微藻去除重金属镉的抗性机理研究进展

与水体中重金属去除的传统方法相比,生物吸附法是一种更具经济效益和环境效益的技术。微藻由于自身的廉价性和高吸附性已成为高效生物吸附剂的材料来源。要评价微藻在镉(Cd)去除方面的应用潜力,解析微藻抗重金属的机理是必要条件。因此,本文从抗Cd微藻种类,Cd对微藻光合作用、生长及结构的影响,胞外吸附的机理,胞内积累的机理,以及基因调控水平,阐述了目前微藻抗Cd的研究进展,以期为后续的研究提供理论帮助。     

微藻对污水中重金属的生物吸附(英文)

在我国,水源污染问题异常突出,特别是水体重金属污染情况非常严重,因此,如何有效治理水体重金属污染成为了摆在科技工作者面前十分紧迫的任务。利用微藻生物吸附来治理水体重金属污染是一种经济、简便、有效可行的方法,具有极其广阔的应用前景。论文介绍了我国近年水体污染的状况及水体重金属污染特点;综述了水体重金属污染对水体植物、水体动物以及人类潜在的危害;比较了几种常见治理重金属污染的方法;分析了微藻吸附水体重金属的优点,并阐述了微藻对重金属生物吸附的机理及影响生物吸附过程的外在因素;最后提出了今后的研究发展方向。     

絮凝酵母吸附Cr(VI) 的机理

絮凝酵母SPSC01为酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae和粟酒裂殖酵母Schizosaccharomyces pombe的融合菌株,用其吸附水溶液中的重金属Cr(VI),可以大大降低生物吸附的固液分离成本。为了探讨SPSC01菌体絮凝蛋白对Cr(VI) 还原吸附的影响,对SPSC01与其亲本菌株的吸附行为进行了比较。结果表明,SPSC01和其具有絮凝性状的亲本S. pombe的Cr(VI) 去除速率基本同步,远优于无絮凝性状的亲本S. cerevisiae;达到吸附平衡时,S. pombe、SPSC01和S. cerevisiae对总Cr去除率分别达68.8％、48.6％和37.5％;从而证明了絮凝有利于Cr(VI) 的还原、吸附,絮凝蛋白在Cr(VI) 的还原吸附过程中起促进作用。通过化学屏蔽方法和傅立叶变换红外光谱 (FTIR) 分析,对SPSC01菌体表面吸附Cr(VI) 的机理进行了研究,结果表明SPSC01菌体表面吸附Cr(VI) 起主要作用的基团是氨基、羧基和酰胺基。     

絮凝酵母吸附Cr(VI)的机理

絮凝酵母SPSC01为酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae和粟酒裂殖酵母Schizosaccharomyces pombe的融合菌株,用其吸附水溶液中的重金属Cr(VI),可以大大降低生物吸附的固液分离成本。为了探讨SPSC01菌体絮凝蛋白对Cr(VI)还原吸附的影响,对SPSC01与其亲本菌株的吸附行为进行了比较。结果表明,SPSC01和其具有絮凝性状的亲本S.pombe的Cr(VI)去除速率基本同步,远优于无絮凝性状的亲本S.cerevisiae;达到吸附平衡时,S.pombe、SPSC01和S.cerevisiae对总Cr去除率分别达68.8%、48.6%和37.5%;从而证明了絮凝有利于Cr(VI)的还原、吸附,絮凝蛋白在Cr(VI)的还原吸附过程中起促进作用。通过化学屏蔽方法和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析,对SPSC01菌体表面吸附Cr(VI)的机理进行了研究,结果表明SPSC01菌体表面吸附Cr(VI)起主要作用的基团是氨基、羧基和酰胺基。     

重金属抗性菌HQ-1生物吸附镉与银的比较研究

从北京市远郊东三岔地区一处废弃的铅锌尾矿中筛选到一株对铅、锌、铜、钴、银、镉等重金属均有很好抗性的蜡状芽胞杆菌Bacillus cereus HQ-1。特别是对镉的抗性高达1200mg/L,具有很高的应用价值。比较研究了HQ-1菌株吸附重金属银和镉的情况与机理,发现该菌株对两种重金属离子都有较强的吸附能力。对镉的吸附行为符合Langmuir模型,对银的吸附行为符合Freundlich模型。通过红外光谱和X射线能谱对其吸附机理做了初步推断。并通过质粒消除试验证明该菌株的重金属抗性与抗性质粒存在有关。     

皂化麦麸对锌的吸附性能

以麦麸制备生物吸附剂研究其对重金属Zn~(2+)的吸附作用。利用DPS软件进行回归正交试验,分析pH、麦麸生物吸附剂加入量、温度、初始Zn~(2+)浓度和吸附时间对吸附率影响,得出最佳吸附条件,与活性炭、麦麸纤维吸附效果作比较,对皂化麦麸进行解吸;同时研究等温吸附和吸附动力学,电镜和傅立叶红外光谱图研究吸附机理。吸附时间3 h、加入量0.2 g、pH值9、70℃、Zn~(2+)溶液浓度为80 mg/L时,吸附率达最大值,且低浓度时,麦麸生物吸附剂吸附效果优于活性炭与麦麸纤维,至少可以进行四次重复利用。麦麸生物吸附剂对Zn~(2+)吸附符合Freundich等温式,更适合拟二级动力学模型,即符合多分子层多位点物理化学混合吸附。SEM知皂化麦麸有明显褶皱,疏松多孔,表面积增大;FTIR分析出,麦麸生物吸附剂含-OH、-NH-、-C≡C-、-C≡N等多个官能团,对吸附过程起到很大的作用。     

基于同步辐射技术研究土壤铁氧化物固定重金属分子机制的进展

铁氧化物在土壤中广泛赋存,因其比表面积大,对重金属具有很强的吸附固定能力,深刻影响着土壤重金属的形态转化过程.因此,研究土壤铁氧化物对重金属的固定机制,对于深入理解重金属在土壤系统中的环境化学行为以及评估污染土壤重金属生物有效性具有重要意义.然而,采用传统的吸附模型和化学提取法研究土壤铁氧化物固定重金属的机制具有明显的局限性,无法从分子水平上阐明其固定机制.同步辐射技术在环境土壤学的应用显著推进了在分子水平上认识土壤铁氧化物吸附重金属及其受典型环境因子影响的分子机制.本文主要从同步辐射技术的发展历程、模拟系统和实际土壤系统中铁氧化物在多种因素影响下对重金属固定的分子机制等方面进行了综述,同时对同步辐射技术的未来发展趋势及其在该研究领域的应用进行了展望.     

茶废弃物对溶液中重金属的生物吸附研究进展

茶废弃物是农业固体废弃物的一个重要组成部分,来源广泛,数量庞大.由于其具有吸附特性,利用茶废弃物作吸附剂去除废水中的重金属受到了国内外学者的广泛关注.本文从影响因素、吸附机理、吸附剂制备和脱附再生等方面综述了茶废弃物吸附去除溶液中重金属的最新研究进展,认为吸附机理、制备、脱附再生、工艺参数和后处理等是今后实现茶废弃物吸附剂工业化应用的主要研究方向.     

土生鳞伞对Cd2+的吸附特性

以土生鳞伞（Pholiota terrestris Overh.）子实体为生物吸附剂吸附水溶液中的Cd2+,分析吸附剂用量、初始pH值、初始重金属浓度、反应时间这4个因素对吸附的影响,并采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型及准一级、准二级动力学模型拟合土生鳞伞的生物吸附特性.结果表明:水溶液中Cd2+...     

活体微藻吸附水体中Cd2+的性能特征

【目的】藻类对重金属吸附和吸收是重金属进入食物链的重要渠道之一。研究活体微藻对水体中Cd~(2+)的吸附性能和吸附机理,旨在为Cd~(2+)等重金属离子进入水体后的去向及去除提供理论依据。【方法】选取地表水普遍存在的4种微藻:钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)和小球衣藻(Chlamydomonas microsphaera)作为试验材料,通过室内模拟实验,利用Langmuir、Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich(D-R)3种等温吸附模型,研究4种活体微藻对Cd~(2+)的吸附规律及吸附参数。【结果】4种微藻对水体Cd~(2+)吸附均可以用Langmuir、Freundlich和D-R模型描述,其中用Langmuir模型拟合钝顶螺旋藻、Freundlich模型拟合小球衣藻、D-R模型拟合铜绿微囊藻和四尾栅藻的吸附效果最佳。四尾栅藻对Cd~(2+)的吸附量最高,而钝顶螺旋藻对Cd~(2+)的吸附量最低,但与Cd~(2+)的亲和力最强,4种微藻吸附Cd~(2+)主要是以离子代换为主的化学吸附。【结论】微藻对Cd~(2+)均有较强的吸附能力,会引起以微藻为食的水生动物Cd~(2+)富集;微藻也是去除水体Cd~(2+)的潜在吸附剂原料。     

Biosorption of heavy metals by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a review

Heavy metal pollution has become one of the most serious environmental problems today. Biosorption, using biomaterials such as bacteria, fungi, yeast and algae, is regarded as a cost-effective biotechnology for the treatment of high volume and low concentration complex wastewaters containing heavy metal(s) in the order of 1 to 100 mg/L. Among the promising biosorbents for heavy metal removal which have been researched during the past decades, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has received increasing attention due to the unique nature in spite of its mediocre capacity for metal uptake compared with other fungi. S. cerevisiae is widely used in food and beverage production, is easily cultivated using cheap media, is also a by-product in large quantity as a waste of the fermentation industry, and is easily manipulated at molecular level. The state of the art in the field of biosorption of heavy metals by S. cerevisiae not only in China, but also worldwide, is reviewed in this paper, based on a substantial number of relevant references published recently on the background of biosorption achievements and development. Characteristics of S. cerevisiae in heavy metal biosorption are extensively discussed. The yeast can be studied in various forms for different purposes. Metal-binding capacity for various heavy metals by S. cerevisiae under different conditions is compared. Lead and uranium, for instances, could be removed from dilute solutions more effectively in comparison with other metals. The yeast biosorption largely depends on parameters such as pH, the ratio of the initial metal ion and initial biomass concentration, culture conditions, presence of various ligands and competitive metal ions in solution and to a limited extent on temperature. An assessment of the isotherm equilibrium model, as well as kinetics was performed. The mechanisms of biosorption are understood only to a limited extent. Elucidation of the mechanism of metal uptake is a real challenge in the field of biosorption. Various mechanism assumptions of metal uptake by S. cerevisiae are summarized.     

Biosorption Potentiality of Living Aspergillus niger Tiegh in Removing Heavy Metal from Aqueous Solution

The species of Aspergillus niger Tiegh isolated from estuarine sediments has been studied for tolerance to heavy metals such as Hg and Pb and for its capacities to uptake metals. A. niger was allowed to grow in monometal- as well as bimetal-containing media (25 mg L^?1) to determine the biosorption capacity of the organism. The effects of temperature and pH on biosorption were studied to elucidate the biosorption property and optimum growth conditions for the organism. Results revealed that 91.1% of Pb and 97.1% of Hg were removed from the monometal solutions, and there was a reduction of 96.9% of Hg and 89.3% of Pb from the bimetal solution after 92 h of fungal growth. The binding mechanism involved between metal ion and functional groups present on the cell surface of the biomass was studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), which confirms the presence of amine, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and phosphate groups. The adsorption of metal ions on the biomass surface was confirmed using scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDAX) studies. The experimental study proved that A. Niger can be used as a suitable biosorption agent for removing metal ions when present in low concentration.     

Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in Liquid Media Through Fungi Isolated from Contaminated Sources

Wastewater particularly from electroplating, paint, leather, metal and tanning industries contain enormous amount of heavy metals. Microorganisms including fungi have been reported to exclude heavy metals from wastewater through bioaccumulation and biosorption at low cost and in eco-friendly way. An attempt was, therefore, made to isolate fungi from sites contaminated with heavy metals for higher tolerance and removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Seventy-six fungal isolates tolerant to heavy metals like Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni were isolated from sewage, sludge and industrial effluents containing heavy metals. Four fungi (Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Aspegillus awamori, Aspergillus flavus, Trichoderma viride) also were included in this study. The majority of the fungal isolates were able to tolerate up to 400 ppm concentration of Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni. The most heavy metal tolerant fungi were studied for removal of heavy metals from liquid media at 50 ppm concentration. Results indicated removal of substantial amount of heavy metals by some of the fungi. With respect to Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni, maximum uptake of 59.67, 16.25, 0.55, and 0.55 mg/g was observed by fungi Pb3 (Aspergillus terreus), Trichoderma viride, Cr8 (Trichoderma longibrachiatum), and isolate Ni27 (A. niger) respectively. This indicated the potential of these fungi as biosorbent for removal of heavy metals from wastewater and industrial effluents containing higher concentration of heavy metals.     

Advances in biosorption of metals: Selection of biomass types

Abstract: Within the past decade, the potential of metal biosorption has been well established. For economic reasons, of particular interest are abundant biomass types either generated as a waste by-product of large-scale industrial fermentations or certain metal-binding algae found in large quantities in the sea. Some of these high metal-sorbing biomass types serve as a basis for newly developed metal biosorption processes foreseen particularly as a very competitive means for detoxification of metal-bearing industrial effluents. Ions of lead and cadmium, for instance, have been found to be bound very efficiently from very dilute solutions by the dried biomass of some ubiquitous brown marine algae such as Ascophyllum and Sargassum which accumulate more than 30% of biomass dry weight in the metal. Mycelia of industrially steroid-transforming fungi Rhizopus and Absidia are excellent biosorbents lbr lead, cadmium, copper, zinc, and uranium, binding also other heavy metals up to 25% of the biomass dry weight. The common yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a 'mediocre' metal biosorbent. Construction of biosorption isotherm curves serves as a basic technique assisting in evaluation of the metal uptake by different biosorbents. The methodology is based on batch equilibrium sorption experiments extensively used for screening and quantitative comparison of new biosorbent materials. Experimental methodologies used in the study of biosorption and selected recent research results demonstrate the route to novel biosorbent materials some of which can even be repeatedly regenerated for re-use.     

Biosorption of heavy metals by distillery-derived biomass

Biomass derived from the Old Bushmill's Distillery Co. Ltd., Northern Ireland was harvested and examined for its ability to function as a biosorbent for metals such as Cu, Zn, Fe, Pb and Ag. Binding studies were carried out using biosorption isotherm analysis. Although the material had previously been shown to be capable of efficient U biosorption, its affinity for Cu, Zn, Fe was lower. However, binding studies with Pb demonstrated that it had a maximum biosorption capacity for that metal of 189?mg/g dry weight of the biomass. In addition, the biomass exhibited a maximum biosorption capacity of 59?mg/g dry weight for Ag and this compared very favourably with previously quoted values for other industrial sources of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. On the basis of the biosorption isotherm analyses carried out in this study, preference for this series of metals by the biomass was found to be Pb?>?U?>?Ag?>?Zn?≥?Fe?>?Cu.     

Biosorption of cadmium and lead ions by ethanol treated waste baker's yeast biomass

The biosorption of cadmium and lead ions from artificial aqueous solutions using waste baker's yeast biomass was investigated. The yeast cells were treated with caustic, ethanol and heat for increasing their biosorption capacity and the highest metal uptake values (15.63 and 17.49 mg g(-1) for Cd(2+) and Pb(2+), respectively) were obtained by ethanol treated yeast cells. The effect of initial metal concentration and pH on biosorption by ethanol treated yeast was studied. The Langmuir model and Freundlich equation were applied to the experimental data and the Langmuir model was found to be in better correlation with the experimental data. The maximum metal uptake values (qmax, mg g(-1)) were found as 31.75 and 60.24 for Cd(2+) and Pb(2+), respectively. Competitive biosorption experiments were performed with Cd(2+) and Pb(2+) together with Cu(2+) and the competitive biosorption capacities of the yeast biomass for all metal ions were found to be lower than in non-competitive conditions.     

Use of pelleted and immobilized yeast and fungal biomass for heavy metal and radionuclide recovery

Summary The biosorption of uranium, strontium and caesium by pelleted mycelium of two species of fungi,Rhizopus arrhizus andPenicillium chrysogenum and immobilizedSaccharomyces cerevisiae was evaluated in both batch and continuous flow systems where the presence of competing cations affected accumulation. The uptake mechanism for the pelleted fungal biomass differed from that of the immobilized yeast, the former being metabolism-independent biosorption of the metals while, in the presence of glucose, uptake in the latter organism was biphasic, surface biosorption being followed by energy-dependent influx. Removal of surface-bound metals was achieved by eluting with mineral acids or carbonate/bicarbonate solutions; a high degree of metal recovery was observed for uranium.     

Accumulation of Ag, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb in Pavlova viridis Tseng (Haptophyceae)

The flagellate alga Pavlova viridis Tseng was investigated in the laboratory for accumulation of the heavy metals, silver, cadmium, cobalt, copper, mercury, nickel and lead. The cultures were grown in an artificial seawater medium mixed with the individual metals at different concentrations. Based on data from the controls, the baseline metal concentrations in P. viridis were shown to be in an order of Cu > Pb > Co > Cd > Ni > Ag > Hg. In the experimental groups, the seven metals displayed different isotherm equilibrium patterns and the metal uptake capacity of the alga was Ni > Pb > Co > Hg > Cu > Cd > Ag at equilibrium. When assessed using the bioconcentration factors, metal accumulation by P. viridis was demonstrated to be the most efficient at a concentration of 0.001 mg L-1 for Ag, Cd and Co, and at 0.01 mg L-1 for Cu, Hg, Ni and Pb. This study suggests that P. viridis can be a source of mineral supplements in mariculture. The alga is not, however, recognized as an effective agent for removing heavy metals from wastewater. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Biosorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions with tobacco dust

A typical lignocellulosic agricultural residue, namely tobacco dust, was investigated for its heavy metal binding efficiency. The tobacco dust exhibited a strong capacity for heavy metals, such as Pb(II), Cu(II), Cd(II), Zn(II) and Ni(II), with respective equilibrium loadings of 39.6, 36.0, 29.6, 25.1 and 24.5 mg of metal per g of sorbent. Moreover, the heavy metals loaded onto the biosorbent could be released easily with a dilute HCl solution. Zeta potential and surface acidity measurements showed that the tobacco dust was negatively charged over a wide pH range (pH > 2), with a strong surface acidity and a high OH⁻ adsorption capacity. Changes in the surface morphology of the tobacco dust as visualized by atomic force microscopy suggested that the sorption of heavy metal ions on the tobacco could be associated with changes in the surface properties of the dust particles. These surface changes appeared to have resulted from a loss of some of the structures on the surface of the particles, owing to leaching in the acid metal ion solution. However, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed no substantial change in the chemical structure of the tobacco dust subjected to biosorption. The heavy metal uptake by the tobacco dust may be interpreted as metal–H ion exchange or metal ion surface complexation adsorption or both.     

Mechanism of Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Mucor rouxii

Fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Mucor rouxii are capable of removing heavy metals from aqueous solutions. The role various functional groups play in the cell wall of M. rouxii in metal biosorption of lead, cadmium, nickel and zinc was investigated in this paper. The biomass was chemically treated to modify the functional carboxyl, amino and phosphate groups. These modifications were examined by means of infrared spectroscopy. It was found that an esterification of the carboxyl groups and phosphate and a methylation of the amine groups significantly decreased the biosorption of the heavy metals studied. Thus, the carboxylate, amine and phosphate groups were recognized as important in the biosorption of metal ions by M. rouxii biomass. The role the lipids fraction play was not significant. The study showed that Na, K, Ca and Mg ions were released from the biomass after biosorption of Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn, indicating that ion exchange was a key mechanism in the biosorption of metal ions by M. rouxii biomass.