厦门引种的榕属植物资源及其园林应用

对厦门榕属植物资源的调查发现,该地区引种栽培的榕属植物约67种,榕属植物在厦门城市绿化中的作用十分显著。对城区131条道路绿化的调查表明,大叶榕和高山榕为骨干绿化树种,重要值均在6%以上。     

乌桕的药用成分与药理作用研究进展

乌桕为大戟科乌桕属植物,简要介绍了近年来乌桕主要化学成分和药理作用的研究进展,并对当前研究中存在的问题进行了探讨.     

氮沉降背景下土壤微生物对入侵植物乌桕叶绿素荧光特征的影响

植物入侵会造成入侵地生态系统功能和稳定性的破坏。与原产地种源相比,入侵种源植物在生理学特性方面有所不同,使其在资源利用和抵抗环境胁迫具有较强的竞争优势。叶绿素荧光特性与植物光合作用效率密切相关,对植物生长具有重要作用。氮沉降加剧是全球变化的一个重要因子,土壤微生物对植物吸收利用土壤养分至关重要。通过施用细菌抑制剂（链霉素）和真菌抑制剂（扑海因）选择性抑制的土壤微生物活性,开展乌桕盆栽实验,在模拟氮沉降背景下,研究不同微生物群落如何影响入侵乌桕叶绿素荧光特性,有助于理解入侵植物的进化特征和入侵机制,为有效防控入侵植物并降低其对生态系统危害提供理论依据。以原产地地和入侵地两个种源乌桕（Triadica sebifera）为研究对象,在氮沉降条件下,通过调控土壤细菌和真菌,探讨两个种源乌桕叶绿素荧光参数差异。结果显示：氮沉降显著增加乌桕相对叶绿素含量（SPAD）、光系统II的最大量子产率（F_v/F_m）、非光化学猝灭（NPQ）和半饱和光强（I_k）。入侵种源乌桕比原产地具有较低SPAD。氮沉降与细菌抑制剂共同作用显著增强了F_v/F_m、NPQ和I_k,显著减弱了光能利用率（α）和SPAD。细菌抑制剂减缓了本地种源乌桕α,真菌抑制剂促进本地种源乌桕I_k,抑制入侵种源乌桕I_k,细菌和真菌抑制剂可显著降低原产地乌桕α。氮沉降与生物抑制剂可显著作用于乌桕叶片SPAD。氮沉降、土壤微生物和不同乌桕种源可共同作用于光系统Ⅱ实际光合量子产率Y（Ⅱ）,α和潜在最大相对电子传递速率（ETR_max）。因此,氮沉降与生物抑制剂对乌桕叶绿素荧光特性具有协同作用,入侵种源乌桕对土壤微生物控制的响应不明显,在微生物控制条件下依然具有较强的适应能力,因而具有较强的入侵能力。     

中国特有属秤锤树属植物的潜在分布区预测

秤锤树属（Sinojackia）是中国特有属,包括7个物种,各物种的种群及个体数量均较少,预测其潜在适宜分布区及其主要影响因素对制定保护措施至关重要。该研究在全面收集秤锤树属植物分布位点数据的基础上,结合气候、土壤和植被数据,运用物种分布模型（MaxEnt）和ArcGIS,预测该属植物当前的分布范围以及未来（2050s和2070s）潜在分布区的变化,分析影响该属植物分布的主要环境变量。预测结果显示：（1）当前秤锤树属高适宜地区主要在我国的亚热带地区,分布在长江中下游平原,包括湖南、浙江的大部分地区,河南、安徽和江苏南部地区以及湖北和江西两省交界处,四川、贵州零星分布着高适宜度位点;纬度范围为25.42°~31.84°N。（2）当前秤锤树属的高适宜性（0.665）生境面积仅为4.07×10⁴ km²,占国土面积的4.23％,分布区极为狭窄。未来（2050s和2070s）的高适宜分布地区将大幅度缩减,其中在2070s的RCP8.5排放情景下减少最多。（3）随着温度的上升,秤锤树属植物有向高纬度迁移的趋势。研究结果可为濒危植物的就地保护提供科学依据,同时也可为其迁地保护位点的选择提供参考。     

气候变化背景下中国冷杉属植物地理分布模拟分析

中国是世界上冷杉属（Abies Mill.）植物种类最为丰富、分布地域最广的国家,也是研究冷杉属植物分布成因与规律的关键地区。本文通过中国数字植物标本馆、全球生物多样性信息数据库和相关文献三种途径收集我国冷杉属植物的地理分布数据,结合当前和未来气候情景,应用最大熵模型（MaxEnt）模拟冷杉属植物的潜在分布,并使用GIS的空间分析功能做生境适宜性分析,评估我国各地区对冷杉属植物的保护能力。结果显示：（1）四川西南部、云南北部、西藏自治区东南部是我国冷杉属植物分布的热点地区;（2）在未来气候变化情景下,我国冷杉属植物的适宜生境面积将明显减少;（3）适宜生境在未来有向北迁移的趋势;（4）就各地区保护能力而言,在当前气候情景下,云南省的保护能力最高,在未来,我国西部地区的保护能力呈上升趋势,中部和东部地区呈下降趋势。本研究可为冷杉属植物的保护工作提供一定的理论依据和参考价值。     

厦门地区屋顶花园植物的选择与配置

本文分析了屋顶花园在城市绿化中的作用,探讨了厦门地区屋顶花园植物选择的原则和配置的方式,并介绍了这一地区常见的可作为屋顶花园的植物及其生态习性和用途。     

几种细辛属观赏植物

马兜铃科细辛属（AsarumL．）植物全世界约有90种。我国约有40种,主要分布于长江以南各省区、少数分布在北方。该属植物绝大部分种类在我国作为药用具有悠久的历史。然而,该属植物部分种类作为室内观赏花卉同样具有很高的价值。该属植物日本已培育了许多观赏品种,其中春草园株式会社出版的一本广告宣传画册,列出品种100多种,主要有观花类（尾状花、大花类）、观叶类（叶色及叶面云班）、观叶观花类（花形与面色斑）等。我国该属植物资源十分丰富,目前国内尚未见有关该属植物用作观赏花卉方面的研究报道。因此该属植物作为一种新的室…     

清新和阳山县圆叶乌桕群落物种多样性和优势种群动态探讨

为了解亚热带地区石灰岩山地圆叶乌桕(Triadica rotundifolia)群落的变化规律,应用样方调查法,对广东省清新县和阳山县两片石灰岩山区圆叶乌桕群落的物种多样性及其种群动态进行了研究。结果表明,在两个面积为2400 m2的样方中,共有维管植物140种,隶属于65科118属。群落均以大戟科、茜草科、芸香科、桑科和木犀科为优势科;其种子植物属的分布区类型以热带分布型为主,占总属数的79.6%,温带分布型属占18.3%。除草本层均匀度外,清新群落的各层丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数均比阳山群落的高。清新的圆叶乌桕种群缺乏小苗,为不稳定种群; 而阳山的圆叶乌桕种群相对年轻,为稳定种群。随着群落的演替发展,群落中圆叶乌桕的优势地位终将被其它耐荫型树种所取代。     

红叶乌桕的离体培养和植株再生

1 植物名称 红叶乌桕（Euphorbia cotinifolia Linn．Sp．Pl．）。     

UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降对入侵植物乌桕生长的影响

外来植物入侵是全球性问题,严重威胁入侵地生态系统功能和稳定性。入侵植物与其在原产地生长特征的不同,使其在抵抗胁迫生境和利用资源方面具有较强的竞争能力,从而具有较高的入侵潜力。UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降加剧作为两种全球变化因子,可能与土壤微生物共同作用于植物入侵的整个过程。了解UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降加剧是如何直接或间接影响微生物介导的植物生长,有助于揭示全球变化背景下的植物入侵机理,为有效控制植物入侵并降低其对生态系统功能的危害提供理论依据。该试验采用四因素裂区设计,以入侵美国的中国乌桕(Triadica sebifera)为研究对象,通过模拟UV-B辐射增强和氮沉降加剧,在土壤微生物控制条件下,研究三者对不同种群乌桕生长的影响。结果显示:UV-B辐射增强、氮沉降加剧和土壤微生物可能共同作用于乌桕成功入侵的整个过程。UV-B辐射增强导致乌桕形态学和生物量分配发生变化,大部分的资源分配给叶片以抵抗外界UV-B辐射胁迫。氮沉降使得乌桕将更多资源分配至地上部分,特别是叶片,减少了对地下生物量的分配。原产地土壤微生物对乌桕生长具有显著正效应,同时,氮沉降增强了该效应而UV-B辐射增强对该效应没有影响。氮沉降没有减缓UV-B辐射对乌桕的胁迫作用。入侵地乌桕种群相比于原产地乌桕种群在株高、叶生物量和总生物量方面已经进化出了较为明显的优势,此外,入侵地乌桕种群相比于原产地乌桕种群减弱了在根冠比和根生物量方面对原产地土壤微生物的依赖性,但是增强了在叶面积比方面的依赖性。     

5S rRNA gene deletions cause an unexpectedly high fitness loss in Escherichia coli.

In Escherichia coli, ribosomal RNAs (16S, 23S and 5S) are co-transcribed in a highly regulated manner from seven genomically dispersed operons. Previous studies on the cellular effects of altered levels of two of these rRNAs (16S and 23S) have been useful in better understanding the regulation of rRNA expression. Furthering these studies, we have investigated the effect of 5S rRNA deficiencies on cell fitness through the sequential deletion of 5S rRNA genes. Our findings indicate that the loss of 5S rDNA from multiple genes decreases cell fitness more rapidly than loss of a similar number of 16S and 23S rRNA genes. These results suggest that the cell's innate ability to up-regulate rRNA operons does not compensate for 5S rRNA deficiencies, as was previously shown for 16S and 23S rRNAs. A plasmid-borne 5S rRNA gene is able to compensate for the deleted 5S rRNA genes.     

Long-Term Experimental Evolution in Escherichia Coli. VI. Environmental Constraints on Adaptation and Divergence

The effect of environment on adaptation and divergence was examined in two sets of populations of Escherichia coli selected for 1000 generations in either maltose- or glucose-limited media. Twelve replicate populations selected in maltose-limited medium improved in fitness in the selected environment, by an average of 22.5%. Statistically significant among-population genetic variation for fitness was observed during the course of the propagation, but this variation was small relative to the fitness improvement. Mean fitness in a novel nutrient environment, glucose-limited medium, improved to the same extent as in the selected environment, with no statistically significant among-population genetic variation. In contrast, 12 replicate populations previously selected for 1000 generations in glucose-limited medium showed no improvement, as a group, in fitness in maltose-limited medium and substantial genetic variation. This asymmetric pattern of correlated responses suggests that small changes in the environment can have profound effects on adaptation and divergence.     

Profiles of adaptation in two similar viruses.

The related bacteriophages phiX174 and G4 were adapted to the inhibitory temperature of 44 degrees and monitored for nucleotide changes throughout the genome. Phage were evolved by serial transfer at low multiplicity of infection on rapidly dividing bacteria to select genotypes with the fastest rates of reproduction. Both phage showed overall greater fitness effects per substitution during the early stages of adaptation. The fitness of phiX174 improved from -0.7 to 5.6 doublings of phage concentration per generation. Five missense mutations were observed. The earliest two mutations accounted for 85% of the ultimate fitness gain. In contrast, G4 required adaptation to the intermediate temperature of 41.5 degrees before it could be maintained at 44 degrees. Its fitness at 44 degrees increased from -2.7 to 3.2, nearly the same net gain as in phiX174, but with three times the opportunity for adaptation. Seventeen mutations were observed in G4: 14 missense, 2 silent, and 1 intergenic. The first 3 missense substitutions accounted for over half the ultimate fitness increase. Although the expected pattern of periodic selective sweeps was the most common one for both phage, some mutations were lost after becoming frequent, and long-term polymorphism was observed. This study provides the greatest detail yet in combining fitness profiles with the underlying pattern of genetic changes, and the results support recent theories on the range of fitness effects of substitutions fixed during adaptation.     

Thermodynamical interpretation of an adaptive walk on a Mt. Fuji-type fitness landscape: Einstein relation-like formula holds in a stochastic evolution

We have theoretically studied the statistical properties of adaptive walks (or hill-climbing) on a Mt. Fuji-type fitness landscape in the multi-dimensional sequence space through mathematical analysis and computer simulation. The adaptive walk is characterized by the "mutation distance" d as the step-width of the walker and the "population size" N as the number of randomly generated d-fold point mutants to be screened. In addition to the fitness W, we introduced the following quantities analogous to thermodynamical concepts: "free fitness" G(W) is identical with W+T x S(W), where T is the "evolutionary temperature" T infinity square root of d/lnN and S(W) is the entropy as a function of W, and the "evolutionary force" X is identical with d(G(W)/T)/dW, that is caused by the mutation and selection pressure. It is known that a single adaptive walker rapidly climbs on the fitness landscape up to the stationary state where a "mutation-selection-random drift balance" is kept. In our interpretation, the walker tends to the maximal free fitness state, driven by the evolutionary force X. Our major findings are as follows: First, near the stationary point W*, the "climbing rate" J as the expected fitness change per generation is described by J approximately L x X with L approximately V/2, where V is the variance of fitness distribution on a local landscape. This simple relationship is analogous to the well-known Einstein relation in Brownian motion. Second, the "biological information gain" (DeltaG/T) through adaptive walk can be described by combining the Shannon's information gain (DeltaS) and the "fitness information gain" (DeltaW/T).     

Evidence-based annotation of gene function in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 using genome-wide fitness profiling across 121 conditions

Most genes in bacteria are experimentally uncharacterized and cannot be annotated with a specific function. Given the great diversity of bacteria and the ease of genome sequencing, high-throughput approaches to identify gene function experimentally are needed. Here, we use pools of tagged transposon mutants in the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to probe the mutant fitness of 3,355 genes in 121 diverse conditions including different growth substrates, alternative electron acceptors, stresses, and motility. We find that 2,350 genes have a pattern of fitness that is significantly different from random and 1,230 of these genes (37% of our total assayed genes) have enough signal to show strong biological correlations. We find that genes in all functional categories have phenotypes, including hundreds of hypotheticals, and that potentially redundant genes (over 50% amino acid identity to another gene in the genome) are also likely to have distinct phenotypes. Using fitness patterns, we were able to propose specific molecular functions for 40 genes or operons that lacked specific annotations or had incomplete annotations. In one example, we demonstrate that the previously hypothetical gene SO_3749 encodes a functional acetylornithine deacetylase, thus filling a missing step in S. oneidensis metabolism. Additionally, we demonstrate that the orphan histidine kinase SO_2742 and orphan response regulator SO_2648 form a signal transduction pathway that activates expression of acetyl-CoA synthase and is required for S. oneidensis to grow on acetate as a carbon source. Lastly, we demonstrate that gene expression and mutant fitness are poorly correlated and that mutant fitness generates more confident predictions of gene function than does gene expression. The approach described here can be applied generally to create large-scale gene-phenotype maps for evidence-based annotation of gene function in prokaryotes.     

INBREEDING DEPRESSION IN SCHIEDEA GLOBOSA AND S. SALICARIA (CARYOPHYLLACEAE), SUBDIOECIOUS AND GYNODIOECIOUS HAWAIIAN SPECIES

Progeny produced by inbreeding were compared to progeny derived from outcrosses for gynodioecious Schiedea salicaria and subdioecious S. globosa to assess fitness consequences of breeding system on parental fecundity (seeds per capsule) and progeny measures of fitness (germination, survival, biomass, and number of flowers). Results from both species indicated that inbreeding depression occurred at all measured stages of the life history. In both species, different females showed different levels of inbreeding depression. Multiplicative fitness functions of the ratio of values for selfed and outcrossed progeny in S. salicaria resulted in inbreeding depression values of 0.62–0.94. Within- vs. between-family crosses of S. globosa also resulted in inbreeding depression values as high as 0.49. These values suggest that inbreeding depression may promote the evolution of dioecy within S. globosa and S. salicaria, depending on the levels of natural outcrossing.     

Adaptive significance of amylase polymorphism in Drosophila: XIV. Effect of substrates with different carbohydrate composition on some life-history traits of Drosophila subobscura

The Amy-locus polymorphism of Drosophila subobscura is used as a model-system for an experimental population genetic study of adaptive significance of alpha-amylase activity on substrates of different carbohydrate compositions. So far, fitness components have not commonly been included in ecological-genetic studies of alpha-amylase polymorphism in this species. In the present paper fitness components are analyzed in relation to different amylase activities in D. subobscura individuals homozygous for "slow" and "fast" Amy allele, associated with substrates of different carbohydrate compositions. The results indicate a significant effect of substrate carbohydrate composition on fitness components of the genotypes homozygous for S or F Amy allele in D. subobscura through their enzyme activity.     

Components of variance underlying fitness in a natural population of the great tit Parus major

Traits that are closely associated with fitness tend to have lower heritabilities (h2) than those that are not. This has been interpreted as evidence that natural selection tends to deplete genetic variation more rapidly for traits more closely associated with fitness (a corollary of Fisher's fundamental theorem), but Price and Schluter (1991) suggested the pattern might be due to higher residual variance in traits more closely related to fitness. The relationship between 10 different traits for females, seven traits for males, and overall fitness (lifetime recruitment) was quantified for great tits (Parus major) studied in their natural environment of Wytham Wood, England, using data collected over 39 years. Heritabilities and the coefficients of additive genetic and residual variance (CVA and CVR, respectively) were estimated using an "animal model." For both males and females, a trait's correlation (r) with fitness was negatively related to its h2 but positively related to its CVR. The CVA was not related to the trait's correlation with fitness in either sex. This is the third study using directly measured fitness in a wild population to show the important role of residual variation in determining the pattern of lower heritabilities for traits more closely related to fitness.     

Maternal effects and heterosis influence the fitness of plant hybrids

Here we tested two possible nonexclusive explanations for the maintenance of a hybrid swarm between Senecio jacobaea and Senecio aquaticus; first, that genotype-by-environment interactions involving water and nutrient clines are involved in hybrid fitness, and second, heterosis in early hybrid generations may provide an initial hybrid advantage that contributes to hybrid persistence. In three climate chamber studies, fitness and root growth were measured for parental species and natural and artificial F1 hybrids, in order to determine whether hybrids occur in habitats where they are more fit than parental species. Natural hybrids, which are generally back-crossed to S. jacobaea, always equaled S. jacobaea in growth characteristics. Maternal effects played a role in the fitness of F1 hybrids, with offspring from S. jacobaea mothers exhibiting higher fitness than those from S. aquaticus mothers, and compared with parental species and natural hybrids. Natural hybrids are not distributed in zones where they are most fit with respect to nutrient and water regimes. Superior fitness of early generation hybrids may contribute to hybrid swarm stability.     

朱砂叶螨抗性品系不同温度下的相对适合度

为研究朱砂叶螨抗性品系不同温度下的适合度,在抗性选育基础上,通过组建朱砂叶螨相对敏感品系（S）、抗阿维菌素品系（AbR）和抗甲氰菊酯品系（FeR）在不同温度（15 ℃、20 ℃、25 ℃、28 ℃、31 ℃、34 ℃和36 ℃）下的生命表,比较相对敏感品系和抗性品系在不同温度下的发育历期、生殖力和内禀增长率等种群特征参数.结果表明：朱砂叶螨AbR和FeR品系的发育历期在15 ℃时较S品系明显延长,在20 ℃～28 ℃下生殖力较S品系有所下降;两个抗性品系的相对适合度（以r_m值表示）在15 ℃时低于敏感品系,存在一定适合度代价,在20 ℃～31 ℃时,适合度与敏感品系相似,适合度代价不明显,但在高温下（≥34 ℃）,FeR品系适合度代价明显,而AbR品系存在抗性适合度优势.