植物内生真菌——一类应用前景广阔的资源微生物

从内生真菌的基本生物学特征出发,着重对近年来关于植物内生真菌的生物学作用方面的研究情况进行了综述,主要包括内生真菌对植物生长发育及其抗逆性的促进作用、内生真菌与生物防治、内生真菌与抗癌药物的开发等。最后还对内生真菌的实际应用中存在的问题和可能采取的提供进行了总结。     

植物内生真菌——一类应用前景广阔的资源微生物*

从内生真菌的基本生物学特征出发 ,着重对近年来关于植物内生真菌的生物学作用方面的研究情况进行了综述 ,主要包括内生真菌对植物生长发育及其抗逆性的促进作用、内生真菌与生物防治、内生真菌与抗癌药物的开发等。最后还对内生真菌在实际应用中存在的问题和可能采取的措施进行了总结。     

羊茅属植物内生真菌研究进展

感染内生真菌的羊茅属植株在畜牧业和草坪业上具有重要的生态和经济意义。关于内生真菌与羊茅属植株互利共生的关系已有大量研究,就已报道的有关羊茅属内生真菌种类、内生真菌促进羊茅属植株生长发育以及内生真菌提高羊茅属植株抵抗生物胁迫和非生物胁迫的研究做一综述,指出羊茅属内生真菌研究中存在的问题并做出展望,以期更好地利用我国羊茅属内生真菌资源。     

植物内生真菌研究概况及其在农业上的应用前景

主要概述了植物内生真菌的研究状况、内生真菌的种类及分类地位;分析了内生真菌感染植物后对植物的生长、抗逆性、抗病能力、抗虫能力的影响;提出了植物内生真菌在农业上的应用前景。     

植物内生真菌及其活性代谢产物研究进展

植物内生真菌是一大类未被充分研究过的真菌,其物种及代谢产物均具有生物多样性,现今从植物内生真菌中得到的活性物质种类远比从土壤微生物中得到的多。对植物内生真菌的研究具有重要的生态学意义和经济学意义,在各个领域中应用前景广泛。作者主要综述了植物内生真菌及其活性物质研究的最新进展。     

内生真菌对植物抗旱性的影响

内生真菌广泛地存在于植物体内,它们在植物体内的生活不会对植物引起任何感病症状,而且内生真菌侵染对植物生长、生物和非生物胁迫抗性很好的促进作用,理解内生真菌在提高植物干旱胁迫耐受性方面的作用和机理对其在缓解植物干旱胁迫中的应用有重要意义。这篇综述介绍了植物内生真菌的多样性、对植物抗旱性的影响及其作用机理等方面的研究进展。内生真菌对植物抗旱性提高的机理包括:干旱耐受、干旱回避和干旱恢复。文中还对以后的研究进行了展望。     

内生真菌对植物生长发育及抗逆性的影响

本文从内生真菌的涵义和基本生物学特征出发,以国内外近二十年来关于内生真菌与植物关系的研究情况作了综述。主要包括内生真菌的检测、鉴定和转染,内生真菌对植物生长发育与抗逆性的影响,以及内生真菌在农业及其他相关领域的应用前景。文中提及作者近期开展的关于内生真菌对黑麦草抗旱性影响的研究课题及其初步进展。     

中国种子植物内生真菌资源及菌植协同进化

综述了中国种子植物内生真菌资源研究概况,比较了裸子植物和被子植物内生真菌种类,它们都具有肉座菌目(Hypocreales),粪壳菌目(Sordariales),散囊菌目(Eurotiales),毛霉目(Mucorales)及不产孢类(Myceliasterilia)内生真菌。裸子植物内生真菌涉及52个属,既包括高等的子囊菌和担子菌,也包括低等的卵菌(Oomycetes)和接合菌(Zygomycetes)类。被子植物涉及60个属,主要为高等的子囊菌(Ascomycetes)和担子菌(Basidiomycetes),低等的卵菌和接合菌报道很少。双子叶植物涉及40个属,单子叶植物内生真菌涉及30个属,两类被子植物所报道的内生真菌只有11个属相同。裸子植物与双子叶植物内生真菌相似程度较高,都具有炭角菌目(Xylariales)、格孢腔菌目(Pleosporales)、柔膜菌目(Helotiales)和白粉菌目(Erysiphales),刺盘孢菌属(Colletotrichum)、拟茎点霉属(Phomopsis)、枝孢霉属(Cladosporium)、地霉属(Geotrichum)等内真菌,共20个属相同。各类种子植物具有自己独特的一些内生真菌。还对植物与其内生真菌的协同进化关系进行了分析。     

禾草类内生真菌的研究进展*

感染内生真菌的禾草在牧草和草坪业上具有重要的生态和经济意义。关于禾草和内生真菌的互利共生作用已有大量报道,中就近年来有关禾草类内生真菌的起源和进化、内生真菌的生物和生态学作用以及内生真菌的应用前景方面的研究进展作一综述,以期更好地利用内生真菌造福人类。     

一类微生物连续培养竞争模型的定性分析

研究一类微生物连续培养竞争模型的解的结构,分析了平衡点的稳定性及平衡点附近极限环存在唯一性,证明系统存在正向不变集。     

一类食饵具有常数投放率系统的恢复率

在现实的生态系统中,特别当捕食者的密度大或捕食能力强时,人们常采用食饵补充的方式来控制捕食者和食饵种群数量的稳定,以达到生态平衡．本文在Chisholm,R．A．和Filotas,E．研究的捕食-食饵模型基础上,定义了食饵具有常数投放率的捕食系统,讨论了此系统的恢复率与食饵最大容量之间的关系以及投放率对恢复率和预警长度的影响．最后通过算例分析了递减的恢复率作为系统转移的指示器与投放率与食饵最大容量的关系,说明食饵的投放率可增强预警效果．     

一类具有非单调增长率和功能反应的捕食者-食饵系统的定性分析

考虑一类食饵密度具有非单调增长率,捕食者具有功能性反应的捕食者一食饵系统。得到系统在第一象限内正平衡点的区域稳定的条件和极限环存在唯一的条件,完整地讨论了系统(1)的拓扑结构。     

The Potential Wind Power Resource in Australia: A New Perspective

Australia’s wind resource is considered to be very good, and the utilization of this renewable energy resource is increasing rapidly: wind power installed capacity increased by 35% from 2006 to 2011 and is predicted to account for over 12% of Australia’s electricity generation in 2030. Due to this growth in the utilization of the wind resource and the increasing importance of wind power in Australia’s energy mix, this study sets out to analyze and interpret the nature of Australia’s wind resources using robust metrics of the abundance, variability and intermittency of wind power density, and analyzes the variation of these characteristics with current and potential wind turbine hub heights. We also assess the extent to which wind intermittency, on hourly or greater timescales, can potentially be mitigated by the aggregation of geographically dispersed wind farms, and in so doing, lessen the severe impact on wind power economic viability of long lulls in wind and power generated. Our results suggest that over much of Australia, areas that have high wind intermittency coincide with large expanses in which the aggregation of turbine output does not mitigate variability. These areas are also geographically remote, some are disconnected from the east coast’s electricity grid and large population centers, which are factors that could decrease the potential economic viability of wind farms in these locations. However, on the eastern seaboard, even though the wind resource is weaker, it is less variable, much closer to large population centers, and there exists more potential to mitigate it’s intermittency through aggregation. This study forms a necessary precursor to the analysis of the impact of large-scale circulations and oscillations on the wind resource at the mesoscale.     

烟叶表面微生物及其应用*

利用微生物发酵技术改善烟叶品质,是目前国内外学争相研究的课题。在发酵过程中有微生物、酶及化学物质的协同作用,诱发一系列与香气物质变化有关的生化反应。其中微生物贯穿烟叶发酵始终,对烟叶品质起重要作用。人为的将微生物用于烟叶发酵是提高烟叶品质、改善烟气特性的新途径,给予烟叶自然、醇和芳香,减少苦涩气味,改善余味。基于以上目的,中综括烟叶微生物种类及应用概况,试图将微生物资源广泛应用于烟叶发酵,诱发烟叶内与香气物质转化有关的生化代谢途径,达到改善烟叶品质和增进烟叶香气目的。     

红树林区微生物资源

随着工业的迅猛发展,工业废料源源不断地向海洋输出,污染日趋严重。人们在大力开发海洋微生物自净能力的同时,也对海岸线的绿色卫士——红树林给予了密切关注,积极展开红树林区微生物资源的开发利用。本文从红树林区微生物库的资源多样性、微生物在物质循环和能量流动中的作用、生理活性物质、代谢产物和污染治理等几个方面进行综述。     

Functional Basis of Microorganism Classification

Correctly identifying nearest “neighbors” of a given microorganism is important in industrial and clinical applications where close relationships imply similar treatment. Microbial classification based on similarity of physiological and genetic organism traits (polyphasic similarity) is experimentally difficult and, arguably, subjective. Evolutionary relatedness, inferred from phylogenetic markers, facilitates classification but does not guarantee functional identity between members of the same taxon or lack of similarity between different taxa. Using over thirteen hundred sequenced bacterial genomes, we built a novel function-based microorganism classification scheme, functional-repertoire similarity-based organism network (FuSiON; flattened to fusion). Our scheme is phenetic, based on a network of quantitatively defined organism relationships across the known prokaryotic space. It correlates significantly with the current taxonomy, but the observed discrepancies reveal both (1) the inconsistency of functional diversity levels among different taxa and (2) an (unsurprising) bias towards prioritizing, for classification purposes, relatively minor traits of particular interest to humans. Our dynamic network-based organism classification is independent of the arbitrary pairwise organism similarity cut-offs traditionally applied to establish taxonomic identity. Instead, it reveals natural, functionally defined organism groupings and is thus robust in handling organism diversity. Additionally, fusion can use organism meta-data to highlight the specific environmental factors that drive microbial diversification. Our approach provides a complementary view to cladistic assignments and holds important clues for further exploration of microbial lifestyles. Fusion is a more practical fit for biomedical, industrial, and ecological applications, as many of these rely on understanding the functional capabilities of the microbes in their environment and are less concerned with phylogenetic descent.     

Isolation of Myrosinase Producing Microorganism

Screening tests were undertaken to obtain microorganisms which produce myrosinase. One strain of microorganism indicated a strong capasity for producing myrosinase. The morphological and physiological characteristics of this strain were studied. The organism was identified as Enterobacter cloacae, no. 506.

Enzyme production was induced by the addition of 0.01% sinigrin and 6% mustard extract*² to the culture medium. The highest production was obtained after 36~40 hr cultivation when the strain was cultivated at 28°C in a medium containing 0.01% sinigrin, 6% Mustard ext., 0.1% KH₂PO₄, 0.1% NH₄Cl, 0.1% NaCl and 0.1% MgSO₄·7aq, (pH 7.0).     

微生物的交流信号

多年来微生物一直被认为是相对孤立的个体,在环境中独立地生存,但近些年的研究使人们认识到微生物也使用复杂多样的方式进行种内、种间,甚至与其他生物间的跨界信息交流。这些交流由特定的信号分子来完成,称之为微生物语言。借助这些交流语言使微生物在特定的生态位中与其相邻个体或种群建立了多样的互动关系,包括合作、竞争与资源共享等,通过协调群体行为,共同应对多变的环境。随着现代分子科学对自然微生物群落的不断深入研究,人们对微生物交流也逐渐有了更为清晰的认知。本综述总结了原核和真核微生物所使用的主要信号物质(如群体感应、群体猝灭、抗生素等)和交流方式,讨论了这些通讯语言在种内(同种微生物)、种间(异种微生物),以及跨界(微生物与宿主)交流上的表现。旨在更为深入地解读这一有趣的多学科交叉研究领域,更好地理解微生物交流语言的形式、机制和目的,为微生物行为的解读和生态事件的解析获取基于化学生态学的新思路。     

Isolation of Amylase Inhibitor-producing Microorganism

An amylase inhibitor-producing microorganism was identified as a subspecies of Strepto- myces diastaticus from morphological and physiological studies and was named Streptomyces diastaticus subsp. amylostaticus No. 2476.

When this strain was aerobically cultured in a shaking flask containing 100 ml of medium consisting of 4% corn starch, 2% soy bean flake extract, 0.3 % NaCl, 0.1 % K₂HPO₄, 0.05% MgSO₄·7H₂O, 0.001% FeS0₄ · 7H₂O, 0.0001% CuSO₄-5H₂O, 0.0001% ZnSO₄·7H₂O, and 0.0001% MnS0₄ nH₂O (pH 7.0) at 30°C, the highest inhibitory activity was obtained after 70 ~ 80 hr of cultivation.

This amylase inhibitor (S-AI) had inhibitory activity on α-amylases and glucoamylase, but not on β-amylases and pullulanase.