冲击波负压对大鼠肺致伤效应的初步观察

观察了不同的冲击波负压峰值对大鼠肺的影响。各种条件下的冲击波负压值可由负压发生装置来模拟调节,这种装置可满足化爆、核爆和爆炸性减压下负压参数的一般要求,参数稳定,重复性好。冲击波负压峰值范围为-13～-90kPa,下降时间为1～90ms,持续时间为14～2 000ms。6组Wistar系大鼠,分别暴露在-47.2～-84.0kPa的冲击波负压环境中,伤后立即解剖动物,重点观察肺伤情。实验结果显示,在上述冲击波负压环境中,肺可出现从无伤至极重度伤;出血、充血以及肺表面压痕酷似肺冲击伤的病理表现。随着冲击波负压峰值的变化,各组肺伤情亦随着变化,冲击波负压峰值(△P)和减压倍数(P_i/P_a)分别与肺出血面积和动物死亡率相关显著或非常显著。本实验提示,一定条件下的冲击波负压具有明显的致伤作用,且伤情变化范围与超压所致肺伤情变化范围相同,超压和冲击波负压在一定条件下可通过伤情指标等效。     

激光诱导的基因转染方法研究

基因转染是研究基因表达、结构和功能的主要实验手段。本文对现有的转染方法进行了分析,并重点探讨了两种激光诱导的基因转染新方法：激光产生冲击波和激光照射纳米微粒的方法,并提出了改进的实验方案。这两种方法都是通过改变细胞质膜通透性实现外源基因的导入,其最大的优点就是对细胞没有损伤。文章的最后说明了基因转染在基因疗法的应用。     

口腔颌面部爆炸伤的研究现状

口腔颌面部爆炸伤是指由致伤物爆炸所造成的口腔颌面部组织损伤,两种主要致伤因素是冲击波和高速破片,较一般火器伤而言,爆炸伤的致伤机制及致伤特点都有不同之处。对爆炸伤害的物理机制和病理生理反应方面研究有助于改进防护及改善治疗策略。本文在简述口腔颌面部爆炸伤的致伤因素和损伤特点的基础上,着重综述了动物模型和有限元模型的研究方法及结果,旨在为以后的模型研究提供思路和参考。     

森林火旋风研究进展

火旋风是林火蔓延过程中的特殊火行为现象,与树冠火和飞火关系密切.火旋风的发生机理在于旋转涡的生成和发展.构建室内火旋风模拟发生装置是当前火旋风研究的常用方法.在室内模拟试验中,红外热像和热电偶可用于测量火焰温度,高速摄影、三维激光多普勒和皮托管用于测量火旋风的转速.基于室内实验数据,可构建模拟火旋风发生发展的三维模型.     

森林火旋风研究进展

火旋风是林火蔓延过程中的特殊火行为现象,与树冠火和飞火关系密切.火旋风的发生机理在于旋转涡的生成和发展.构建室内火旋风模拟发生装置是当前火旋风研究的常用方法.在室内模拟试验中,红外热像和热电偶可用于测量火焰温度,高速摄影、三维激光多普勒和皮托管用于测量火旋风的转速.基于室内实验数据,可构建模拟火旋风发生发展的三维模型.     

生物圈二号——全球变化生态学研究的理想场所

在当今出现的热门课题之一的全球变化生态学研究中,各国生态学家纷纷尝试了不同的实验手段进行模拟实验研究,从而预测全球CO_2浓度及温度升高后植物及生态系统的反应。各国学者所设计的实验装置有环境控制室、开顶式同化箱装置、自由CO_2气体施肥装置等。除此之外,英国陆地生态研究所设计的小型生物圈和位于美国西部亚利桑那州沙漠上的生物圈二号也在进行有关研究。尤其是生物圈二号以其设计独特、工程浩大而闻名于世。目前,生物圈二号在进行了两年半的封闭住人实验后,转入全球变化生态学的研究。 美国生物圈二号建于1991年。玻璃封闭空间达3.15英亩,栽培植物种类近一千种,内有热带雨     

对照·随机·重复——动物实验设计基础知识

动物学研究和其他学科的研究一样,就方法而论,可以大致划分为两种类型:观察性研究与实验性研究。所谓观察性研究是指对自然界已经发生和正在发生的现象进行描述和概括,譬如动物分类学、动物形态学和动物生态学等;而实验性研究则是指对人们有目的的设计条件下所产生的现象进行分析,如动物生理学、动物生物化学和动物遗传学就是以实验研究为主要手段的科学。当然,这样的划分完全是为了方便,事实上形态学和生态学也越来越多地     

多功能集成化股静脉置管管道装置在动物实验中的应用

目的探讨多功能集成化股静脉置管管道装置在动物实验中的应用效果。方法在31例严重多发伤动物实验中,应用自制的多功能集成化股静脉置管管道装置,观察实验过程中输血、输液、采集血样、静脉给药、中心静脉压测定五项护理技术操作全程顺序进行项目完成的时间和效果。结果在动物实验中应用多功能集成化股静脉置管管道装置,五项护理技术操作全程顺序进行平均每次时间为（80±12）s,平均每项次时间（19±5．1）S。结论多功能集成化股静脉置管管道装置在动物实验中应用,省时、省力、快捷、方便,值得进一步应用推广。     

微生物治理国防工业废水取得进展

国防工业在生产和装弹过程中排出大量含有炸药的废水,这些炸药有梯恩梯(TNT)、里索金(RDX)以及TNT-RDX混合物,造成环境污染,特别是当这些废水排放到水域里,不仅毒害水生生物、动植物,而且对人体中枢神精系统、造血系统、肝脏等器官造成危害,严重影响人体健康,因此,治理这些烈性炸药废水使其有十分重要的经济意义。已引起国内外对这种废水的治理的重视。     

征稿启事

《激光生物学报》是中国遗传学会主办的学术期刊,主要刊登以人类、动物、植物和微生物为实验对象的激光生物学、生物光子学、激光（光）生物医学（含光子中医学、光动力疗法、激光整形美容）、放射生物学（含激光育种、辐射育种、空间育种等）、     

Explosive Blast Loading on Human 3D Aggregate Minibrains

The effects of primary explosive blast on brain tissue still remain mostly unknown. There are few in vitro models that use real explosives to probe the mechanisms of injury at the cellular level. In this work, 3D aggregates of human brain cells or brain microphysiological system were exposed to military explosives at two different pressures (50 and 100 psi). Results indicate that membrane damage and oxidative stress increased with blast pressure, but cell death remained minimal.     

The effect of explosive blast loading on human neuroblastoma cells

Diagnosis of mild to moderate traumatic brain injury is challenging because brain tissue damage progresses slowly and is not readily detectable by conventional imaging techniques. We have developed a novel in vitro model to study primary blast loading on dissociated neurons using nitroamine explosives such as those used on the battlefield. Human neuroblastoma cells were exposed to single and triple 50-psi explosive blasts and single 100-psi blasts. Changes in membrane permeability and oxidative stress showed a significant increase for the single and triple 100-psi blast conditions compared with single 50-psi blast and controls.     

负压创面治疗技术对水通道蛋白4表达变化的研究

目的：研究爆炸伤后肌肉组织中AQP4蛋白表达变化的规律,以及应用创面负压吸引技术后AQP4蛋白表达的变化影响,探讨创面负压吸引技术的可能作用机制。方法：在猪软组织爆炸伤模型基础上将10只家猪的双侧臀部随机分为实验组和对照组,爆炸致伤造成的创面分别应用传统纱布爆炸治疗及负压创面治疗。应用Western-Blot技术和RT-PCR技术检测创面组织中AQP4蛋白和AQP4 mRNA的表达水平,并对两者的相关性进行分析。结果：致伤3天后对照组和实验组创面组织AQP4蛋白和AQP4 mRNA表达均达到峰值,随后逐渐降低,对照组创面AQP4蛋白和AQP4 mRNA水平显著高于实验组（P〈0.05）。实验组及对照组AQP4 mRNA与AQP4蛋白表达呈正相关。结论：负压创面治疗技术可减低创面组织AQP4蛋白表达。AQP4蛋白表达变化可能是负压创面治疗技术促进创面愈合的机制之一。     

脉冲1 064 nm激光视网膜损伤动物模型的建立

目的:建立脉冲1 064 nm Nd:YAG激光致视网膜出血性损伤及非出血性损伤动物模型,为治疗药物评价提供技术基础.方法:应用自由振荡脉冲及调Q脉冲1 064 nm激光照射青紫蓝灰兔视网膜,通过在光路中加人透镜获得直径200μm眼底光斑,加入衰减片改变角膜入射激光能量.照射即刻对损伤应用检眼镜进行实时观察,并用眼底相...     

Mechanics of blast loading on the head models in the study of traumatic brain injury using experimental and computational approaches

Blast waves generated by improvised explosive devices can cause mild, moderate to severe traumatic brain injury in soldiers and civilians. To understand the interactions of blast waves on the head and brain and to identify the mechanisms of injury, compression-driven air shock tubes are extensively used in laboratory settings to simulate the field conditions. The overall goal of this effort is to understand the mechanics of blast wave–head interactions as the blast wave traverses the head/brain continuum. Toward this goal, surrogate head model is subjected to well-controlled blast wave profile in the shock tube environment, and the results are analyzed using combined experimental and numerical approaches. The validated numerical models are then used to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution of stresses and pressure in the human skull and brain. By detailing the results from a series of careful experiments and numerical simulations, this paper demonstrates that: (1) Geometry of the head governs the flow dynamics around the head which in turn determines the net mechanical load on the head. (2) Biomechanical loading of the brain is governed by direct wave transmission, structural deformations, and wave reflections from tissue–material interfaces. (3) Deformation and stress analysis of the skull and brain show that skull flexure and tissue cavitation are possible mechanisms of blast-induced traumatic brain injury.     

Computational Study of Human Head Response to Primary Blast Waves of Five Levels from Three Directions

Human exposure to blast waves without any fragment impacts can still result in primary blast-induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI). To investigate the mechanical response of human brain to primary blast waves and to identify the injury mechanisms of bTBI, a three-dimensional finite element head model consisting of the scalp, skull, cerebrospinal fluid, nasal cavity, and brain was developed from the imaging data set of a human female. The finite element head model was partially validated and was subjected to the blast waves of five blast intensities from the anterior, right lateral, and posterior directions at a stand-off distance of one meter from the detonation center. Simulation results show that the blast wave directly transmits into the head and causes a pressure wave propagating through the brain tissue. Intracranial pressure (ICP) is predicted to have the highest magnitude from a posterior blast wave in comparison with a blast wave from any of the other two directions with same blast intensity. The brain model predicts higher positive pressure at the site proximal to blast wave than that at the distal site. The intracranial pressure wave invariably travels into the posterior fossa and vertebral column, causing high pressures in these regions. The severities of cerebral contusions at different cerebral locations are estimated using an ICP based injury criterion. Von Mises stress prevails in the cortex with a much higher magnitude than in the internal parenchyma. According to an axonal injury criterion based on von Mises stress, axonal injury is not predicted to be a cause of primary brain injury from blasts.     

Blast related neurotrauma: a review of cellular injury

Historically, blast overpressure is known to affect primarily gas-containing organs such as the lung and ear. More recent interests focus on its ability to cause damage to solid organs such as the brain, resulting in neurological disorders. Returning veterans exposed to blast but without external injuries are being diagnosed with mild traumatic brain injury (Warden 2006) and with cortical dysfunction (Cernak et al 1999). Decades of studies have been conducted to elucidate the effects of primary blast wave on the central nervous system. These studies were mostly concerned with systemic effects (Saljo et al 2000-2003; Kaur et al 1995-1997, 1999; Cernak et al 1996, 2001). The molecular mechanism of blast-induced neurotrauma is still poorly understood. This paper reviews studies related to primary blast injury to the nervous system, particularly at the cellular level. It starts with a general discussion of primary blast injury and blast wave physics, followed by a review of the literature related to 1) the blast wave/body interaction, 2) injuries to the peripheral nervous system, 3) injuries to the central nervous system, and 4) injury criteria. Finally, some of our preliminary data on cellular injury from in vitro and in vivo studies are presented. Specifically, we report on the effects of overpressure on astrocytes. In the discussion, possible mechanisms of blast-related brain injury are discussed, as well as the concerns and limitations of the published studies. A clearer understanding of the injury mechanisms at both the molecular and macroscopic (organ) level will lead to the development of new treatment, diagnosis and preventive measures.     

The role of stress waves in thoracic visceral injury from blast loading: modification of stress transmission by foams and high-density materials

Materials have been applied to the thoracic wall of anaesthetised experimental animals exposed to blast overpressure to investigate the coupling of direct stress waves into the thorax and the relative contribution of compressive stress waves and gross thoracic compression to lung injury. The ultimate purpose of the work is to develop effective personal protection from the primary effects of blast overpressure--efficient protection can only be achieved if the injury mechanism is identified and characterized. Foam materials acted as acoustic couplers and resulted in a significant augmentation of the visceral injury; decoupling and elimination of injury were achieved by application of a high acoustic impedance layer on top of the foam. In vitro experiments studying stress wave transmission from air through various layers into an anechoic water chamber showed a significant increase in power transmitted by the foams, principally at high frequencies. Material such as copper or resin bonded Kevlar incorporated as a facing upon the foam achieved substantial decoupling at high frequencies--low frequency transmission was largely unaffected. An acoustic transmission model replicated the coupling of the blast waves into the anechoic water chamber. The studies suggest that direct transmission of stress waves plays a dominant role in lung parenchymal injury from blast loading and that gross thoracic compression is not the primary injury mechanism. Acoustic decoupling principles may therefore be employed to reduce the direct stress coupled into the body and thus reduce the severity of lung injury--the most simple decoupler is a high acoustic impedance material as a facing upon a foam, but decoupling layers may be optimized using acoustic transmission models. Conventional impacts producing high body wall velocities will also lead to stress wave generation and transmission--stress wave effects may dominate the visceral response to the impact with direct compression and shear contributing little to the aetiology of the injury.     

18.4mm橡皮霰弹对动物致伤后生物学效应及X线表现

目的：近年来,防暴武器的发展迅速,防暴武器伤的救治已成为医学上的一个重要研究课题。在此背景下,制定了18.4 mm橡皮霰弹的生物学试验模型,即在常温状态下,研究18.4 mm橡皮霰弹对两种试验动物在不同距离、不同防护、不同部位条件下的胸、腹部损伤情况。通过损伤效应研究,判断防暴武器的安全性能及损伤特点,为客观的从生物学角度评价防暴武器性能及防暴武器伤的救治提供可靠的生物学依据,建立可靠的生物学模型,并进一步探讨损伤后X线检查的重要性和必要性。方法：利用两种动物、三个距离、三种防护、四个部位定点射击,从临床及X线表现等多方面进行比较、分析,并得出统计学结果。结果：两种生物、三种条件、三个距离、四个部位均出现了不同程度橡皮弹损伤,体内出现具有统计学规律的弹丸存留,部分出现贯通伤。结论：18.4 mm橡皮霰弹的损伤程度与距离增加呈负相关,三种距离条件下,5 m对生物的损伤最大。动物种类的不同,射击部位的不同,有着明显的损伤差异,主要与组织厚度和组织结构特点有关与组织厚度和组织结构特点有关。损伤的程度,与防护密切相关,三种防护条件下,棉服防护的损伤效应明显减轻。X线摄片检查可以直观显示弹丸在其体内存留的数量、位置及深度,以及造成的骨折损伤,可以为临床解剖提供比较可靠的依据,为防暴武器生物学试验提供较为直观的影像学依据。