海草附生藻类生物量的主要影响因子

海草叶片上的附生藻类负荷量很大程度上决定了其对海草影响的强度及利弊的方向,它是各种非生物因子及生物因子相互作用的结果.总结了近20a来海草附生藻类生物量控制因子的研究进展,归纳得出影响海草附生藻类生物量的因子主要有生物因子中海草自身的生理特性和食草动物的摄食作用、化学因子中的营养盐浓度、物理因子中的可利用光强度和水流等.其中,作为主要上行效应的营养盐浓度以及作为主要下行效应的摄食作用对海草附生藻类生物量起十分重要的调节作用.最后,对未来的研究提出了展望:①上行效应及下行效应对于调节海草-附生藻类群落结构的相对重要性及其定量分析;②在各种因子单独作用以及联合作用下附生藻类生物量的变化规律;③海草释放化感物质调节附生藻类生长的机制;④附生藻类对海草生长的综合作用机制.     

功能多样性对典型阔叶红松林生产力的影响

为比较生物量比率假说与生态位互补假说在解释生产力变异的相对重要性,探讨生物多样性和生产力之间的关系是否受到生物和非生物因素的影响,该研究依托小兴安岭9 hm~2阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林动态监测样地,通过计算群落初始生物量、物种多样性、功能多样性、植物性状的群落加权平均值和测定环境因子,运用线性回归模型、结构方程模型,比较了物种多样性和功能多样性与生产力的相关性。结果表明:(1)物种多样性和功能多样性均对生产力有显著作用,功能多样性比物种多样性与生产力的关系更为密切;(2)功能多样性指数比群落加权平均值能更好地解释生产力变异,说明生态位互补假说更适用于解释阔叶红松林群落内生产力的变异;(3)生物多样性与生产力的关系受生物因素与非生物因素的共同作用,相较于多样性和功能性状组成(植被质量),初始林分生物量(植被数量)能更有效地解释生产力的变异。生物多样性与生产力关系的研究应从植被质量与植被数量同时出发,评估生态系统过程的多种非生物和生物驱动因素,同时维护森林功能多样性,加强植物与土壤环境的保护,对有效增加生产力和维持生物多样性具有重要意义。     

功能多样性对典型阔叶红松林生产力的影响

为比较生物量比率假说与生态位互补假说在解释生产力变异的相对重要性, 探讨生物多样性和生产力之间的关系是否受到生物和非生物因素的影响, 该研究依托小兴安岭9 hm ²阔叶红松(Pinus koraiensis)林动态监测样地, 通过计算群落初始生物量、物种多样性、功能多样性、植物性状的群落加权平均值和测定环境因子, 运用线性回归模型、结构方程模型, 比较了物种多样性和功能多样性与生产力的相关性。结果表明: (1)物种多样性和功能多样性均对生产力有显著作用, 功能多样性比物种多样性与生产力的关系更为密切; (2)功能多样性指数比群落加权平均值能更好地解释生产力变异, 说明生态位互补假说更适用于解释阔叶红松林群落内生产力的变异; (3)生物多样性与生产力的关系受生物因素与非生物因素的共同作用, 相较于多样性和功能性状组成(植被质量), 初始林分生物量(植被数量)能更有效地解释生产力的变异。生物多样性与生产力关系的研究应从植被质量与植被数量同时出发, 评估生态系统过程的多种非生物和生物驱动因素, 同时维护森林功能多样性, 加强植物与土壤环境的保护, 对有效增加生产力和维持生物多样性具有重要意义。     

黄土高原地区森林生态系统地下生物量影响因素

根系将土壤和大气相连与植物体共同影响生态系统的碳循环,同时根系也是森林生态系统土壤碳库的重要来源。研究表明森林地下生物量受生物因素和非生物因素影响,因此研究各因素对根系生物量的影响对精确估算土壤碳库至关重要。基于我国相关部门的观测及调查数据,通过标准化计算和统计分析来量化各因素对黄土高原地区地下生物量的影响。结果表明：黄土高原森林生态系统地下生物量主要分布在11.99-27.46 Mg/hm²之间;非生物因素对地下生物量起主导作用,其中降雨量和地形影响最为显著;不同土壤类型地下生物量表现出：棕壤 > 褐土 > 岩性土;不同森林类型地下生物量大小为：针叶林 > 针阔叶混交林 > 落叶阔叶林;不同地形地下生物量由大到小为：丘陵、山地 > 高原、平原;地下生物量在坡位上的分布大小为：坡麓 > 上、中、下三个坡位 > 平地;人类活动和动物活动干扰对地下生物量的影响没有显著差异。另外,在分析中发现若影响因素中含经纬度,非生物和生物因素对地下生物量的影响程度分别为68.9%和31.1%;若影响因素中不含经纬度,非生物和生物因素对地下生物量的影响程度分别为81.1%和18.9%,说明经纬度与其他因素存在很强的相关性,并严重影响着生物因素和非生物因素对森林生态系统地下生物量的比重。研究结果对地下生物量的估测有一定的意义,可以为森林植被如何通过根系适应环境的研究提供参考,为植被恢复、森林经营管理及地下部分碳循环的研究提供依据。     

海草生态学研究进展

海草床生态系统是生物圈中最具生产力的水生生态系统之一,具有重要的生态系统服务功能。作者根据海草生态学及相关领域的最新研究进展,对世界范围内海草床的空间分布、海草床的生态系统服务功能以及外界因素对海草床的影响等研究进展进行了综述。海草床生态系统服务功能主要包括净化水质、护堤减灾、提供栖息地和生态系统营养循环等。对海草床影响较大的外界环境因素包括盐度、温度、营养盐、光照、其他动物摄食、人类活动和气候变化等。海草普查、海草生态功能研究,影响海草床的主要环境因素,海草修复研究等将是我国海草研究的主要方向。     

海草与其附生藻类之间的相互作用

海草床是滨海湿地中重要的生态系统,近年来世界范围内出现大面积的海草床衰退,水体富营养化引发附生藻类的大量繁殖是其中的一个主要原因。本文综述了近20年来关于海草与其附生藻类之间相互作用的研究进展,包括海草床中附生藻类的地位及其积极作用,附生藻类与海草的物质交换关系,附生藻类对海草的影响（主要是光利用限制和营养物质利用限制）。对海草床中海草-附生藻类群落复杂的生态关系提出了研究展望,包括海草与其附生藻类的物质交换机制,海草与其附生藻类对营养物质利用的竞争关系,附生藻类生物量分别对海草可利用光和光合作用能力的削弱关系,海草与附生藻类对海草床初级生产力的贡献随环境因子的变化关系,通过原位观测数据的积累建立海草生长与生物作用的模型等。     

Effects of biodiversity,stand factors and functional identity on biomass and productivity during the restoration of subtropical forests in Central China

恢复梯度上华中亚热带森林生物多样性、林分因子及功能特性对生物量、生产力的影响 草地群落上进行的控制实验大都发现生物多样性对生态系统功能有显著促进作用。然而,在天然林中,多样性与林分因子、群落功能特性的相对作用大小仍存在争议。本文在森林恢复梯度上,研究这3类因素对生物量和生产力的相对影响。我们在湖北神农架设置了处于不同恢复阶段的24块(600 m²)亚热 带森林样地,计算了林分生物量和生产力。选择5个关键的植物功能性状,并计算了群落的功能多样性(功能丰富度、功能均匀度和功能离散度)和性状的加权平均值(CWM)。使用一般线性模型(GLMs)、变异分离等方法探究林分因子(密度、林龄、群落最大树高等)、功能特性、物种和功能多样性对生物量和生产力的相对重要性。研究结果表明,随着森林恢复,林分生物量和生产力显著增加,群落物种丰富度显著增加,而功能离散度显著降低。变异分离结果表明,多样性对生物量和生产力的单独效应不显著,但可能通过与林分因子和功能特性的协同效应来影响生物量和生产力。总体而言,我们发现林分因子对亚热带森林生物量和生产力的影响最大,功能特性显著影响生产力,但不影响生物量。这些结果说明,在森林经营中,调整林分结构和群落物种特性是提高森林碳储量和固碳潜力的有效途径。     

海草床生态系统固氮微生物研究现状与展望

海草床生态系统是三大典型海洋生态系统之一,具有较高的生产力水平和十分重要的生态意义,其海草附着物中包括许多固氮微生物,通过生物固氮提供该生态系统"新"氮源,在一定程度上缓解了氮对初级生产力的限制.通过对近些年来固氮活性的测定方法、固氮群落组成以及影响因素等的研究进展进行了综合分析,较全面地分析了海草床生态系统的固氮微生物研究现状,并在次基础上对海草床固氮微生物的系统研究进行了展望.     

海草床育幼功能及其机理

海草床是近岸海域中生产力极高的生态系统,是许多海洋水生动物的重要育幼场所。从生物幼体的密度、生长率、存活率和生境迁移4个方面阐述海草床育幼功能,并从食源和捕食压力两个方面探讨海草床育幼功能机理。许多生物幼体在海草床都呈现出较高的密度、生长率和存活率,并且在个体发育到一定阶段从海草床向成体栖息环境迁移。丰富的食物来源或较低的捕食压力可能是海草床具有育幼功能的主要原因,但不同的生物幼体对海草床的利用有差异,海草床育幼功能的机理在不同环境条件下也存在差异。提出未来海草床育幼功能的重点研究方向:(1)量化海草床对成体栖息环境贡献量;(2)全球气候变化和人类活动对海草床育幼功能的影响;(3)海草床育幼功能对海草床斑块效应和边缘效应的响应,以期为促进我国海草床育幼研究和海草床生态系统保护提供依据。     

海草床生态系统的退化及其恢复

海草床是生产力和生物多样性最高的典型海洋生态系统之一,目前全球海草床呈现退化趋势,自然干扰和人类活动的负面影响是其退化原因,以后者为主.海草退化的生理生态机制主要是光合作用速率、光合色素荧光强度和含量、酶活性等生理生态指标在胁迫(高温、光照、盐度、污染物等)下发生显著变化.海草床监测和保护计划已经在局部区域取得成效,使部分海草床得到恢复.中国的海草床恢复研究重点应放在生物多样性保护、海草移植和海草床生态系统服务价值评估.     

Influence of climate,soil moisture,and succession on forest carbon and nitrogen cycles

The interactions between the biotic processes of reproduction, growth, and death and the abiotic processes which regulate temperature and water availability, and the interplay between the biotic and abiotic processes regulating N and light availabilities are important in the dynamics of forest ecosystems. We have developed a computer simulation that assembles a model ecosystem which links these biotic and abiotic interactions through equations that predict decomposition processes, actual evapo-transpiration, soil water balance, nutrient uptake, growth of trees, and light penetration through the canopy. The equations and parameters are derived directly from field studies and observations of forests in eastern North America, resulting in a model that can make accurate quantitative predictions of biomass accumulation, N availability, soil humus development and net primary production.     

Macrograzers strongly influence patterns of epiphytic assemblages in seagrass meadows

The influence of factors, both abiotic (light and nutrients) and biotic (meadow structure, herbivory and seagrass shoot length) in the abundance and distribution of epiphytes on the Mediterranean seagrass Posidonia oceanica was investigated by means of a correlational approach over a spatial scale of ca. 500 km and at two different depths (5 and 15 m). Variability was examined from the double perspective of integrative community measures (biomass, species richness and alpha-diversity) and species composition. We assessed the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on integrative community measures using multiple correlation analyses. The influence of these factors in the structure of the whole community was investigated using a distance-based RDA for a linear model. A total of 129 taxa, mostly epiphytic algae, were recorded across all sites and depths. A large part of the variability in species composition (51%) was explained by the variables investigated. In particular, variability caused by differences in grazing pressure was the most important (25%), followed by variables related to nutrient availability (11%), meadow structure (6%), light (5%) and seagrass shoot length (4%). Among integrative community variables investigated, species richness was also best explained by grazing and nutrients.     

藻类胞外聚合物的产生因素及其在污水处理和生物絮凝方面的应用

藻类胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)是一种复杂的高分子聚合物,主要由多糖、蛋白质等物质组成。由于EPS具有独特的结构、大的比表面积及含有大量官能团等物理-化学特性,使其在污水处理及微藻生物质的絮凝回收等方面都有着非常重要的作用。本文系统介绍了EPS的组成及特性,重点论述了影响藻类EPS产生的生物因素及非生物因素,如光照、营养盐、pH及温度等,并对EPS在污水处理及生物絮凝方面的应用进行了总结。对藻类EPS产生机制及机理的深入研究有望为微藻提供更广阔的应用前景。     

Composition,dynamics and production of Rotatoria in the plankton of some lakes of the Danube Delta

The Rosu, Puiu and Porcu lakes from the Danube Delta are lacustrine ecosystems characterized by a particularly great variation of the biotic and abiotic factors. This variation causes the development of a zooplankton reduced from the point of view of number and biomass, but rich from the taxonomic point of view. Its monthly and annual fluctuations can hardly be correlated to the rest of the plankton fauna and microflora. Rotifer production is low, turnover at the level of plankton rotifers being relatively uniform and dependent on water temperature.     

Influence of biotic and abiotic factors on the morphology and reproduction of Suaeda maritima on a salt marsh

The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on Suaeda maritima reproduction on a salt marsh. Individuals of Suaeda maritima were submitted in natural conditions to four series of densities (100, 1,000, 4,000 and 8,000 plants/m2). When density increases, individuals tend to be less or non-branched, while individual biomass decreases. Consequently, individual seed production decreases as density increases. Despite morphological modifications, Suaeda maritima present density-dependent mortality. For a unit area, total biomass and seed production are higher at intermediate density (1,000 plants/m2). Environmental factors could interfere with self-thinning. They seem to limit the effect of competition on mortality and to have an influence on individual and total seed production. This experiment stressed the importance of a biotic factor such as intra-specific competition, which occurs at the same time as abiotic factors, in Suaeda maritima dynamics in the field.     

Post-larval French grunts (Haemulon flavolineatum) distinguish between seagrass, mangrove and coral reef water: Implications for recognition of potential nursery habitats

Environmental cues like sound, magnetic field, oceanic currents, water chemistry or habitat structure are believed to play an important role in the orientation of reef fish towards their settlement habitat. Some species of coral reef fish are known to use seagrass beds and mangroves as juvenile habitats. Once oceanic larvae of these fish have located a coral reef from the open ocean, they still have to find embayments or lagoons harbouring these juvenile habitats. The sensory mechanisms that are used for this are still unknown. In the present study, experiments were conducted to investigate if recruits of the French grunt (Haemulon flavolineatum) respond to habitat differences in water type, as mangrove/seagrass water may differ in biotic and abiotic compounds from coral reef water. Our results show that post-larvae of a reef fish that is highly associated with mangroves and seagrass beds during its juvenile life stage, choose significantly more often for water from mangroves and seagrass beds than for water from the coral reef. These results provide a more detailed insight in the mechanisms that play a role in the detection of these juvenile habitats.     

Altitudinal variation of ecosystem CO2 fluxes in an alpine grassland from 3600 to 4200 m

Aims Recent studies have recognized the alpine grasslands on the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau as a significant sink for atmospheric CO₂. The carbon-sink strength may differ among grassland ecosystems at various altitudes because of contrasting biotic and physical environments. This study aims (i) to clarify the altitudinal pattern of ecosystem CO₂ fluxes, including gross primary production (GPP), daytime ecosystem respiration (Re_daytime) and net ecosystem production (NEP), during the period with peak above-ground biomass; and (ii) to elucidate the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the altitudinal variation of ecosystem CO₂ fluxes.     

底栖动物对红树林生态系统的影响及生态学意义

底栖动物是红树林生态系统的重要组成部分。本文总结了近年来国内外红树林底栖动物的生物多样性、分布模式及其影响因素的研究进展,并从以下5个方面阐述了底栖动物(尤其是相手蟹)对红树林生态系统的影响:1)维持系统初级生产;2)丰富系统有机物生产;3)影响红树植物生长;4)降低幼苗竞争压力;5)改变沉积物性质。除传统的群落结构、生物多样性和个体生物学研究外,目前红树林底栖动物生态学的研究正逐步向红树林沙蟹等其他海洋无脊椎动物的种间关系、底栖生物区系与栖息地间相互关系研究发展。有必要重新认识蟹类的生物扰动对红树林更新和红树林生态系统能量流动的积极意义。     

Effects of irradiance, temperature, and nutrients on growth dynamics of seagrasses: A review

Productivity of seagrasses can be controlled by physiological processes, as well as various biotic and abiotic factors that influence plant metabolism. Light, temperature, and inorganic nutrients affect biochemical processes of organisms, and are considered as major factors controlling seagrass growth. Minimum light requirements for seagrass growth vary among species due to unique physiological and morphological adaptations of each species, and within species due to photo-acclimation to local light regimes. Seagrasses can enhance light harvesting efficiencies through photo-acclimation during low light conditions, and thus plants growing near their depth limit may have higher photosynthetic efficiencies. Annual temperatures, which are highly predictable in aquatic systems, play an important role in controlling site specific seasonal seagrass growth. Furthermore, both thermal adaptation and thermal tolerance contribute greatly to seagrass global distributions. The optimal growth temperature for temperate species range between 11.5 °C and 26 °C, whereas the optimal growth temperature for tropical/subtropical species is between 23 °C and 32 °C. However, productivity in persistent seagrasses is likely controlled by nutrient availability, including both water column and sediment nutrients. It has been demonstrated that seagrasses can assimilate nutrients through both leaf and root tissues, often with equal uptake contributions from water column and sediment nutrients. Seagrasses use HCO₃⁻ inefficiently as a carbon source, thus photosynthesis is not always saturated with respect to DIC at natural seawater concentrations leading to carbon limitation for seagrass growth. Our understanding of growth dynamics in seagrasses, as it relates to main environmental factors such as light, temperature, and nutrient availability, is critical for effective conservation and management of seagrass habitats.     

Algae and waste water

Microalgal cultures offer an interesting alternative for waste water treatment (urban, industrial or agricultural effluents) because they provide a tertiary biotreatment coupled with the production of potentially valuable biomass, which can be used for several purposes. We review the main abiotic, biotic and operative factors playing a role in the cultivation of microalgae. Various types of bioreactors are scrutinized keeping in view that the main limitation upon the type of usable bioreactors is the enormous volume of water to be treated. The choice of suitable microalgae and cyanobacteria is examined in terms of productivity and easiness of harvesting. The possible alternatives to harvesting are also reviewed with an emphasis on immobilized systems. Finally, the need for more research and development is discussed.This paper was presented at the Symposium on Applied Phycology at the Fourth International Phycological Congress, Duke University.