抗微囊藻毒素单克隆抗体的制备与鉴定

构建了微囊藻毒素(Microcystin-LR , MC-LR)完全免疫原 MCLR-KLH, 免疫 BALB／ c 小鼠 , 采用杂交瘤技术制备抗 MCLR 单克隆抗体, 用间接竞争 ELISA 方法筛选抗体。经过 3 次克隆, 获得 2 株可稳定分泌抗 MCLR 单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株, 腹水效价达 1:8×104; IC50 为 0.81 ng⋅mL−1, 最低检测限 0.10 ng⋅mL−1, 亲和常数 3.8×108 L⋅mol−1,电泳结果显示抗体由 1 条重链和 1 条轻链组成, 与 MC-LR 同系物 MC-RR、 MC-YR 有较强的交叉反应, 与 MC-LW 有弱交叉性反应, 与河豚毒素无交叉反应。实验结果表明该抗体质量较好, 将在微囊藻毒素的快速检测、产生机理等方面具有较大的科研和应用价值。     

一株微囊藻毒素降解菌的筛选及鉴定

从蓝藻爆发期间的巢湖底泥中筛选微囊藻毒素降解菌,为水体中藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)污染的生物治理提供有效的菌源。以MC-LR为唯一碳氮源,利用富集驯化培养技术分离筛选MC-LR降解菌,并对其进行形态观察、生理生化实验及16S rRNA序列分析鉴定。从巢湖底泥中分离得到一株藻毒素-LR降解菌株M6,生理生化实验及分子鉴定结果均表明,该菌株为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。分离出的MC-LR降解菌为蜡状芽孢杆菌,该菌株对MC-LR有较高的降解能力。     

微囊藻毒素缓解过氧化氢胁迫下铜绿微囊藻损伤的初步研究

过氧化氢可抑制藻类生长, 同时会导致微囊藻毒素(Microcystins, MCs)的释放, 实验设置4个处理组探讨了外源微囊藻毒素MC-LR对H2O2胁迫下铜绿微囊藻生理生化变化的影响。结果表明: 在H2O2胁迫下, 微囊藻的生长和光合活性受到显著抑制, 藻细胞存活率降低, ROS含量明显增加, SOD活性上升。与单独H2O2胁迫相比, 加入MC-LR能增加微囊藻细胞的存活率。250 mol/L H2O2处理24h和48h后, 在培养基中加入200 ng/mL MC-LR可以缓解H2O2对铜绿微囊藻光合系统PSII活性的抑制作用。当微囊藻暴露于250 mol/L H2O2环境中时, 添加了MC-LR处理组藻细胞中的ROS含量明显减少(P0.05)。在相同浓度H2O2且加入了外源MC-LR后藻细胞SOD活性下降(P0.05)。因此, 微囊藻毒素MC-LR可缓解250 mol/L H2O2引起的氧化损伤并增强微囊藻自身的生存能力。研究结果有利于阐明H2O2胁迫影响产毒蓝藻生长代谢的途径及MCs生物学意义。       

微囊藻毒素-LR的定量荧光纳米微球免疫层析检测北大核心CSCD

研制了一种快速、定量荧光免疫层析试纸条,用于检测水体中MC-LR含量。基于竞争法原理,采用荧光免疫层析技术,建立MC-LR免疫层析法,并对该试剂考察其灵敏度、准确度、特异性、稳定性等指标。经过对免疫层析试纸条制备参数的优化,即检测线抗原浓度、微球标记量和结合垫微球浓度的选择,加样15 min后,获得了MC-LR荧光免疫层析法的工作直线,方法灵敏度0.195μg/L,回收率99.4%,变异系数小于10%,与MC-LF交叉反应率低,与市售试剂盒检测结果一致,试剂在37℃稳定保存6 d。本研究研制的荧光免疫层析试剂灵敏、稳定、准确,可快速、定量检测水样中MC-LR含量,操作便捷。     

微囊藻毒素-LR的定量荧光纳米微球免疫层析检测

研制了一种快速、定量荧光免疫层析试纸条,用于检测水体中MC-LR含量。基于竞争法原理,采用荧光免疫层析技术,建立MC-LR免疫层析法,并对该试剂考察其灵敏度、准确度、特异性、稳定性等指标。经过对免疫层析试纸条制备参数的优化,即检测线抗原浓度、微球标记量和结合垫微球浓度的选择,加样15 min后,获得了MC-LR荧光免疫层析法的工作直线,方法灵敏度0.195μg/L,回收率99.4%,变异系数小于10%,与MC-LF交叉反应率低,与市售试剂盒检测结果一致,试剂在37℃稳定保存6 d。本研究研制的荧光免疫层析试剂灵敏、稳定、准确,可快速、定量检测水样中MC-LR含量,操作便捷。     

沼泽红假单胞菌对微囊藻毒素的降解

以铜绿微囊藻为材料,通过固相萃取-高效液相色谱方法(SPE-HPLC),研究了沼泽红假单胞菌对微囊藻毒素MC-LR的降解作用。结果表明:沼泽红假单胞菌在厌氧、光照强度2000lx、35℃、pH7.0、乙酸钠为碳源、菌液初始浓度OD680为0.325和初始MC-LR为3mg.L-1时,6d降解率为36.5%,12d达到最高,降解率为78.7%。此降解条件和蓝藻水华爆发的环境条件基本一致,因此该菌株在水华爆发季节消除水中的微囊藻毒素方面具有应用潜力。     

高铁酸钾/PAC 氧化-混凝去除水体中铜绿微囊藻

铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）是常见的水华种类。水华爆发时生态系统的结构和功能遭到破坏,同时产生毒素,因此研究微囊藻及其毒素的去除具有重要的意义。研究不同浓度的高铁酸钾与PAC 高铁酸钾与PAC 单独和协调去除水体中铜绿微囊藻和微囊藻毒素（Microcystin-LR,MC-LR）的去除效果。结果表明,采用高铁酸盐预氧化铜绿微囊藻,再通过PAC混凝协同作用,明显优于单独使用PAC混凝效果。20 mg×L-1高铁酸钾处理后水体中MC-LR含量降低,当高铁酸钾浓度升高至40 mg×L-1时候MC-LR 含量增加,但高铁酸钾浓度升高（100 mg×L-1）水体中MC-LR 减少;当8 mg×L-1高铁酸钾和8-16 mg×L-1PAC 联合作用时,不仅絮凝沉降藻细胞,而且高铁酸钾氧化水体中MC-LR,通过镜检发现不会造成藻细胞破裂。     

微囊藻毒素降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其胞内粗酶液对藻毒素MCLR的降解

【目的】从巢湖底泥中分离筛选高效的藻毒素降解菌,并初步研究其胞内粗酶液降解藻毒素-LR(MC-LR)的特性,为水体中藻毒素污染的微生物治理提供有效的菌源与理论依据。【方法】利用富集驯化培养技术,以MC-LR为唯一碳源,分离筛选MC-LR降解菌,通过形态观察、生理生化实验及16S rRNA序列分析鉴定菌株,并考察其胞内粗酶液在不同条件下对MC-LR的降解特性。【结果】分离得到1株能高效降解MC-LR的菌株M6。分子鉴定结果表明,该菌株为蜡状芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cereus)。其降解MC-LR的活性物质为胞内酶,而且至少有3种酶参与了MC-LR的降解,它们是菌体本身的组织酶而非诱导酶。当反应体系pH值为8.0,胞内粗酶液浓度为404.9 mg/L,MC-LR的初始浓度为10 mg/L时降解率最高,16 h可达98.7%。【结论】分离出的MC-LR降解菌为蜡状芽胞杆菌,该菌株对MC-LR有较高的降解能力,并且酶促反应受到反应体系的pH值、胞内粗酶液浓度以及藻毒素初始浓度等因素的影响。     

应用酶联免疫竞争层析技术检测乳品中β-内酰胺类抗生素残留

目的:开发乳品中β-内酰胺类抗生素残留的快速检测系统.方法:应用酶联免疫竞争层析技术,开发了BioQuick快速检测系统.通过绘制检测曲线推算灵敏度,通过重复试验确定精确度,通过与非β-内酰胺类抗生素反应确定交叉反应率.结果:通过与国外同类型试剂的实验对比分析,该检测系统在使用方便性、检测灵敏度、精密度以及交叉反应数据方面具有优势,是一种操作简便、快速,灵敏度和精密度能够达到检测要求,符合国际标准,并优于国外同类型检测试剂.结论:该检测系统适用于我国各奶牛场、乳品企业以及食品安全监控机构.     

微囊藻毒素对尼罗罗非鱼原代肝细胞致毒机理的探讨

采用离体细胞培养诱导方法,研究微囊藻毒素-LR(microcystin-LR,MC-LR)对尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)原代肝细胞的毒性效应.尼罗罗非鱼原代肝细胞经10、50、150、500 μg/L MC-LR体外诱导24h后,单细胞微量凝胶电泳(SCGE)检测显示,与对照组相比处理组出现明显的彗星拖尾现象,说明MC-LR可引起尼罗罗非鱼肝细胞DNA的损伤,并随着剂量的增加,DNA的损伤程度增大.PI/Annexin V双染色流式细胞仪(FCM)检测表明MC-LR能明显引起肝细胞凋亡,与SCGE结果一致,且DNA损伤程度越大,细胞早期凋亡率越高,呈现明显的时间、剂量依赖性.本研究为进一步从分子、细胞水平阐明MC-LR的毒性以及致毒机理提供重要的理论依据.     

Toxicity of microcystin from cyanobacteria growing in a source of drinking water

Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a cyanobacterial heptapeptide that presents acute and chronic hazards to animal and human health. The morphological changes in mitochondria are the primary effect induced by MC-LR leading to cell death. We investigated the toxicity of cyanobacterial microcystin-containing extract (CEM) on the respiratory complex of mammalian mitochondria from Bos taurus. Cyanobacterial blooms of Microcystis aeruginosa were harvested from Sulejow Reservoir, a source of drinking water in central Poland. The concentration of microcystin-LR (MC-LR(CEM)) in CEM extract was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Commercially available microcystin-LR (Sigma) was used as a standard (MC-LR(S)); both standard and CEM extract were incubated with mitochondria in different doses and time of exposure. MC-RL(CEM) at 1 nM, maximal acceptable dose of microcystin (WHO) in drinking water, provoked activation of cytochrome c oxidase complex in mitochondria. We suggest that it might be considered as a defensive signal of mitochondria against low concentration of a toxic compound. In contrast 1 iM MC-RL(CME) inhibited the activity of mitochondrial oxidase complex much stronger than the same concentration of standard MC-RL(S) (58% vs. 87% of control activity, P<0.05), and this may cause a similar effect to long-term consumption of water. In conclusion, we affirm that CEM extract is highly toxic, and mitochondria could be used as an indicator of this toxicity in vivo, especially during long-term consumption of water from reservoirs where microcystin is produced.     

Effects of physicochemical variables and cyanobacterial extracts on the immunoassay of microcystin-LR by two ELISA kits

Two types of commercially available ELISA kits for the immunoassay of cyanobacterial microcystins were evaluated for potential interference effects due to methanol, salinity, pH, plasticware and cyanobacterial extract. Of the treatments examined, methanol had the greatest effect, giving false positive microcystin concentrations with increasing methanol concentrations up to 30% (v/v) compared with the negative calibrators of each kit. False positive microcystin results were also produced with increasing salinity up to full strength seawater. Decreases in microcystin-LR equivalents were observed when assaying purified microcystin-LR at pH values between 6.25 and 10. Aqueous microcystin-LR solutions in plastic microcentrifuge tubes after pipetting with disposable plastic tips had lower toxin concentrations than expected when analysed by ELISA. Indicated microcystin concentrations in cyanobacterial extracts varied between kit types and the choice of blanks used. Although ELISAs can be useful tools for the screening of water and cyanobacterial blooms for microcystins and nodularins, users should be aware that commercial kits can be susceptible to interference by commonly encountered environmental and laboratory conditions and materials.     

Collapse of a Planktothrix agardhii perennial bloom and microcystin dynamics in response to reduced phosphate concentrations in a temperate lake

Planktothrix agardhii dynamics, microcystin concentration and limnological variables were monitored every 2 weeks for 2 years (2004-2006) in a shallow hypereutrophic artificial lake (BNV, Viry-Chatillon, France). Time-series analysis identified two components in the P. agardhii biomass dynamics: (1) a significant decreasing trend in P. agardhii biomass (65% of the overall variance) and (2) a residual component without significant seasonal periodicity. A path-analysis model was built to determine the main factors controlling the P. agardhii dynamics over the period studied. The model explained 66% of P. agardhii biomass changes. The decreasing trend in P. agardhii biomass was significantly related to a decrease in the PO4(3-) concentration resulting from an improved treatment of the incoming watershed surface water. The residual component was related to zooplankton dynamics (cyclopoid abundances), supporting the hypothesis of a top-down control of P. agardhii, but only when the biomass was low. Forty-nine percent of the variability in the microcystin (MC) concentration (min:<0.1 microg equivalent MC-LR L(-1); max: 7.4 microg equivalent MC-LR L(-1)) could be explained by changes in the P. agardhii biomass. The highest toxin content was observed when P. agardhii biomass was the lowest, which suggests changes in the proportion of microcystin-producing and -nonproducing subpopulations and/or the physiological status of cells.     

Evaluation of three field test kits to detect microcystins from a public health perspective

Cyanobacteria blooms may present a public health concern in sources of drinking water and recreational water due to the production of toxins by some species, microcystins being the most commonly found. It is possible to detect microcystins using instrumental analyses and field test kits. While instrumental analysis methods are accurate, they are also costly, and in regions with a high incidence of blooms the time to report is lengthy (days). On the other hand, the use of commercially available test kits may provide quicker results at a lower cost. The purpose of this work was to evaluate three commercially available kits: the Immunochromatographic Strip Test for the Detection of Microcystins and Nodularins in Source Drinking Water at 1 μg/L (Abraxis strip test), the Abraxis Microcystin Tube Kit and the Envirologix QualiTube Kit. The evaluation of each kit focussed on the interpretation of the results by the end-user and the validity of a test kit was based on four indices: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive rate (PPR) and negative predictive rate (NPR) (false positive/negative) based on the manufacturer's specifications. The results indicate that there are challenges in the visual interpretation of the results at levels close to the threshold value for each kit. The scope of each kit must be understood: free vs. total, qualitative vs. semiquantitative. For instance, the Envirologix Qualitube Kit does not provide a lysing agent, therefore it will underestimate the levels of total microcystin if a lysing step is not included. In the case of the Abraxis strip test, the kit provides information on the absence/presence of microcystin at a threshold value of 1 μg/L, but false positives were encountered.     

Development of a Disperse Dye Immunoassay Technique for Detection of Antibodies against Neospora caninum in Cattle

In this study a disperse dye immunoassay method was standardized and evaluated for detection of antibodies against Neospora caninum in cattle. Sera from 150 cattle with a recent history of abortion were collected and tested by commercial ELISA kit and a standardized in-house dye immunoassay system. The positivity rate for the sera used in this study was 34.6% for the disperse dye immunoassay (DDIA) compared to 32% obtained by ELISA kit. This study showed no significant difference between DDIA and ELISA. The results indicated that the DDIA provide an economic, simple, rapid and robust test for detection of N. caninum infection in cattle.     

Evaluating putative ecological drivers of microcystin spatiotemporal dynamics using metabarcoding and environmental data

Microcystin is a cyanobacterial hepatotoxin of global concern. Understanding the environmental factors that cause high concentrations of microcystin is crucial to the development of lake management strategies that minimize harmful exposures. While the literature is replete with studies linking cyanobacterial production of microcystin to changes in various nutrients, abiotic stressors, grazers, and competitors, no single biotic or abiotic factor has been shown to be reliably predictive of microcystin concentrations in complex ecosystems. We performed random forest regression analyses with 16S and 18S rRNA gene sequencing data and environmental data to determine which putative ecological drivers best explained spatiotemporal variation in total microcystin and several individual congeners in a eutrophic freshwater reservoir. Model performance was best for predicting concentrations of the congener MC-LR, with ca. 88% of spatiotemporal variance explained. Most of the variance was associated with changes in the relative abundance of the cyanobacterial genus Microcystis. Follow-up RF regression analyses revealed that factors that were the most important in predicting MC-LR were also the most important in predicting Microcystis population dynamics. We discuss how these results relate to prevailing ecological hypotheses regarding the function of microcystin.     

Seasonal variation of cyanobacteria and microcystins in the Nui Coc Reservoir, Northern Vietnam

In order to understand the environmental variables which promote the proliferation of cyanobacteria and variation in microcystin concentrations in the Nui Coc reservoir, Vietnam, physicochemical parameters, the occurrence, and abundance of phytoplankton, cyanobacteria, and microcystin concentration were monitored monthly through the year 2009–2010. The relationships between these parameters were explored using principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson correlation analysis. The phytoplankton community was mainly dominated by the cyanobacterium Microcystis with higher cyanobacteria abundance during summer and autumn season. PCA and Pearson correlation results showed that water temperature and phosphate concentration were the most important variables accounting for cyanobacteria, Microcystis, and microcystin occurrence. Analysis of the toxins by high-performance liquid chromatography demonstrated the presence of two microcystin variants: microcystin-LR (MC-RR) and microcystin-ddRR (MC-ddRR) with total concentrations of the toxins in filtered samples from surface water ranging from 0.11 to 1.52 μg MC-LR equiv L^?1. The high concentrations of microcystin in the Nui Coc reservoir highlighted the potential risk for human health in the basin. Our study underlined the need for regular monitoring of cyanobacteria and toxins in lakes and reservoirs, which are used for drinking water supplies, not only in Vietnam but also in tropical countries.     

Stability of toxigenic Microcystis blooms

This is the first detailed study on the occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins in India, where we studied five eutrophic, temple ponds in the vicinity of Varanasi city, Uttar Pradesh, which continuously supported blooms of Microcystis sp. for several years. Bloom material from all five ponds was sampled bi-monthly from September 2003 to August 2004. Analysis of extracts by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) indicated that microcystin-RR (MC-RR) was present all year round at high concentrations (311–1540 μg/g, dry weight), posing a significant health hazard especially since all five ponds are widely used for bathing, washing, cattle drinking supply, irrigation and recreation. In addition, there was unusually low temporal variation in concentration of MC-RR in each pond, <20% variation in four out of five ponds throughout the year.Characterization of microcystin composition of several bloom samples from this study by HPLC–PDA/MS confirmed that additional microcystins were present in many of the samples. The rarely reported, MC-AR was frequently detected in bloom samples from three of the ponds (Adityanagar, Durgakund and Sankuldhara), where it typically represented 20% of the microcystin pool. MC-WR was frequently found in samples from Adityanagar and Sankuldhara, representing 5–10% of the microcystin pool. MC-LR, along with the previously unreported MC-AHar, each represented approximately 5% of the microcystin pool when present. Bloom samples from each pond had a characteristic microcystin profile, when sampled from 2003 to 2006, suggesting persistent species/strain domination.The perennial and consistent nature of the toxic Microcystis blooms in these ponds is highly unusual, in contrast to the commonly encountered temporal and spatial variation of toxigenic and non-toxigenic species. Laboratory isolates from several ponds were shown to produce microcystins, showing similar microcystin composition to the original bloom material.