Characteristics of spore germination and protonemal development in Hypnum pacleseens

The spore germination,protonemal development,and gametophyte differentiation of Hypnum pacleseens were observed in cultivation.Photomicrographs showed that spore germination of Hypnum pacleseens occured within the exospore.Its protonema is massive with filamentous chloronema formed inside.The terminal part of the chloronema differentiated into filamentous caulonema and its rhizoid was derived from the apical cell of the filamentous chloronema.The initial cell of gametophyte differentiated from chloronema and caulonema.Sporeling type of Hypnum pacleseens is developmentally similar to Glyphmitrium-type.     

碎米藓属两种藓类植物孢子萌发与原丝体发育特征研究

为获取其孢子萌发类型与该属植物系统发育、生态选择以及生殖策略选择的相关性,该研究通过室内人工培养的方式,在微米量级下观察并描述了碎米藓属(Fabronia)碎米藓(F.pusilla)和东亚碎米藓(F.matsumurae)两种藓类植物孢子萌发、原丝体发育和配子体发生的过程.结果表明:(1)两种藓类植物孢子均为壁外萌发...     

中华缩叶藓孢子萌发与原丝体发育特征研究

通过室内人工培养中华缩叶藓的孢子,在光学显微镜下详细观察了其孢子萌发、原丝体发育及配子体发生的全过程.结果表明:中华缩叶藓的孢子在壁内萌发,随后分裂产生块状原丝体;块状原丝体上可产生两种丝状体,一种是具疣的棒状原丝体,另一种是由长圆柱状细胞组成的轴丝体;配子体原始细胞只产生于块状原丝体上.根据中华缩叶藓的孢子萌发和原丝体发育特征,并参照Nishida对藓类植物孢子萌发类型的划分,确定中华缩叶藓的萌发孢子型应属于缩叶藓型(Ptychomitrium-type).     

磷和钾对大灰藓植株生长生理和营养元素的影响

大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme)具有良好的景观效果和应用前景,但生长缓慢且缺少系统的栽培技术研究,对其推广应用有一定影响。该研究分别将磷肥(P)、钾肥(K)、PK复合肥作为一次性基肥使用,研究不同施肥处理下大灰藓的生长生理和营养元素的变化,并用模糊隶属函数法选出最佳施肥处理。结果表明,施肥能显著增加大灰藓的覆盖度,K₁₈处理的植株覆盖度较对照(CK)提高了53.9%。施肥能显著增加植株类胡萝卜素、叶绿素(除K₁₂)、可溶性蛋白(P₂₄、PK₁₂、PK₃₀除外)含量,降低植株可溶性糖含量(除P₂₄、PK₆),P₁₈处理的植株类胡萝卜素和叶绿素含量最高,分别为CK的3.42和2倍。P肥显著增加了植株P含量,以P₁₈的影响最大,为CK的1.33倍;K肥对植株K含量积累的促进作用最好,K₁₈处理的植株K含量最高(为CK的1.62倍)。模糊综合评价表明K_1...     

Fine structure of resting spore formation and germination in Entomophthora virulenta

The fine structure during the formation and germination of resting spores of Entomophthora virulenta is described. There were many microbodies in contact with oil droplets, and the microbodies appeared to participate in spore germination. The mature resting spore had an epispore layer with two regions and an endospore layer with five regions. Dictyosomes, numerous vesicles, and lomasomes were produced during the formation of the endospore layer. Prior to spore germination, the single large oil droplet separated into numerous small oil droplets, and the new cell wall was formed beneath the endospore layer which gradually disintegrated possibly by enzymatic actions. The germ tube perforated the epispore layer mainly by mechanical pressure.     

Dynamics of spore germination and mycelial growth of streptomycetes under low humidity conditions

At extremely low values of moisture pressure (?96.4 MPa; a_w 0.50), the spores of xerotolerant streptomycetes (Streptomyces odorifer and S. rubiginosohelvolus) germinated, their germ lengths increased, and lateral branching of the mycelium was observed after 5 days of incubation in a thin layer of agarized nutrient medium. At ?22.6 MPa (a_w 0.86), the mycelium begins to branch after a 2-day incubation; over a 5-day incubation at ?2.8 MPa (a_w 0.98), it goes through a reproduction cycle, which culminates in spore formation. The mathematical model approach enabled us to elucidate the behavioral patterns of Streptomyces spores in a thin layer of agarized nutrient medium at low humidity levels. The dynamics of spore germination is governed by the exponential law, which allows calculation of the average duration of the period a before spore germination, as well as the time needed for 50% of viable spores to germinate.     

Gibberellin precursor is involved in spore germination in the moss Physcomitrella patens

Gibberellins are ent-kaurene derived phytohormones that are involved in seed germination, stem elongation, and flower induction in seed plants, as well as in antheridia formation and spore germination in ferns. Although ubiquitous in vascular plants, the occurrence and potential function(s) of gibberellins in bryophytes have not yet been resolved. To determine the potential role of gibberellin and/or gibberellin-like compounds in mosses, the effect of AMO-1618 on spores of Physcomitrella patens (Hedw.) B.S.G. was tested. AMO-1618, which inhibited ent-kaurene and gibberellin biosynthesis in angiosperms, also inhibited the bifunctional copalyl diphosphate synthase (E.C. 5.5.1.13)/ent-kaurene synthase (E.C. 4.2.3.19) of P. patens. AMO-1618 also caused a decrease in spore germination rates of P. patens, and this inhibitory effect was less pronounced in the presence of ent-kaurene. These results suggest that ent-kaurene biosynthesis is required by P. patens spores to germinate, implying the presence of gibberellin-like phytohormones in mosses.     

天蓝色链霉菌孢子色素whiE在大肠杆菌中的异源生物合成

【目的】在大肠杆菌中完整重构孢子色素whiE的生物合成途径,分离纯化表达体系中合成的新化合物,并解析whiE的生物合成途径。【方法】构建whiE-ORFII、whiE-ORFVII和whiE-ORFI的单基因重组质粒,SDS-PAGE检测蛋白表达情况;借助Xba I与Spe I互为同尾酶的特性,实现多基因组合串联;构建好的重组质粒再导入大肠杆菌菌株BAP1中进行异源表达,并用高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测发酵产物;依次使用正相硅胶柱和反向半制备柱分离发酵产物,四级杆飞行时间质谱仪(Q-TOFMS)鉴定发酵产物分子量。【结果】whiE-ORFII、whiE-ORFVII和whiE-ORFI均获得可溶性表达;这3个基因单个串联到菌株BTw95中均未检测到新的产物生成;而whiE-ORFII和whiE-ORFVII、 whiE-ORFI和whiE-ORFVII双基因组合以及三基因组合串联到BTw95中可检测得到两种化合物ZYC-1和ZYC-2。在负离子模式下进行Q-TOFMS检测,ZYC-1的[M-H]-为419.0748,推测分子式为C_(23)H_(16)O_8;ZYC-2的[M-H]-为465.0743,推测分子式为C_(24)H_(18)O_(10)。【结论】本研究推进了孢子色素whiE生物合成途径在大肠杆菌中的异源重构,分离鉴定了2个十二酮II型聚酮化合物,并推测了孢子色素whiE的生物合成途径。     

Inhibition of Ageratina adenophora on spore germination and gametophyte development of Macrothelypteris torresiana

Allalopathy of Ageratina adenophora plays an important role in its invasion. However, we have little knowledge of its allelpathic effects on ferns. In Petri dish bioassays, the inhibitory potential of aqueous leachates from roots, stems and leaves of A. adenophora was studied on the spore germination and gametophyte development of Macrothelypteris torresiana. All leachates Inhibited the spore germination and growth of the first rhizoid of M. torresiana and inhibitory effects Increased with increasing leachate concentrations. Root leachates proved most inhibitory. Gametophyte rhizoids of M. torresiana treated with stem and leaf leachates ofA. adenophora were erect, which was similar to those of the control. However, gametophyte rhizoids of M. torresiana treated with root leachates of A. adenophora were erect, but also curving or swollen. Moreover, curving and swollen rhizoids Increased with Increasing concentrations. As time went by, rhizoids treated with root leachates were not so curved and the swelling almost disappeared. Possible causes are discussed in the present study. The increasing concentrations of leaf leachates also delayed the stages of gametophyte development. With the treatment of root leachates, the delay was more obvious. Thus A. adenophora inhibited the spore germination and gametophyte development of M. torresiana and the root leachates were most inhibitory.     

温度对蚜科专化菌暗孢耳霉休眠孢子形成的影响

为探究虫霉休眠孢子形成的关键影响因素,通过孢子浴接种和多浓度生物测定实验,观察蚜科专化菌暗孢耳霉(Conidiobolus obscurus)在5个温度处理(10,15,20,24,28℃)和3个接种浓度梯度下感染寄主桃蚜(Myzus persicae)的情况,并观测不同处理下蚜尸内产休眠孢子的比例。暗孢耳霉对桃蚜的毒力随温度和接种浓度升高而提高。同时,感病致死的蚜尸镜检结果表明:温度显著影响休眠孢子形成,温度越高,形成几率越大;接种浓度的影响次之,在15—24℃间,形成几率随接种浓度提高而增大。这一现象可能的解释:高温环境将使寄主种群增长停滞或消退,暗孢耳霉通过感知环境温度情况,倾向于在较高温时于寄主体内形成休眠孢子来规避接下来可能出现的寄主匮乏期。     

岩黄连种子萌发特性研究

岩黄连是一种多年生草本植物，主要分布于我国西南部岩溶地区，具有重要的生态及医药价值，开发利用前景广阔。由于生存环境脆弱和人为采挖的影响使得野生岩黄连资源面临枯竭，因此被列入2021年国家重点保护野生植物名录。为探索该物种濒危的原因，该文研究了种子保存方法、化学试剂前处理、温度、光照、干旱、pH以及混沙保湿冷藏处理对种子萌发的影响。结果表明：(1)低温保存能够延长岩黄连种子的活性，保存2 a的种子萌发率仍能达到30%。(2)化学试剂HCl及NaClO对种子的前处理使其发芽率提升50%～60%;种子在20℃时萌发率能达到50%,而30℃时基本不能萌发；黑暗条件下的萌发率显著高于周期性光照条件；萌发率随着干旱程度加深不断下降；萌发率在pH值3.0～8.0的条件下无显著变化。(3)混沙保湿冷藏使种子发芽势和萌发率显著提高，萌发率达到对照的2倍。综上认为，岩黄连种子在室温条件下易失活且不能在30℃以上高温萌发的特性与其濒危有较大关系；高效的种子萌发方法可以为岩黄连保护与产业化应用提供有效途径。该研究结果为野生岩黄连的保育提供了理论和技术保障，为其大田栽培和产业化推广提供了技术支持。     

四回毛枝蕨配子体发育的研究

采用MS培养基培养四回毛枝蕨孢子,利用光学显微镜详细观察记录了其孢子萌发、配子体发育及幼孢子体形成的整个过程。结果表明:成熟的孢子黑褐色,不透明,极面观圆球形,赤道面观蚕豆型,单裂缝,表面微褶皱。播种后8d左右萌发,萌发类型为书带蕨型,配子体发育为三叉蕨型。播种20d左右发育为片状体。播种30d左右形成幼原叶体,幼原叶体暂不对称,成熟原叶体呈蝴蝶形。原叶体边缘及背腹面都具毛状体,数量丰富,单细胞。播种50d左右开始有性器官出现,精子器近圆球形,由3细胞构成,成熟颈卵器颈部由5列细胞构成。原叶体受精后1月内可看到幼胚生成。     

山玉兰花粉离体萌发和花粉管生长特性的研究

山玉兰(Magnolia delavayi)是木兰科木兰属的常绿乔木或大型灌木,是重要的园林造景、庭院绿化素材,也是重要的育种资源。山玉兰花粉的研究对其杂交育种的成败具有重要影响,但目前尚未见其花粉活力的相关报道。该研究以新鲜的山玉兰花粉为对象,采用悬滴培养法分析了温度、光照以及培养液的蔗糖和硼酸浓度对山玉兰花粉萌发的影响。结果表明:(1)山玉兰花粉萌发时,最适宜的温度为27℃。(2)光暗条件下,山玉兰花粉以浓度为5%的蔗糖培养效果最佳,其萌发率在16%以上;而硼酸浓度则以0.001%的培养效果最佳。(3)蔗糖与硼酸共同作用可有效促进花粉萌发和花粉管生长。其中,在光照条件下,以5.0%蔗糖+0.001%硼酸为最适宜的培养液,花粉萌发率达41.27%,花粉管长达281.49μm;而在黑暗条件下,则以5.0%蔗糖+0.01%硼酸为最适宜的培养液,花粉萌发率达45.71%,花粉管长达254.00μm。该研究结果为进一步开展人工辅助授粉、发掘山玉兰的种质资源工作奠定了基础。     

重水对萎缩芽孢杆菌芽孢萌发的影响

本研究快报报道了重水对细菌芽孢的萌发及其可培养性的抑制作用. 在常温条件下,用L-丙氨酸触发细菌芽孢的萌发,并用Tb-DPA荧光法、相差显微镜观测法和光密度测定法监测萌发过程,用最终萌发水平、萌发半期、萌发速度3个参数来表征萌发过程. 除此之外,我们还用菌落形成单位的个数来评估萌发后芽孢的可培养性. 结果表明,重水对整个萌发过程有抑制作用,同时降低了萌发后芽孢的可培养性,但对最终萌发水平无影响. 我们推测这是因为重水增强了一些芽孢特异性信号蛋白的稳定性.     

藏药多刺绿绒蒿种子萌发特性研究

多刺绿绒蒿(Meconopsishorridula)为罂粟科绿绒蒿属一年生草本植物,是一种极具观赏价值和药用价值的高山植物,目前处于濒危状态,因此研究多刺绿绒蒿种子的萌发特性对其种子育苗及人工栽培具有重要意义。为了提高多刺绿绒蒿的种子发芽率,该研究以多刺绿绒蒿的种子为材料,分析了不同消毒剂、浸种时间、温度和外源植物激素对种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明:(1)最适消毒方法为75%乙醇1min+3%H2O25min,最适浸种时间为24h,最适温度和光照条件为20℃/10℃(光照12h/黑暗12h),用无菌水浸种后的种子发芽率为49.67%。(2)GA3100~600mg·L^-1和NAA5~30mg·L^-1可以提高种子的发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数,缩短发芽启动时间和发芽持续时间,对种子的萌发有促进作用。(3)6-BA5mg·L^-1和10mg·L^-1对种子的萌发有一定的促进作用,但不显著,6-BA浓度≥15mg·L^-1则抑制种子的萌发。(4)用GA3500mg·L^-1浸种后的种子发芽指标最好,发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别为69.67%、33.00%、4.51,种子的发芽起始时间和发芽持续时间分别为10.67d、11.67d。     

野雉尾金粉蕨配子体发育及其系统学意义

野雉尾金粉蕨为中国蕨科金粉蕨属植物,而金粉蕨属的系统位置一直存在争议。该研究用原生境腐殖土和改良克诺普氏(Knop’s)营养液对野雉尾金粉蕨的孢子进行培养,培养条件为温度25℃、光照强度2 500 lx、光照12 h/d,在光学显微镜下观察记录其孢子萌发和配子体发育过程。结果表明:野雉尾金粉蕨的孢子为黄褐色,四面体型,三裂缝,赤道面观为扇形,具周壁,外壁表面具网状纹饰。孢子培养7 d后开始萌发,孢子萌发类型为书带蕨型(Vittaria-type)。孢子萌发后,配子体原始细胞经多次横向分裂形成3~9个细胞的丝状体,丝状体细胞呈圆筒形,壁薄,侧壁向外鼓起,含有颗粒较大且数量较多的叶绿体。15 d左右发育为片状体,片状体多为匙状。25 d左右形成幼原叶体,幼原叶体不对称,配子体发育类型为水蕨型(Ceratopteris-type)。在原叶体发育过程中分枝丝状体非常发达,配子体呈丛状生长,整个发育过程没有毛状体产生。野雉尾金粉蕨的假根为单细胞管状,偶有分支,内无叶绿体。45 d左右精子器开始出现,精子器顶面观近圆形,侧面观为近椭圆形或短柱状。精子器成熟时,盖细胞裂开,精子逸出。60 d左右颈卵器出现,颈卵器比较大,基部略大于顶部,侧面观呈烟囱状,顶面观为铜钱状,颈部由四列细胞构成。90 d左右发育出肉眼可见的幼孢子体。从研究结果看,其配子体发育的特征与凤尾蕨科(Pteridaceae)凤尾蕨属(Pteris L.)相似,支持金粉蕨属归于凤尾蕨科的观点。该研究结果为野雉尾金粉蕨系统学研究提供了配子体发育方面的证据。     

球腺肿足蕨的配子体发育特征及其系统学意义

采用改良Knop’s营养液液体和固体培养基,对球腺肿足蕨的孢子进行人工培养,利用光学显微镜观察其孢子的萌发及配子体发育过程。结果表明:成熟的孢子深褐色,不透明,极面观为椭圆形,赤道面观为豆形,单裂缝,周壁具密集的波纹状褶皱。孢子萌发类型为书带蕨型,原叶体发育类型为三叉蕨型。孢子接种后7d左右萌发,30d左右形成为片状体,50d左右发育为幼原叶体,幼原叶体不对称,但成熟原叶体心脏形对称。原叶体边缘及背腹面都具乳头状毛状体。75d左右精子器出现,精子器近圆球形,由3个细胞构成。90d左右颈卵器出现,成熟颈卵器颈部由4～5列细胞构成,3～5层细胞高。原叶体受精后1个月内可看到幼孢子体生成。最后讨论其系统学意义。     

薄毛海绵杜鹃结实和萌发特性随环境的变化

选择青藏高原东南林线地区优势植物薄毛海绵杜鹃为对象,研究薄毛海绵杜鹃结实特性和萌发特性随海拔(4183—4673 m)、坡度、坡向等环境梯度的变化规律。对比了不同环境条件下薄毛海绵杜鹃果实的长、宽、重量、单果种子数、种子千粒重等结实特性;并测试了不同环境所产种子的萌发对温度和光照的响应。结果表明:(1)在高海拔低温胁迫环境下,薄毛海绵杜鹃的生殖投入加大,果实大且质量重,种子数量多但质量轻;(2)坡向是影响单果种子数量的主要环境因子,阴坡单果种子数显著大于阳坡,生活在阴坡的薄毛海绵杜鹃的繁衍能力更强;(3)较高和较低土壤湿度都会影响薄毛海绵杜鹃的种子质量,中等土壤湿度(28.3%—32.5%)薄毛海绵杜鹃种子萌发能力最强;(4)薄毛海绵杜鹃的种子是需光性种子,在黑暗条件下几乎不萌发;(5)在光照条件下,温度对种子萌发率和萌发速率有显著影响,高温(25/5℃)有助于提高萌发率并促使萌发进程显著提前。研究揭示了不同海拔薄毛海绵杜鹃结实和萌发特性与环境之间的关系,为薄毛海绵杜鹃的种质资源保护和气候变化背景下藏东南林线动态预测提供了基础资料。     

感染羽茅的香柱菌属内生真菌对丛枝菌根真菌孢子萌发的影响

内生真菌与丛枝菌根(AM)真菌是构成草原生态系统的重要组成部分.内生真菌会抑制其宿主植物的AM真菌侵染率.本研究以感染2种香柱菌属内生真菌[Epichloё gansuensis(Eg)和E. sibirica(Es)]的天然禾草羽茅为供试材料,进行体外纯培养的内生真菌培养滤液、感染内生真菌的羽茅叶片(包括鲜叶和枯叶)浸提液,以及根系分泌物对摩西球囊霉(Gm)和幼套球囊霉(Ge)2种AM真菌孢子萌发影响试验.结果表明: 香柱菌属内生真菌的培养滤液会显著抑制2种AM真菌孢子的萌发,而感染香柱菌属内生真菌的羽茅根系分泌物只对Ge孢子萌发有显著抑制作用,且上述抑制作用与内生真菌种类无关;鲜叶浸提液对Gm和Ge的孢子萌发率均无显著影响,而枯叶浸提液对Ge的孢子萌发有显著抑制作用.在自然生态系统中,香柱菌属内生真菌通常存在于宿主植物体内,可能通过影响宿主植物的根系分泌物来影响AM真菌孢子的萌发.     

Effects of nutrients and light pretreatment on phytochrome-mediated fern-spore germination

Spores of the ferns, Dryopteris filix-mas, D. paleacea and Polystichum minutum, sown on plain agar in quartz-distilled water, required several hours of red light in order to germinate. When, however, water agar was replaced by agar made up with a mineral nutrition medium, a single pulse of red light (about 1 min) was able fully to induce germination. Under these conditions spores became light-sensitive a few minutes after sowing. Thus, zero germination in dark controls was obtained only when all light was excluded immediately after sowing or when saturating far-red was given thereafter. The effect of the mineral medium was also obtained using low ion concentrations with an osmolality of less than 100 mol l^–1. Thus, a specific ion effect appears more probable than an unspecific osmotic effect. Species differences in light sensitivity and in dark-germination levels, as reported in the literature, might partly be the consequence of different culture media and of light acting at a very early stage after sowing, which hitherto was assumed to be still insensitive to light. On water agar as well as on mineral agar, the inducing effect of a single red pulse could be increased by the appropriate pretreatment, i.e. by preirradiation with red light for several hours, followed by a saturating pulse of far-red, the latter abolishing the direct inducing effect of the red preirradiation. The nature of both the ion-phytochrome interaction and the phytochrome-phytochrome interaction has not yet been analysed.Abbreviations FR saturating far-red light - Pfr far-red absorbin form of phytochrome - R broad-band red light, acting continuously during several hours This work was performed at the Department of Plant Physiology, University of Lund, Sweden, during a sabbatical leave