寄主选择性植物病原真菌的毒素化学

Wheeler和Luke把那些在病害中起重要病因作用的毒素称为致病毒素（path。toxin）‘”,那么由真菌产生的致病毒素则称为真菌毒素（MyC0t0Xin）。长期以来,人们一直对那些重要的植物病原真菌毒素进行分离、提纯和化学结构鉴定,发现它们大多数为低分子量的次生代谢产物m．自从＊all欢。从梨上的菊池键格抱（Alternariakikl,chiana）中发现第一个寄生选择性真菌毒素阳StSCICChVCt0Xill）以来l’］,现已报道有9个属的对种植物病原真菌可以产生寄主选择性毒素14－’］其中已有15种明确了其化学结构,（见表1）。实践证明来源于某一病原…     

利用致病毒素筛选植物抗病突变体的研究进展

概述了国内外利用致病毒素筛选抗病突变体的历史、现状和进展,并对存在的问题进行了评述。     

病原性真菌蛋白酶致病机制研究进展

蛋白酶在真菌的生存和生长过程中具有重要作用,同时也被认为是病原真菌重要的毒力因子之一。病原真菌的蛋白酶可能参与真菌在宿主的黏附、定植和播散以及逃避宿主的免疫应答过程。部分蛋白酶还被认为是变应原,可诱发哮喘和过敏性疾病。在不同的病原真菌中,蛋白酶作用也不同。研究蛋白酶的致病机制,可进一步了解真菌感染机制,为诊断及治疗真菌感染提供线索。     

幽门螺杆菌重要致病物质——空泡毒素的研究进展

细胞空泡毒素作为幽门螺杆菌的重要毒力因子已得到确认,但其致病机制尚不明确。目前细胞空泡毒素致机制已成为研究热点,主要集中于毒素的分子结构、基因特点,分泌释放机制以及同敏感主细胞之间的相互作用,本文针对上述几方面的研究进展做一简要、综合介绍。     

植物病原真菌附着胞的机械穿透力

植物病原真菌侵入寄主组织并在寄主组织中生长是其致病的基本条件(Deising et al., 2000; Hartmann et al.,1996; Tucker & Talbot, 2001; Buller,1931).但是,关于病原真菌是靠机械力还是酶解作用,亦或是二者结合穿透寄主的争论,已经持续了多年(Latunde-Dada,2001;Mendgen et al.,1996).许多植物病原菌能形成称为附着胞的特异侵染结构,可以产生很大的机械压力,推动侵染菌丝侵入寄主组织.顶端生长是菌丝生长的特点之一,通过顶端生长,可以侵入固体基质获取营养.真菌细胞内的渗透压是维持顶端生长、推动病原真菌侵入寄主的动力.早在1931年, Buller(1931)在一个简单的实验中已经观察到真菌菌丝细胞内巨大膨压的产生并转化为压力的现象:一种鬼伞Coprinus sterquilinus的菌柄直径仅有6mm,却可以撑起200g的重物,压强至少可达0.07 MPa (0.7 bar).许多蘑菇种类可以顶起障碍物及顶开沥青路面或石块等,都显示了菌丝的膨压可以使菌丝细胞产生很大的机械强度.最近关于稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe grisea的研究结果表明,病菌可以产生足够的机械力直接穿透水稻的表皮细胞(De Jong et al.,1997).本文对真菌穿透寄主的机械力的研究进展进行简述.     

植物病原真菌分泌蛋白质组学研究进展

分泌蛋白质组是指在特定时间和特定条件下,由组织或细胞等分泌的全部蛋白质。在病原真菌与植物的相互作用过程中,病原真菌会分泌大量的蛋白质和代谢产物,在病原真菌对植物的侵入、定殖和扩展等致病过程中起着重要作用。本文主要介绍了分泌蛋白质在植物病原真菌致病性中的作用、重要植物病原真菌分泌蛋白质组的研究进展、及植物病原真菌分泌蛋白质组的生物信息学预测分析等,对于全面了解植物病原真菌的致病机理具有重要意义。     

植物与病原真菌互作机制研究进展

植物与病原真菌之间的互作是当今植物病理学研究的热点问题之一,相关的研究有望为植物抗病机制的解析和抗病品种的选育奠定理论基础。我们从形态、细胞、生理生化和分子等水平综述了植物与病原真菌互作机制的研究进展。     

真菌草酸的代谢和作用研究进展

草酸(oxalic acid)是一种重要的生物代谢产物,广泛分布于植物、动物和微生物中,在不同的生命体中发挥重要功能.本文回顾了国内外关于真菌草酸的相关研究进展.许多真菌能够分泌草酸,包括植物病原真菌、食药用真菌及工业真菌等.草酸作为一种简单的二元羧酸,在真菌中主要通过三羧酸循环途径、乙醛酸循环途径和草酰乙酸途径合成....     

我国植物病原真菌最新研究进展——植物病原真菌专刊序言

本期《菌物学报》"植物病原真菌专刊"刊登了12篇文章,其中关于病原真菌种类调查、鉴定及形态描述的文章5篇,病原真菌检测与检疫的文章2篇,病原真菌种群结构的文章2篇,基因组学研究进展的文章3篇。本期内容基本体现了我国植物病原真菌研究的最新进展,对今后的植物病原菌形态分类、分子分析和基因组学研究都具有重要的参考价值。     

植物病原真菌1,8-间苯二酚黑色素研究进展

黑色素是一种广泛分布于生物体中的酚类聚合物疏水色素,分为1,8-间苯二酚(1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene,DHN)黑色素和3,4-二羟基苯丙氨酸(3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine,L-DOPA)黑色素两种,其中DHN黑色素多存在于子囊菌门的植物病原真菌中。基因组和转录组技术的发展及功能基因组研究的深入,使DHN黑色素合成途径上关键基因在不同病原真菌中被鉴定,而且黑色素与真菌抗逆、发育和致病的关系受到越来越多的关注。本文阐述了DHN黑色素合成途径及其在真菌抗辐射与抗极端温度中的作用,以及黑色素对真菌侵染和细胞发育的影响,旨在加深人们对黑色素介导真菌与环境和寄主协同进化的认识,这对黑色素的基础研究和开发利用具有重要意义。     

Aerial diffusion of phytopathogenic fungi

Summary Aeriobiological studies are essential for understanding the distribution, ecology and deposition patterns of both phytopathogenic and nonpathogenic fungal spores which are carried away from their source. Many spores and conidia are devitalized during aerial transportation as a consequence of being exposed to atmospheric agents. Nonetheless, a sufficient number remain viable, causing infections of various kinds, some of which extremely serious and with an epidemic trend.In order to predict the onset of fungi-induced diseases, it is necessary to be able to determine the inoculum source of the pathogenic agent. As air is the main vector transporting pathogenic fungal spores and conidia, periodical monitoring is required. Thus, having established the critical stages of plant infection, necessary precautionary measures can be undertaken in order to control diseases onset and development.It is therefore necessary to gain a through understanding of spore takeoff and dispersal mechanisms so as to determine how the spores and conidia are transported by air currents onto the plants and how they cause infective impaction. Spores and conidia suspended in the atmosphere can be collected by means of appropriate traps filtering a predetermined amount of air at predetermined time intervals in order to be able to make predictions as to the possibility of plant infection. Volumetric air sampling allows not only to determine the concentration of spores and conidia in a given period of time but also to establish the hours of the day in which they are present in highest concentrations and in which therefore they are more liable to cause infection. This information may be used in estimating the incidence of disease symptoms, the duration of infection and the seriousness of the disease.On the basis of this data, mathematical models for predicting epidemics can be worked out.     

Induction of polygalacturonase and the formation of oxalic acid by pectin in brown-rot fungi

Extracellular polygalacturonase (PG) production was estimated in vitro, using liquid cultures of three species of brown-rot decay fungi (Postia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Serpula incrassata), by cup-plate assay, assay of reducing sugars, and decrease in viscosity. Although all three experimental assays demonstrated that PG was induced by pectin in all three fungi, decrease in viscosity gave the best correlation with decay capacity in soil block tests. PG activity, determined as an increase in reducing sugar activity, was greatest in G. trabeum and weakest in S. incrassata. The optimum pH for PG activity was between pH 2.5 and 4.5. Oxalic acid production was also enhanced by pectin and functioned synergistically with PG activity. We conclude that these fungi produce PG that is best induced by pectin and that PG activity exceeds production of xylanase and endoglucanase activity in vitro. Polygalacturonase is likely to act synergistically with oxalic acid to solubilize and hydrolyse the pectin in pit membranes and middle lamellae. Thus, production of PG and oxalic acid should facilitate early spread of hyphae and enhance the lateral flow of wood-decay enzymes and agents into adjacent tracheids and the wood cell wall, thus initiating the diffuse decay caused by brown-rot fungi.The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in co-operation with the University of Wisconsin. This article was written and prepared by US Government employees on official time, and it is therefore in the public domain and not subject to copyright.     

Elucidation of biosynthetic pathway of a plant hormone abscisic acid in phytopathogenic fungi

ABSTRACT

Abscisic acid (ABA) is one of the plant hormones that regulates physiological functions in various organisms, including plants, sponges, and humans. The biosynthetic machinery in plants is firmly established, while that in fungi is still unclear. Here, we elucidated the functions of the four biosynthetic genes, bcABA1-bcABA4, found in Botrytis cinerea by performing biotransformation experiments and in vitro enzymatic reactions with putative biosynthetic intermediates. The first-committed step is the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate to give α-ionylideneethane catalyzed by a novel sesquiterpene synthase, BcABA3, which exhibits low amino acid sequence identities with sesquiterpene synthases. Subsequently, two cytochrome P450s, BcABA1 and BcABA2, mediate oxidative modifications of the cyclized product to afford 1?,4?-trans-dihydroxy-α-ionylideneacetic acid, which undergoes alcohol oxidation to furnish ABA. Our results demonstrated that production of ABA does not depend on the nucleotide sequence of bcABA genes. The present study set the stage to investigate the role of ABA in infections.     

PEX基因在过氧化物酶体形成及真菌致病性中的作用

过氧化物酶体(peroxisomes)是一类真核生物中普遍存在的细胞器,参与β-氧化、乙醛酸循环等多种重要的生化代谢。研究表明,过氧化物酶体在植物病原真菌侵染寄主过程中具有着举足轻重的作用。参与过氧化物酶体形成与增殖的基因,通常称为PEX基因。近年来,越来越多的PEX基因在植物病原真菌中得到鉴定,真菌过氧化物酶体的形成机制及其在植物病原真菌生长发育和致病过程中的作用越来越受到研究者的关注。本文围绕PEX 基因在过氧化物酶体形成中的作用、对过氧化物酶体相关生化代谢的影响,以及与植物病原真菌生长发育和致病性的关系进行了综述,以期为植物病原真菌致病机理研究和病害防控提供借鉴和参考。     

In situ and in vitro suppressive effect of agricultural composts and their water extracts on some phytopathogenic fungi

In situ and in vitro experiments were carried out to determine the effect of various composts (leafy fruit compost (LFC), garden compost (GC), and crops compost (CC)) and their water extract on Pythium debaryanum, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, Sclerotium bataticola. Compost water extract (CWE) of LFC, GC, and CC were found to contain Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Corynebacterium spp., and the fungi Aspergillus spp., Rhizopus spp., and Drechslera spp., and various Actinomycetes. In situ results indicated considerable decrease in fungal growth around the unautoclaved compost especially in the case of S. bataticola and F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, compared to the autoclaved compost. In vitro tests showed that concentration of CWE at 5, 10 and 15% (v/v) suppressed the hyphal growth of S. bataticola by 83% using 5% CC and by 94.4% using 5% LFC or 10% GC, and F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici by 94.4% using either composts. CWE of GC decreased fungal dry weight of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici by 97.7%, P. debaryanum by 92.8%, and S. bataticola by 84.4%; CC decreased F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici by 94%, P. debaryanum by 86.2%, and S. bataticola by 63.3%, while CWE of LFC was the least effective against the tested fungi. CWE produced clear inhibition zones against all the tested fungi. Microflora found in CWE have an important role in suppressing the growth of tested fungi. CWE contained neither antibiotics nor siderophores. The presence of protease, chitinase, lipase and -1,3 glucanase (lysogenic enzymes) in CWE indicates a possible role in fungal degradation.     

植物病原真菌的自噬

作为真核生物中普遍存在的现象,自噬不但实现了对细胞内物质的降解和回收利用,而且与植物病原真菌早期侵染阶段的附着胞发育、膨压升高、菌丝体形成、完成侵染等一系列过程密切相关,并且发挥了重要的作用。本文归纳了植物病原真菌自噬的相关基因和自噬过程;总结了自噬对病原真菌生长发育、致病力的调控和影响;概括了病原真菌自噬所涉及的信号通路;阐明了自噬影响植物病原真菌侵染过程的主要分子机制。为今后以自噬相关基因或蛋白作为靶点来筛选抑制病原真菌侵染的新型药物提供新的策略和思路。     

Antifungal potential of extracellular metabolites produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus against phytopathogenic fungi

Indigenous actinomycetes isolated from rhizosphere soils were assessed for in vitro antagonism against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Sclerotium rolfsii. A potent antagonist against both plant pathogenic fungi, designated SRA14, was selected and identified as Streptomyces hygroscopicus. The strain SRA14 highly produced extracellular chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase during the exponential and late exponential phases, respectively. Culture filtrates collected from the exponential and stationary phases inhibited the growth of both the fungi tested, indicating that growth suppression was due to extracellular antifungal metabolites present in culture filtrates. The percentage of growth inhibition by the stationary culture filtrate was significantly higher than that of exponential culture filtrate. Morphological changes such as hyphal swelling and abnormal shapes were observed in fungi grown on potato dextrose agar that contained the culture filtrates. However, the antifungal activity of exponential culture filtrates against both the experimental fungi was significantly reduced after boiling or treatment with proteinase K. There was no significant decrease in the percentage of fungal growth inhibition by the stationary culture filtrate that was treated as above. These data indicated that the antifungal potential of the exponential culture filtrate was mainly due to the presence of extracellular chitinase enzyme, whereas the antifungal activity of the stationary culture filtrate involved the action of unknown thermostable antifungal compound(s).