between a village size and corresponding data of inbreeding coefficient is suggested. An attempt was undertaken to estimate the genealogical information value for each pedigree and average information value for a village.     

Insertion/deletion polymorphisms in tribal populations of southern India and their possible evolutionary implications

India has the unique distinction of having perhaps the largest diversities, both biological and cultural. The Nilgiri Hills of southern India, a home for several tribal pockets representing different genetic isolates, provides a genetic wealth to understand human evolution. We have analyzed eight widely distributed polymorphic insertion/deletion loci (AluAPO, AluACE, AluDI, AluPLAT, AluPV92, AluFXIIIB, CD4 del and mtNUC) in 250 unrelated individuals from five tribal populations (Badaga, Irula, Kota, Kurumba, and Toda). All loci were highly polymorphic except the CD4 del locus, at which the deletion allele was fixed in Kotas and Kurumbas. The levels of average heterozygosities were found to be high in all the populations. In most populations, they were also higher than those predicted by the island model of population structure. The gene diversity (GST = 8.3%) was found to be higher than that in populations of most global regions with the exception of Africa. It is clear from the present study that drift effects could have accentuated the process of genetic differentiation of the tribal populations. The possibility of an early demographic expansion of modern humans within south India also cannot be ruled out.     

Medicogenetic study of isolates in Uzbekistan. I. Statement of the problem and characteristics of the groups studied]

The paper comprises results of studying some demographic and populaton characteristics of the inhabitans of the Samarkand region as a whole and two villages, Karakent and Ishan, inhabited with Uzbeks-Khoja, a special religious-social caste in the past. It is shown that 87.4% of marriages in the Samarkand region are of international character (the information has been obtained on 7995 married couples). The frequency of consanguineous marriages is 11.6%, and among them 40.5% are first-cousin marriages and 39.1% are marriages of remote relatives. The coefficients of inbreeding are rather high among the Jewish, Tajik and Uzbek communities. The coefficient of inbreeding as a whole is F=0.0042 in this region and approaches to the maximal level, characterizing a panmix population. The average size of a family in the villages of Karakent and Ishan is approximately 4.0 persons. The values of reproductive performance, the nature of termination of pregnancies do not differ from those of panmix population. The percentage of intravillage and consanguineous marriages are 56% and 12.5% for the first village, and 25% and 2% for the second one respectively. The coefficient of inbreeding for karakent is F=0.0064, for Ishan--F=0.0014. Taking into consideration the historical development of the two villages and the cumulative data, the conclusion is drawn that Karakent is an isolate on a religious ground whereas Ishan is a disintegrated isolate.     

Inbreeding levels in Northeast Brazil: Strategies for the prospecting of new genetic disorders

A new autosomal recessive genetic condition, the SPOAN syndrome (an acronym for spastic paraplegia, optic atrophy and neuropathy syndrome), was recently discovered in an isolated region of the State of Rio Grande do Norte in Northeast Brazil, in a population that was identified by the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) as belonging to the Brazilian communities with the highest rates of "deficiencies" (Neri, 2003), a term used to describe diseases, malformations, and handicaps in general. This prompted us to conduct a study of consanguinity levels in five of its municipal districts by directly interviewing their inhabitants. Information on 7,639 couples (corresponding to about 40% of the whole population of the studied districts) was obtained. The research disclosed the existence of very high frequencies of consanguineous marriages, which varied from about 9% to 32%, suggesting the presence of a direct association between genetic diseases such as the SPOAN syndrome, genetic drift and inbreeding levels. This fact calls for the introduction of educational programs for the local populations, as well as for further studies aiming to identify and characterize other genetic conditions. Epidemiological strategies developed to collect inbreeding data, with the collaboration of health systems available in the region, might be very successful in the prospecting of genetic disorders.     

Limited inbreeding depression in a bottlenecked population is age but not environment dependent

Inbreeding depression is known to vary greatly between populations and among species. Some of this variation is due to differences in genetic load between populations, while some is due to differences in the environment (e.g. local weather conditions) or demography of the population (e.g. age structure and breeding experience) in which inbreeding is expressed. Although the effects of these factors in isolation are well understood, there is still relatively little known about the interface between inbreeding on one hand, and environment and demography on the other in wild populations. We examined how environmental and demographic factors mediated the effects of inbreeding in a threatened species of bird. The Stewart Island robin, Petroica australis rakiura, has been subjected to a prolonged bottleneck for over 150 years. A complete pedigree of a reintroduced island population, extending back seven seasons to its founding, was available for analysis along with survival data (at the level of the brood) obtained from intensive monitoring over two breeding seasons. We found no strong support that the degree to which a brood was inbred affected its survival at either the hatching, fledging or recruitment stages. The inbreeding coefficient of the mother did have an effect on brood survival when analysed over all three life history stages, but only as a result of an interaction with female age, with broods of one‐year‐old inbred females suffering greater mortality than those of older inbred females. Although habitat type, temperature, rainfall and year were the best predictors of brood survival for most life history stages, their effects were weak and there were no interactions with inbreeding. Furthermore, there was no strong evidence of inbreeding depression associated with two periods of severe weather. This population is atypical in that inbreeding depression appears to be weak even under severe environmental conditions, and may be indicative that this bottlenecked population has either reduced genetic load or has fixed deleterious alleles.     

The prevalence of consanguineous marriages in an underserved area in Lebanon and its association with congenital anomalies

Background: Consanguinity is a recognized common practice among marriages in the Middle East. Many studies have suggested a strong association between first cousin marriages and the incidence of autosomal recessive diseases and congenital anomalies. The objectives of this study were to study the prevalence of consanguinity among the marriages of Bekaa (a region in Lebanon) with its sociodemographic correlates, and to assess the prevalence of congenital anomalies associated with these marriages. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study done in three of the major areas of the Bekaa region. The sample size consisted of 552 households chosen based on proportionate random sampling according to population size in each area. The survey was conducted based on face-to-face interview with a member of the couples of each household. Results: The overall prevalence of consanguineous marriages was reported to be 42% with first cousin marriage constituting around 31% of the total marriages. No association was found between different socioeconomic status (SES) correlates and first cousin marriages. Results showed a significant association between first cousin marriage and mental retardation, physical retardation, bilateral cleft lip +/- cleft palate, cystic fibrosis, and congenital blindness. Conclusion: In a population with a high degree of inbreeding, the formulation of a public health program with multiapproach strategy, including education about the anticipated genetic consequences, prenatal diagnosis, neonatal screening, and genetic counseling, is a necessity.     

Inbreeding in Gredos mountain range (Spain): contribution of multiple consanguinity and intervalley variation.

The present paper examines consanguineous marriages occurring between 1874 and 1975 in three valleys (Tormes, Alberche, and Tiétar) in the Sierra de Gredos mountain range, Avila province, Spain. Information was obtained from parish registers of 42 localities, corresponding to a total of 41,696 weddings. Consanguineous marriages were defined as those up to the third degree of consanguinity (second cousins). From 1874 to 1975 the percentage of related mates was 4.45% and the inbreeding coefficient was 0.0011868 (for 1874 to 1917 corresponding figures up to the fourth degree were 16.44% and 0.00 19085, respectively). In order to ascertain the characteristics and evolution of mating patterns in Gredos, the contribution of each degree of kinship was analyzed as a whole and then for each valley separately. Regarding total consanguineous marriages in Gredos, there is a low frequency of uncle-niece matings (0.21%) and a first-second cousin mating ratio (C22/C33) of 0.23 (up to the third degree of consanguinity). Before 1918 multiple matings (i.e., those involving more than a single relationship) accounted for 19.16% of consanguineous marriages (up to the fourth degree). The observed frequencies of multiple consanguineous marriages was, on average, about twice that expected at random, and the proportion of such marriages to total inbreeding was 34.65%. The temporal change of the Gredos inbreeding pattern was characterized by a recent decrease; the highest inbreeding levels correspond to the period from 1915 to 1944. Finally, intervalley differences (maximum inbreeding coefficient in the Tormes, minimum in the Tiétar) are interpreted considering the geography, population size, and population mobility for each valley     

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GENETIC EROSION IN THE PROCESS OF EXTINCTION. IV. INBREEDING LOAD AND HETEROSIS IN RELATION TO POPULATION SIZE IN THE MINT SALVIA PRATENSIS

If, because of genetic erosion, the level of homozygosity in small populations is high, additional selfing will result in small reductions of fitness. In addition, in small populations with a long inbreeding history selection may have purged the population of its genetic load. Therefore, a positive relationship between population size (or level of genetic variation) and level of additional inbreeding depression, here referred to as inbreeding load, may be expected. In a previous study on the rare and threatened perennial Salvia pratensis, a positive correlation between population size and level of allozyme variation has been demonstrated. In the present study, the inbreeding load in six populations of varying size and allozyme variation was investigated. In the greenhouse, significant inbreeding load in mean seed weight, proportion of germination, plant size, regenerative capacity, and survival was demonstrated. In a field experiment with the two largest and the two smallest populations, survival of selfed progeny was 16% to 63% lower than survival of outcrossed progeny. In addition, survival of outcrossed progeny was, with the exception of the largest population, lower (16% to 37%) than of hybrid progeny, resulting from crosses between populations. Effects on plant size were qualitatively similar to the effects on survival, but these effects were variable in time because of differential survival of larger individuals. In all populations the total inbreeding load, that is, the effects on size and survival multiplicated, increased in time. It was demonstrated that inbreeding load in different characters may be independent. At no time and for no character was inbreeding load or the heterosis effect correlated to the mean number of alleles per locus, indicating that allozyme variation is not representative for variation at fitness loci in these populations. Combined with results of previous investigations, these results suggest that the small populations are in an early phase of the genetic erosion process. In this phase, allozyme variation, which is supposed to be (nearly) neutral, has been affected by genetic erosion but the selectively nonneutral variation is only slightly affected. These results stress the need for detailed information about the inbreeding history of small populations. The relative performance of selfed progeny was lowest in all populations, in the greenhouse as well as in the field, and inbreeding depression could still influence the extinction probabilities of the small populations.     

Heterozygosity-fitness correlations among wild populations of European tree frog (Hyla arborea) detect fixation load

Quantifying the impacts of inbreeding and genetic drift on fitness traits in fragmented populations is becoming a major goal in conservation biology. Such impacts occur at different levels and involve different sets of loci. Genetic drift randomly fixes slightly deleterious alleles leading to different fixation load among populations. By contrast, inbreeding depression arises from highly deleterious alleles in segregation within a population and creates variation among individuals. A popular approach is to measure correlations between molecular variation and phenotypic performances. This approach has been mainly used at the individual level to detect inbreeding depression within populations and sometimes at the population level but without consideration about the genetic processes measured. For the first time, we used in this study a molecular approach considering both the interpopulation and intrapopulation level to discriminate the relative importance of inbreeding depression vs. fixation load in isolated and non-fragmented populations of European tree frog (Hyla arborea), complemented with interpopulational crosses. We demonstrated that the positive correlations observed between genetic heterozygosity and larval performances on merged data were mainly caused by co-variations in genetic diversity and fixation load among populations rather than by inbreeding depression and segregating deleterious alleles within populations. Such a method is highly relevant in a conservation perspective because, depending on how populations lose fitness (inbreeding vs. fixation load), specific management actions may be designed to improve the persistence of populations.     

Genetic Subdivision of Daghestan Ethnic Populations

Relationships between ethnic and genetic differentiation with respect to 54 microsatellites have been analyzed in five Daghestan ethnic groups. To detect the microsatellites, human chromosomes 3, 17, and 18 were screened with a step of 10 cM (Weber/CHLC 9.0 markers) at the Mammalian Genotyping Service (National Institute of Health, United States). Comparison of the polymorphism of these loci in Daghestan populations with average worldwide data has revealed generally low heterozygosity in Daghestan populations, which is accounted for by traditional endogamous and consanguineous marriages throughout the history of these populations. The inbreeding coefficient in Daghestan ethnic groups varies from 0.005 to 0.0134 and is close to the worldwide maximum known to date. For some DNA loci, significant differences between the offsprings of consanguineous and exogamous marriages with respect to allele sizes and their variance have been found. The Daghestan ethnic populations studied differ from one another in both the frequencies of common alleles and the presence of rare alleles that are unique for each ethnic group of Daghestan and have not been found in any other population in the world.     

Genetic subdivision of Dagestan ethnic populations

Relationships between ethnic and genetic differentiation with respect to 54 microsatellites have been analyzed in five Daghestan ethnic groups. To detect the microsatellites, human chromosomes 3, 17, and 18 were screened with a step of 10 cM (Weber/CHLC 9.0 markers) at the Mammalian Genotyping Service (National Institute of Health, United States). Comparison of the polymorphism of these loci in Daghestan populations with average worldwide data has revealed generally low heterozygosity in Daghestan populations, which is accounted for by traditional endogamous and consanguineous marriages throughout the history of these populations. The inbreeding coefficient in Daghestan ethnic groups varies from 0.005 to 0.0134 and is close to the worldwide maximum known to date. For some DNA loci, significant differences between the offsprings of consanguineous and exogamous marriages with respect to allele sizes and their variance have been found. The Daghestan ethnic populations studied differ from one another in both the frequencies of common alleles and the presence of rare alleles that are unique for each ethnic group of Daghestan and have not been found in any other population in the world.     

Genetic and demographic characteristics of rural populations of Altaĭ republic: dynamics of the marriage structure

The dynamics of population marriage structure in the period from 1951 to 1997 has been studied in three villages of Altai Republic: Kulada (Ongudaisk raion), Beshpeltir (Chemal raion), and Kurmach-Baigol (Turochak raion). These populations have been found to differ from one another in the intensity and direction of migration, as well a its temporal pattern with respect to the birthplaces and ethnicity of persons contracting marriages. Periods of active incorporation of non-Altaian (mostly Slavic) ethnic components into the gene pools of the Beshpeltir and Kurmach-Baigol populations have been detected. The geographic distributions of the birthplaces of men and women contracting marriages are different. Therefore, migration has different effects on the genetic diversity of the Y-chromosomal and mitochondrial-DNA pools. No isonymic marriages have been found in the Altaian populations studied; however, an increase in the random component of inbreeding has been observed.     

Moderate inbreeding depression in a reintroduced population of North Island robins

Reintroductions of threatened species are increasingly common in conservation. The translocation of a small subset of individuals from a genetically diverse source population could potentially lead to substantial inbreeding depression due to the high genetic load of the parent population. We analysed 12 years of data from the reintroduced population of North Island robins Petroica longipes on Tiritiri Matangi Island, New Zealand, to determine the frequency of inbreeding and magnitude of inbreeding depression. The initial breeding population consisted of 12 females and 21 males, which came from a large mainland population of robins. The frequency of mating between relatives ( f >0; 39%, n =82 pairs) and close relatives ( f =0.25; 6.1%) and the average level of inbreeding ( f =0.027) were within the range reported for other small island populations of birds. The average level of inbreeding fluctuated from year to year depending on the frequency of close inbreeding (e.g. sib–sib pairs). We found evidence for inbreeding depression in juvenile survival, with survival probability estimated to decline from 31% among non-inbred birds ( f =0) to 11% in highly inbred juveniles ( f =0.25). The estimated number of lethal equivalents based on this relationship (4.14) was moderate compared with values reported for other island populations of passerines. Given that significant loss of fitness was only evident in highly inbred individuals, and such individuals were relatively rare once the population expanded above 30 pairs, we conclude that inbreeding depression should have little influence on this robin population. Although the future fitness consequences of any loss of genetic variation due to inbreeding are uncertain, the immediate impact of inbreeding depression is likely to be low in any reintroduced population that expands relatively quickly after establishment.