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1.
农田非作物生境调控与害虫综合治理   总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21       下载免费PDF全文
就害虫综合治理的研究而言,农田生态系统可以区分出作物生境和邻近作物的非作物生境。昆虫从作物生境迁移到非作物生境,与作物生境缺乏食物或受人类栽培活动干扰而引起的自然迁移、转换寄主和寻求庇护场所有关。许多研究表明,与特定作物田块相联系的植被类型和结构可影响害虫及其天敌迁居的种类、数量和时间。因此,我们可以通过改变大田周围非作物生境的植被组成及特征来调控农业生态系统中害虫与天敌的相互关系,提高天敌对害虫的控制效能。由于景观的空间格局对节肢动物的生物学特性有直接或间接的影响,所以,以景观为单元要比以同类作物的田块为单元更加适于害虫综合治理的研究和实施。在现代农业景观区域内重新引入和相嵌一些非栽培植物或廊道,可为众多有益节肢动物的繁殖、取食和避害提供多种类型的非作物栖境。  相似文献   

2.
我国主要类型农业地区农田生态系统多样性的研究   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
通过对我国 5个典型农业类型区农田生态系统多样性现状的调查 ,建立了农田生态系统多样性数据库 ,在分析了各典型调查地区的土地利用、作物接续、作物搭配、系统类型单元等多样性特征的基础上 ,计算出各农田生态系统多样性指标 .结果表明 ,我国主要类型农业地区的最大丰富度相差不大且普遍偏低 ;各地区间平均丰富度 ( Ta)差异明显 ,且总体上丘陵地区高于平原 ,平原地区自南向北递减 ;各地区间的均匀度 ( E)和优势度( D)无明显差异 ,丘陵地区的 E相对高于平原地区 ,而 D与 E相反 .据此提出了建设多样化的农田生态系统结构、改进当前农田生态系统多样性的建议 .  相似文献   

3.
利用农业生物多样性持续控制有害生物   总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
高东  何霞红  朱书生 《生态学报》2011,31(24):7617-7624
农业生物多样性对保障全球粮食安全和农业可持续发展至关重要.人类在多样性的形成上发挥了关键作用,人类结合自然进化创造了遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性.农业生物多样性发挥了很多社会经济和环境功能:保障粮食安全;维持农业生态系统可持续发展;赋予农村经济适变性.但当前人类毁灭农业生物多样性的速度更为惊人.在总结石油农业单一化种植的生态负效应、传统农业提倡“天人合一”的生态正效应的基础上,分析讨论了利用农业生物多样性持续控制有害生物的必要性和可行性,从生态系统多样性、物种多样性和种内遗传多样性3个层次,归纳了构建和恢复农田生物多样性的基本方法.基于病理学、生态学、营养学和生理学等学科领域,从群体异质效应、稀释效应、微生态效应、诱导抗性效应、物理阻隔效应、生理学效应和化感效应等7个方面,归纳了利用农业生物多样性持续控制有害生物的基础原理.寻求低投入、高效益、多样化和可持续的农业生产系统是当今世界许多科学家、决策者和生产者共同关心的问题.农业生物多样性具有重要的生态作用,在现代农业框架下,是合情合理构建持续、稳定、健康、高产的农田生态系统,持续控制有害生物的金钥匙.为此必须加强四方面的课题研究:各种作物之间的相生相克关系及其作用机理;各种有害生物的主要天敌种类、生物学、生态学特性及其适生环境;利用农业生物多样性全面、持续控制有害生物的农业生产模式;与其相配套的农艺措施与农业机械.  相似文献   

4.
农田生态系统植物多样性对害虫种群数量的影响   总被引:32,自引:5,他引:32  
着重分析植物多样性影响害虫发生为害及种群数量的生态学机制,综合评述了关于这种机制的两种主要假说,即天敌假说和资源集中假说.同时总结了植物多样性增大和减少对害虫控制的有利和不利因素.研究表明农田生态系统中植物多样性的增大在多数情况下能导致某些害虫种群数量的下降,但是目前很难就不同栖境中所有类型的害虫形成一般性的结论  相似文献   

5.
采用合理的评价指标和方法是实现生物多样性快速评价的前提。从农田尺度的生物多样性保护与管理的需求出发,建立农田生物多样性评价体系, 以力求客观真实反映农田生物多样性的基本特征和变化规律。评价体系包括: 农田生物多样性评价的指标及其权重、数据采集和处理、计算方法、等级划分等内容。在该评价体系研究的基础上, 以湖北省荆州市太湖农场为应用实例, 对评价结果进行了分析。表明, 此评价方法可快速确定农田生态系统的生物多样性状况和提出管理建议, 并进一步为农业生态系统服务功能和健康评价提供参考。  相似文献   

6.
农业景观生物多样性与害虫生态控制   总被引:11,自引:1,他引:11       下载免费PDF全文
郑云开  尤民生 《生态学报》2009,29(3):1508-1518
现代农业的一个重要特征就是人类对农田生态系统的干扰强度及频率不断增加,严重影响农业景观的结构及其生物多样性.农业景观结构的变化及其生物多样性的丧失,必然引起生态系统服务功能的弱化,不利于实施以保护自然天敌为主的害虫生态控制.农业的集约化经营导致自然生境破碎化,减少了农业景观的复杂性,使得作物和非作物变成一种相对离散化的生境类型和镶嵌的景观格局;破碎化的生境不仅会减少某些物种的丰度,还会影响物种之间的相互关系及生物群落的多样性和稳定性.非作物生境类型如林地、灌木篱墙、田块边缘区、休耕地和草地等,是一种比较稳定的异质化环境.非作物生境较少受到干扰,可以为寄生性和捕食性节肢动物提供适宜的越冬或避难场所以及替代猎物、花粉和花蜜等资源,因此,非作物生境有利于自然天敌的栖息和繁衍,也有利于它们迁入邻近的作物生境中对害虫起到调节和控制作用.景观的格局-过程-尺度影响农田生物群落物种丰富度、多度、多样性以及害虫与天敌之间的相互作用.从区域农业景观系统的角度出发,运用景观生态学的理论和方法来研究作物、害虫、天敌等组分在不同斑块之间的转移过程和变化规律,揭示害虫在较大尺度和具有异质性的空间范围内的灾变机理,可为利用农业景观生物多样性来保护农田自然天敌,实施害虫的区域性生态控制提供新的研究思路和手段.  相似文献   

7.
森林生物多样性与林木害虫的自然防治   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10  
森林生物多样性与林木害虫的自然防治谷昭威曲爱军朱承美(山东省林业科学研究所,济南250014)(山东省林业学校,泰安271000)ForestBiodiversityandNaturalControlofTreePests.GuZhaowei(Sha...  相似文献   

8.
农田边界生物多样性与边界属性相互关系研究   总被引:12,自引:1,他引:12  
农田边界 (田埂fieldboundary)可定义为农田(作物田块 )间过渡带 (ecotone) [4 ] 。不同类型农田边界所包含的景观要素不同。农田边界包括的景观要素有树篱、防护林、草带、墙、篱笆、沟渠、道路、作物边界带等。半自然生境的农田边界是重要的动植物栖息地和扩散廊道[6] ,而农田边界的生物多样性和物种的扩散 ,又受边界结构属性、农作系统及农作措施和区域景观结构及动态的影响[1,7] 。随着人口的增加和农业集约化的发展 ,农业景观中非生产性(半自然生境 )用地面积逐渐减少 ,在一定程度上引起生物多样性下降及影响农田…  相似文献   

9.
农田土壤线虫多样性研究现状及展望   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
李琪  梁文举  姜勇 《生物多样性》2007,15(2):134-141
目前土壤生物多样性已成为土壤生态学研究的热点问题之一。土壤生物以不同的方式改变着土壤的物理、化学和生物学特性。在农田生态系统中, 土壤动物是分解作用和养分矿化作用等生态过程的主要调节者。线虫作为土壤中数量最丰富的后生动物, 其生活史和取食类型多样, 在生态系统中发挥着重要作用。本文介绍了农田生态系统中影响线虫多样性的主要因素; 回顾了土壤线虫的物种多样性、营养类群多样性、生活史多样性和功能多样性的研究现状; 并提出了今后农田生态系统线虫多样性研究的重点。建议通过综合土壤线虫的生活史策略和营养类群等信息, 深入了解其生物多样性和土壤生态系统功能, 从而更好地发挥土壤线虫对农田生态系统变化的生物指示作用。  相似文献   

10.
生态影响评价与生物多样性保护   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
提供了生态影响评价理论与实践的背景知识;介绍了生态影响评价的程序与技术;并探讨了在生态影响评价实践中考虑生物多样性保护问题的必要性,以及如何实现生物多样性保护与可持续利用的目标。  相似文献   

11.
Experiments were conducted using combinations of commercially available biological control agents (BCAs) to control infection of detached strawberry leaves by Botrytis cinerea Pers.;Fr. Combinations were tested either as mixtures, or as sequential treatments before and after disease loading. Five BCAs were initially tested, giving a range of mechanisms of antagonism. Only three (Sentinel?, Serenade? and Trianum?) were effective in single agent experiments and were taken forward for combinatorial tests. Biocontrol efficacies, relative to the control, varied considerably among replicate trials, but all treatments involving Sentinel (BCA: Trichoderma atroviride P. Karsten LC52) and Trianum (BCA: Trichoderma harzianum Rifai T22) were very effective, either in sequential combination with other BCA or alone. Serenade (BCA: Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn) was least effective, and sometimes did not result in any significant reduction in disease. Combinations of BCAs as mixtures resulted in less control (i.e., higher disease) than when the most effective BCA within the combination was applied alone, indicating possible antagonism between the BCAs. However, when two BCAs were applied sequentially about 48 h apart, there was no strong evidence for antagonism between the BCAs; this was also confirmed in an experiment using whole plants in controlled environment cabinets. We conclude that there was usually no benefit in applying two BCAs either together or sequentially, so in general we would not advise combinations as the method of choice. Thus, research is necessary to investigate possible interference among specific BCAs, since several BCAs may be applied simultaneously under field conditions to control several diseases.  相似文献   

12.
One of the main problems in greenhouse crop production is the presence of pests. Detection and classification of insects are priorities in integrated pest management (IPM). This document describes a machine vision system able to detect whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) in a greenhouse by sensing their presence using hunting traps. The extracted features corresponding to the eccentricity and area of the whiteflies projections allow to establish differences among pests and other insects on both the trap surfaces and dust generated artefacts. Because of whiteflies geometrical characteristics, it was possible to design an efficient (related to manual counting) machine vision algorithm to scout and count units of this pest within a greenhouse environment. These algorithm results show high correlation indexes for both, sticky screens (R2 = 0.97) and plant leaf situations (R2 = 1.0). The machine vision algorithm reduces the scouting time and the associated human error for IPM‐related activities.  相似文献   

13.
诱集植物在农业中的应用研究进展与展望   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
全世界每年因病虫害导致严重的农业经济损失, 为了减少病虫害的发生, 实际生产中通常使用大量化学农药, 然而农药的大量施用, 不仅造成环境污染和农产品安全问题, 还会使病虫害产生抗药性, 天敌种群受损, 从而导致病虫害爆发日益严重。种植诱集植物是一种环境友好型病虫害防控方法, 该方法主要是通过诱集植物吸引虫害和降低病害, 从而减少病虫害对主栽作物的危害, 达到保护主栽作物的目的, 最终减少农业上化学农药的使用。根据诱集植物自身特性, 将其分为五种主导作用类型: 传统诱集植物、致死型诱集植物、基因工程型诱集植物、生物辅助控制型诱集植物、化学信息素辅助作用型诱集植物等, 根据种植和利用方式, 将其分为: 围种诱集、间种诱集、连作诱集、与其它方式结合等。尽管关于诱集植物的研究已有近160年历史, 但有关高效诱集植物的筛选、诱集植物与主栽作物的优化配置模式与配套种植技术、诱集植物对靶标病虫害的作用机理、诱集植物在农业生产中的生态风险评估等仍不清楚, 且诱集植物仍具有较大开发潜力和应用价值, 如(1)开发应用诱集植物的环境污染修复功能及相关技术; (2)开发应用诱集植物的景观生态与休闲旅游功能及相关技术; (3)开发利用诱集植物对土壤的养分转化与固持提升功能(如固氮、固碳、固土功能等)、生物质能源功能、节能减排功能及相关技术; (4)开发应用诱集植物及其废弃物的经济产品功能及其可持续生产技术。论文综述了近年来国内外有关诱集植物的相关研究与实践应用, 旨在为诱集植物在农业生产中进行病虫害防治研究和应用提供相关参考。  相似文献   

14.
    
Fighting insect pests is a major challenge for agriculture worldwide, and biological control and integrated pest management constitute well-recognised, cost-effective ways to prevent and overcome this problem. Bats are important arthropod predators globally and, in recent decades, an increasing number of studies have focused on the role of bats as natural enemies of agricultural pests. This review assesses the state of knowledge of the ecosystem services provided by bats as pest consumers at a global level and provides recommendations that may favour the efficiency of pest predation by bats. Through a systematic review, we assess evidence for predation, the top-down effect of bats on crops and the economic value of ecosystem services these mammals provide, describing the different methodological approaches used in a total of 66 reviewed articles and 18 agroecosystem types. We also provide a list of detailed conservation measures and management recommendations found in the scientific literature that may favour the delivery of this important ecosystem service, including actions aimed at restoring bat populations in agroecosystems. The most frequent recommendations include increasing habitat heterogeneity, providing additional roosts, and implementing laws to protect bats and reduce agrochemical use. However, very little evidence is available on the direct consequences of these practices on bat insectivory in farmland. Additionally, through a second in-depth systematic review of scientific articles focused on bat diet and, as part of the ongoing European Cost Action project CA18107, we provide a complete list of 2308 documented interactions between bat species and their respective insect pest prey. These pertain to 81 bat species belonging to 36 different genera preying upon 760 insect pests from 14 orders in agroecosystems and other habitats such as forest or urban areas. The data set is publicly available and updatable.  相似文献   

15.
试论拓宽生物防治范围,发展虫害可持续治理   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
严毓骅 《昆虫学报》1998,41(-1):1-4
该文针对我国生物防治资源极其丰富和农民经济实力薄弱的特点,结合我国微孢子虫治蝗和苹果园植被多样化持续治理虫害的成果,论述了应如何发展和拓宽具有我国特色的害虫生物防治,进一步提高综合防治水平,促进农业可持续发展。  相似文献   

16.
    
Wild bee communities provide underappreciated but critical agricultural pollination services. Given predicted global shortages in pollination services, managing agroecosystems to support thriving wild bee communities is, therefore, central to ensuring sustainable food production. Benefits of natural (including semi-natural) habitat for wild bee abundance and diversity on farms are well documented. By contrast, few studies have examined toxicity of pesticides on wild bees, let alone effects of farm-level pesticide exposure on entire bee communities. Whether beneficial natural areas could mediate effects of harmful pesticides on wild bees is also unknown. Here, we assess the effect of conventional pesticide use on the wild bee community visiting apple (Malus domestica) within a gradient of percentage natural area in the landscape. Wild bee community abundance and species richness decreased linearly with increasing pesticide use in orchards one year after application; however, pesticide effects on wild bees were buffered by increasing proportion of natural habitat in the surrounding landscape. A significant contribution of fungicides to observed pesticide effects suggests deleterious properties of a class of pesticides that was, until recently, considered benign to bees. Our results demonstrate extended benefits of natural areas for wild pollinators and highlight the importance of considering the landscape context when weighing up the costs of pest management on crop pollination services.  相似文献   

17.
    
The beet armyworm (BAW), Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly destructive pest of vegetables andfield crops. Management of beet armyworm primarily relies on synthetic pesticides, which is threatening the beneficialcommunity and environment. Most importantly, the BAW developed resistance to synthetic pesticides with making itdifficult to manage. Therefore, alternative and environment-friendly pest management tactics are urgently required.The use of pesticidal plant extracts provides an effective way for a sustainable pest management program. To evaluatethe use of pesticidal plant extracts against BAW, we selected six plant species (Lantana camara, Aloe vera, Azadirachtaindica, Cymbopogon citratus, Nicotianatabacum, and Ocimum basilicum) for initial screening experiment. Four out ofsix plant species such as A. indica, N. tabacum, C. citratus and O. basilicum showed promising mortality of more than50%. Therefore, we selected these four plant extracts for the subsequent experiments. Through contact bioassay, A.indica showed high mortality 66.63%, followed by the N. tabacum 53.33%, at 10% w/v concentration. Similarly, N.tabacum showed the highest mortality rate, 66% at 10% w/v concentration, followed by the A. indica 46% throughfeeding bioassay. Furthermore, the feeding deterrence assay showed that C. citratus had a high antifeedant index(−50) followed by A. indica (−39), and N. tabacum (−28). In living plant assay, the N. tabacum extract showed alow mean damage score 3.6 on living cotton plant followed by C. citratus 4.5 and A. indica 5.5. Hence, extracts ofthree plant species provided promising results against the BAW, which can minimize the use of synthetic chemicals,particularly for small landholding farmers. Further studies are also required to evaluate the effects of these plant extractagainst BAW on cotton plants under field conditions to optimize the further use.  相似文献   

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