Genetic effects of living in a highly polluted environment: the case of the silverside Basilichthys microlepidotus (Jenyns) (Teleostei: atherinopsidae) in the Maipo River basin,central Chile

Freshwater systems are one of the environments most impacted by human activity, with pollution being a highly important factor. In Chile, several rivers exhibit varied levels of pollution, one of which is the Maipo River basin where the city of Santiago is located. The silverside Basilichthys microlepidotus (Jenyns) is an endemic fish species that inhabits this basin, thus we hypothesized that pollution has affected gene diversity and migration in populations of B. microlepidotus from the Maipo River basin. The aim of this study was to identify the population structure of B. microlepidotus in this basin and to determine if the populations of the silverside inhabiting polluted sites present differences in gene diversity and gene flow compared to populations inhabiting non-polluted areas. Using the variability of eight microsatellites, five populations of silverside were detected; three inhabiting non-polluted sites and two inhabiting polluted sites. From this, it was inferred that B. microlepidotus has been able to tolerate pollution in the Maipo River basin. No differences in gene diversity or migration were detected between polluted and non-polluted sites but comparison with historical estimation revealed an increase in the current migration rate when all the data from the basin were compared. A reduction in current effective population size was also observed when compared to historical values, and this is probably due to river degradation. Despite the disappearance of other fish species recorded at this basin, our results suggest that B. microepidotus is tolerant to pollution, thus indicating that native species respond differently to this environmental factor.     

Diversity of fish species in suichuan river and shushui river and conservation value,China

Based on the data collected from the Suichuan and Shushui Rivers, both tributaries of the Ganjiang River between April and July of 2015, the fish species identified were classified into 68 and 46 species, 14 and 12 families in the Suichuan River and Shushui River respectively. Cyprinidae is the most common family that accounts for 52.9% and 58.7% in the total number of fish species in the Suichuan River and Shushui River, respectively. The dominant species were Pseudohemiculter dispar, Squalidus argentatus, Silurus asotus and Leptobotia elongate for the Suichuan River and Squalidus argentatus, Acrossocheilus parallens, Pseudohemiculter dispar, Silurus asotus, Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Acrossocheilus fasciatus and Zacco platypus for the Shushui River. The diversity of fish species showed more abundant and diverse for the Suichuan River. The composition of ecotype of fish indicated the rich diversities of ecotype in both the Suichuan and Shushui Rivers. The tributary (Suichuan River) and main stream of the Ganjiang River demonstrated a highly fauna similarity and the fish resources indicated its significance to maintain the fish diversity in the middle of the Ganjiang River and its benefits to the existence of the fish species in mountain streams. Dam construction, sand excavation and heavy metal pollution are the most significant threat to fish diversity and ecosystem functioning in Ganjiang River basin. In order to protect fish diversity and fisheries more effectively, relevant laws should be strengthened and conservation areas should be established for the survival of freshwater fish species.     

Fish eco-genotoxicology: Comet and micronucleus assay in fish erythrocytes as in situ biomarker of freshwater pollution

Owing to white meat production Labeo rohita have vast economic importance, but its population has been reduced drastically in River Chenab due to pollution. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry showed a merciless toxicity level of Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cr, Sn and Hg. Comet assay results indicated significant (p?<?.05) DNA fragmentation in Labeo rohita as 42.21?±?2.06%, 31.26?±?2.41% and 21.84?±?2.21% DNA in comet tail, tail moment as 17.71?±?1.79, 10.30?±?1.78 and 7.81?±?1.56, olive moment as 13.58?±?1.306, 8.10?±?1.04 and 5.88?±?0.06, respectively, from three different polluted sites on the river. Micronucleus assay showed similar findings of single micronucleus induction (MN) as 50.00?±?6.30‰, double MN 14.40?±?2.56‰, while nuclear abnormalities (NA) were found as 150.00?±?2.92‰. These higher frequencies of MN induction and NA were found to be the cause of reduction of 96% of the population of this fish species in an experimental area of the River Chenab. This fish species has been found near extinction through the length of the river Chenab and few specimens in rainy seasons if restored by flood, may die in sugarcane mill season. Due to sweeping extinction Labeo rohita showed the highest sensitivity for pollution and could be used as bioindicator and DNA fragmentation in this column feeder fish species as a biomarker of the pollution load in freshwater bodies.     

Biochemical markers of commercial fish adaptation in estuaries of Peter the Great Bay (the Sea of Japan)

The results of the comparative study of molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and biotransformation of some representatives of the families Cyprinidae and Mugilidae from estuaries of rivers which enter Peter the Great Bay are presented. The haarder mullet Liza haematocheila is used as an indicator species for monitoring the degree of environmental pollution. The basic values of biochemical parameters in different organs of haarder mullet and their seasonal variations have been determined. A significant increase in the concentration of glutathione and activity of glutathione-S-transferase in fish from the Razdolnaya River has been found on the basis of the comparison of the functional state of haarder mullet in estuaries of the Razdolnaya and Amba rivers, which differ in the degree of anthropogenic load.     

黄河兰州段鱼类多样性与保护

兰州市是黄河唯一穿城而过的省会城市, 是黄河流域综合治理与高质量发展的重要区域, 了解其鱼类多样性现状及变化趋势对黄河流域水生态保护尤为重要。本文于2020年7-10月对黄河干流兰州段及其4条支流(庄浪河、大通河、湟水河和宛川河)开展了鱼类多样性、分布及影响因素调查, 以Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Cody和Routledge指数、Bray-Curtis相异性系数对黄河兰州段5条河流鱼类群落进行评估, 同时通过相对多度(relative abundance, RA)判定优势种, 利用非度量多维标度排序(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)展示物种空间分布格局。本次调查获得鱼类20种, 隶属于4目6科15属。其中, 国家II级重点保护野生动物1种, 受威胁鱼类4种, 中国特有鱼类7种, 黄河特有鱼类4种。区系组成属青藏高原区高原西北亚区, 其中鲤形目种类占绝对优势, 优势种为东方高原鳅(Triplophysa orientalis)、粗壮高原鳅(T. robusta)、鲫(Carassius auratus)和麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)。庄浪河和黄河干流的α多样性较高。β多样性分析结果表明, 黄河干流与庄浪河、大通河、湟水河和宛川河间的鱼类物种明显不相似; 大通河与湟水河之间以及黄河干流与宛川河之间的鱼类物种组成相似性较高。NMDS分析表明, 黄河兰州段鱼类被划分为地理空间上相近的4个地理群。水利设施建设、外来物种和水体污染可能影响了黄河兰州段鱼类多样性和分布。本研究为黄河兰州段鱼类多样性保护和科学管理以及黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展提供了基础调查数据。     

Fish fauna, biogeography and conservation of freshwater fish in Poyang Lake Basin, China

A checklist of the fish of Poyang Lake Basin based on an extensive survey and literature review is presented. A total of 220 species and subspecies belonging to12 orders, 27 families and 100 genera, have been recorded. Of these, 131 species are endemic to China. Based on cluster analysis with presence-absence data, freshwater ecosystems in Jiangxi Province are divided into two regions, the Xunwushui River region and the region of Poyang Lake. The Xunwushui River flows into the Pearl River, whereas the region of Poyang Lake flows into the Yangtze River. The fish fauna and evolution of the fish fauna in Poyang Lake Basin owes much to geological events and belongs to the Oriental Region, South-east Asiatic sub-region and East China area. Anthropogenic activities including habitat alteration, overfishing, pollution and soil erosion have severely reduced the fish biodiversity in Poyang Lake Basin. River modifications (i.e. dam construction and sand excavation) and heavy metal pollution are the most significant threats to fish diversity and ecosystem functioning in the majority of the river systems in the province. To protect fish diversity and fisheries more effectively in Poyang Lake Basin, law enforcement should be strengthened, and the following measures could be introduced: restocking economically important fish species; establishing fish sanctuaries and freshwater protected areas, ordering a close season and developing sustainable aquaculture.     

Biological resources of the Ganga River,India

The Ganga River in northern India is of great importance because its water is used for human and cattle consumption, power generation, fish production and irrigation and for pilgrimage. A total of 40 species of zooplanktons, four crustaceans, 15 molluscs, 51 insects, 83 fishes, 12 freshwater turtles, two crocodiles, 48 aquatic birds and two mammal species have been identified in the upper Ganga River. The river has been under constant threat of pollution by sewage and industrial wastes, disposal of dead bodies, deforestation, excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, bathing, pilgrimage and water development programmes. The pollution of the river has become a matter of concern for all. Any change in aquatic environment will alter the structure and composition of the biotic community. For biological restoration in the Ganga River, the government of India has taken up an Action Plan. Several agencies for example, the Central Ganga Authority, several research establishments, government and non-government organizations have done considerable work under various projects. Local participation in various programmes has contributed much to the biological restoration in the Ganga River. This paper presents species lists and highlights the major issues for resource management in the upper Ganga River.     

The upper reached ichthyofauna of the Tietê River, São Paulo, Brazil: aspects of their diversity and conservation

Tietê River is one of the main rivers in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. It runs across this state from east to west for 1136 km. The upper reach of the Tietê River is located in the metropolitan region of the city of São Paulo where approximately 60% of the original Atlantic Forest remnants has been converted into rural and urban areas. Ichthyofauna of the upper reaches of the rivers is usually characterized by a high level of endemism, small fish with restricted geographic distribution. A qualitative survey of two main tributaries, Paraitinga and Biritiba Mirim Rivers, and a stretch of the Tietê River was carried out in order to ascertain their fish community composition, compare the former fish data collected in the same area and establish biodiversity conservation research programs. The fish fauna in the three riverine systems comprises 5 orders, 9 families, 20 genus and 28 species. One species, Glandulocauda melanogenys, out of sixteen regarded as strictly endemic to the upper reaches of the Tietê River according to previous data was found among the sampled collections. No established alien species were found despite their presence in the upstream reservoir of the Tietê Rivers. Human disturbances and their impacts on fish diversity are discussed, including their relation to the ecotone habitats.     

珠江三角洲池塘养殖中多氯联苯的环境归趋

对珠江三角洲4个不同地方的养殖池塘中水样,泥样和不同种类的鱼样分析,结果表明水产养殖中多氯联苯的分布和归趋在不同分配相中有很大差别,水相中含量较低(8.0～2 4 .0 3ng·L- 1 ) ,沉积相中较高(7.32～36 .2 3ng·g- 1 ,干重) ,特别是工业活动频繁的地方,而乡村相对较低。鱼类不同食性对多氯联苯的积累及其同分异构体的分布有很大影响,肉食性鱼类比草食性鱼类积累更多的多氯联苯.其中代表性同分异构体有IUPAC 118,138,81/ 87,15 3,180 ,5 2 ,4 9,99,4 4。珠江三角洲水产养殖中多氯联苯对生态环境的影响相对较低。     

Fish assemblage in the Pearl River Estuary: Spatial‐seasonal variation,environmental influence and trends over the past three decades

The Pearl River Estuary is the largest estuary in South China and plays a considerable role in the local fisheries economy, yet little is known about the current state of fish assemblage in this ecosystem. To quantify spatial‐seasonal variations, environmental influences, and trends over the past three decades of the fish assemblage in the Pearl River Estuary, we sampled 11 sites seasonally from December 2013 to September 2016. Throughout the study, 285 species from 88 families and 195 genera were collected. There were obvious spatial and seasonal variations of the fish assemblage in terms of the dominant species, species richness, and composition of ecological types. Mouth distance, NH₄⁺ N, chlorophyll‐a, flow, DO, salinity and water transparency were the main variables influencing the spatial‐temporal dynamic of fishes within the estuarine systems. Compared with the record of 330 species in the 1980s, the number of fish species in the Pearl River Estuary has declined by 45 fish species. The Jaccard's similarity of fish composition between the historical investigation (the 1980's) and the present investigation (2013–2016) was 0.62, with 95 species undiscovered and 50 species increased in the present study compared to the 1980s, indicating the assemblage structure has obviously changed. However, in term of ecological guilds, there was no significant difference in the composition of all the selected ecological traits between these two periods. Anthropogenic activities including overfishing, introducing alien fish, dam construction and pollution were considered the main disturbance on fish composition over the past three decades. We conclude that there existed pronounced spatiotemporal changes of fish assemblages, which arises from the compounding effects of environmental factors and anthropogenic activities. These findings are beneficial to understanding and developing suitable conservation strategies for the management and protection of fish resources in the Pearl River Estuary.     

Distribution pattern, threats and conservation of fish biodiversity in the East Tiaoxi, China

East Tiaoxi River is one of the largest inflowing rivers into Taihu Lake, and the fish fauna in the river is poorly understood. In the present study, an extensive survey of fish was conducted in October and November 2009, May and September 2010 and May 2011 covering a total of 55 sites along the whole river. A total of 84 freshwater fish species belonging to 8 orders, 18 families and 52 genera have been recorded. Among these are 35 species endemic to China, and 3 newly recorded exotic species. The fish composition varies greatly from headwaters to downstream. Based on cluster analysis with presence-absence data, the East Tiaoxi River is divided into four regions, specifically, the upper reach, middle-up reach, middle reach and lower reach. It is observed that species richness and the proportion of omnivorous species increased from upstream to downstream while the proportion of invertivorous species decreased consequently. Habitat alteration, overfishing, pollution and inland navigation adversely affect the fish diversity and ecosystem functioning in the East Tiaoxi River. To protect fish diversity more effectively in the area, the conservation of fish biodiversity in the North Tiaoxi River and Middle Tiaoxi River should be considered as a priority. Meanwhile, shallow zones or backwater areas should be created in the middle-lower reaches. Furthermore, river restoration, in terms of habitat creation, should be considered to protect the structure and diversity of fish communities, halt the progressive deterioration of freshwater ecosystems and sustain a valuable ecological resource for humans.     

Species composition,trend of biodiversity variation and conservation of the fish in Lijiang River (in China)

In the present study, diversity investigations were conducted for fish species in Lijiang River main stream and its four tributaries for four times seasonally during the period from April 2013 to January 2015. Based upon the 19763 fish samples collected, a total of 91 species and subspecies belonging to five orders, 17 families and 65 genera, had been recorded. According to the method of inland water fishery natural resource investigation, by means of mathematics statistics and species diversity index to analyze data, studied the fish biodiversity characteristics and trend of biodiversity variation. On the basis, we found the reasons of exhaustion of fish resources and provided the scientific basis to protect and repair the aquatic ecosystem of Lijiang River. The research demonstrated that the diversity index of fish species in Lijiang River was at a high level, but due to the superposition of various risk factors, including overexploitation, water pollution, habitat alteration, etc., increasing exhaustion of fish stocks and decreasing significant of fish species diversity. It was urgent to take measures to protect and restore the aquatic ecosystem of Lijiang River.     

四川诺水河珍稀水生动物国家级自然保护区鱼类资源现状

四川诺水河珍稀水生动物国家级自然保护区由嘉陵江支流渠江上游的大通江及支流小通江组成, 为全面了解该保护区的鱼类资源现状, 作者于2015年11月至2017年1月对30个采样点进行了5次资源调查。结果显示, 保护区共分布鱼类57种, 隶属4目13科45属, 其中调查采集47种, 访问调查获得10种。国家二级重点保护鱼类有1种, 即岩原鲤(Procypris rabaudi), 长江上游特有鱼类有12种, 列入《中国脊椎动物红色名录》的易危鱼类3种。保护区以小型鱼类为主, 优势种为宽鳍鱲(Zacco platypus)、嘉陵颌须鮈(Gnarhopogon herzensteini)和切尾拟鲿(Pseudobagrus truncatus)。保护区鱼类多样性较高, Shannon- Wiener多样性指数、Margalef物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为2.900、5.198、0.931、0.753。Jaccard相似性系数表明, 大通江和小通江鱼类群落相似度较高, 同一河流不同河段间的相似度整体上与河段间距离成反比; 而不同河流相似海拔高度河段间鱼类群落相似度更高。保护区鱼类资源的衰退主要由过度捕捞、栖息地破坏以及水体污染等人类活动所致。     

Abnormalities of the attachment clamps of representatives of the family Diplozoidae

A comparative study has been made of the haptoral morphology of four species of diplozoon (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) from the gills of fish exposed to different levels of water pollution in two river systems in eastern Europe. An examination of the haptors of Paradiplozoon homoion (Bychowsky & Nagibina 1959), Paradiplozoon ergensi (Pejcoch 1968) and Paradiplozoon megan (Bychowsky & Nagibina 1959) from chub caught in the River Morava, Czech Republic and of Diplozoon paradoxum (Nordmann 1832) from bream recovered from the River Volga, Russia has revealed abnormalities to the attachment clamps. Two abnormal conditions were found: structural alterations to the attachment clamps and changes in the number of attachment clamps; these occurred both singly and in combination. A higher frequency of abnormal attachment clamps was found in diplozoons from fish caught in the more polluted localities of both rivers. The abnormalities have been recorded and their morphology compared in the light of conditions of environmental stress.     

The state of the reproductive system of several fish species from water bodies polluted with radionuclides during the Chernobyl catastrophe

The state of the reproductive system in several fish species—offspring of individuals exposed to radiation as a result of the catastrophe at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (CNPP) was studied. Material was collected in water bodies of Ukraine polluted with radionuclides: water cooler of the CNPP (1992, 2002–2004), Lake Glubokoe (2003–2004), Kiev Reservoir, and Teterev River (1997, 1999–2005). It was shown that the total number and the degree of disturbances in gonads of the studied fish species were positively correlated with the levels of pollution of water bodies: in the cleanest water body, Teterev River, the proportion of fish with gonads without considerable deviations was about 78%; in the Kiev Reservoir, 67%; in the water cooler, 51%; and in Lake Glubokoe, 45%. By the number and pattern of gonad anomalies, species specificity in their response to the radiation background was revealed. A smaller degree of damage of sexual cells and gonads in unisexual (triploid) populations of goldfish Carassius auratus reproducing gynogenetically, as compared to bisexual (diploid) populations, was detected. Among postemergency generations of the studied fish species, in all water bodies the number and degree of gonad disturbances were in F_2–4, in Kiev Reservoir and Teterev River, this was most likely accounted for by the phenomenon of prolonged mutagenesis.     

中国东部沿海中小型河流鱼类的整体遗传多样性评价——以曹娥江为例

研究将曹娥江作为东部沿海中小型河流代表, 基于线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cyt b)分子标记对其鱼类的整体遗传多样性水平进行了评估。结果表明, 21个种26个群体鱼类Cyt b基因的单倍型多样性指数(h)和核苷酸多样性指数(π)水平分别为0.074—0.987和0.00019—0.00520, 物种间遗传多样性水平差异较大; 比较不同江段鱼类遗传多样性水平发现, 曹娥江鱼类的单倍型多样性指数水平从河口到中下游再到上游逐渐降低(P<0.05)。比较同一物种的遗传多样性水平发现, 曹娥江鱼类的核苷酸多样性指数水平低于长江、珠江等大型河流鱼类的相应指数水平(P<0.05), 提示曹娥江鱼类的整体遗传多样性处于中等偏下水平, 鱼类资源亟需科学的保护和修复。进一步分析人为扰动因素对曹娥江鱼类遗传多样性水平的影响发现, 敏感型鱼类的单倍型多样性指数水平显著低于中等耐受型鱼类(P<0.05); 麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、光泽黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus nitidus)和刺鳅(Mastacembelus aculeatus)3种鱼类的上游镜岭群体单倍型多样性指数和核苷酸多样性指数水平均低于其中游仙岩群体的相应指数水平。结果提示, 水体污染、过度捕捞可能是造成目前曹娥江鱼类遗传多样性水平较低的主要原因。研究结果将为曹娥江乃至东部中小河流的鱼类资源的管理、保护和开发利用提供重要的理论依据。     

Seasonal changes in feeding and relative condition factors of Arctic grayling (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Thymallus arcticus</Emphasis>) in a stretch of the middle reaches of the Yenisei River

The seasonal dynamics of feeding spectra and diet of Arctic graying in a stretch of the middle reaches of the Yenisei River (from the dam of the Krasnoyarsk HPP to the mouth of the Kan River) was studied in 2009–2013. Its connection with the food-supply state and fish growth has been traced. It has been shown that the intensity of fish feeding is relatively stable throughout the year, despite significant fluctuations in zoobenthos biomass. The contribution of groups dominating in diet (amphipods and larvae of caddisflies) changes depending on the month. Amphipods prevail in the diet of fish during the period from June to October and caddisflies prevail in the winter and spring months. Among caddisflies, selective feeding on a small species, Apatania crymophila, has been revealed. The change of the primary diet component during the summer period corresponds to a sharp increase in the coefficients of relative condition factors with a peak in August–September. It has been assumed that changes in the ratio of weight and linear sizes of fish are associated not only with an increase in the water temperature, but also with the grayling switching to the consumption of amphipods with a higher nutrition value.     

Long-term changes in fish community structure in relation to the establishment of Asian carps in a large floodplain river

The Upper Mississippi River System, including the Illinois River, has been invaded by a number of nonnative species including silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitirx and bighead carp H. nobilis, collectively referred to here as Asian carps. Silver carp densities in the Illinois River have increased dramatically and now represent some of the highest densities of wild silver carp anywhere in the world. Asian carps have the potential to alter existing ecosystems by consuming planktonic resources and therefore, could have the ability to alter existing fish communities as most fishes are dependent on planktonic resources during early development. However, identifying the relationship of fish community structure to the establishment of Asian carps has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Using long-term fish community data collected by the Upper Mississippi River Restoration’s Long Term Resource Monitoring element, we investigate changes in fish community structure pre- and post-establishment of Asian carps. Significant differences in the pre- and post-establishment communities were observed for the majority of gears and habitats. Species contributing to changes between establishment periods included most sportfish species and catostomids, which were less abundant post-establishment of Asian carps, while shortnose gar, grass carp, and emerald shiner were more abundant. While our analyses show Asian carps are likely contributing to major differences in fish community structure, future research and long-term monitoring should investigate the mechanisms and interactions responsible for community changes as well as identifying any potential concurrent or confounding factors such as changes in river hydrology or sedimentation.     

珠江水系鱼类群落多样性空间分布格局

珠江是我国南方第一大河,是我国重要淡水渔业生产基地和水生生物资源基因库。珠江鱼类在维持生物多样性、提供鱼类种质资源方面举足轻重。但是到目前为止,关于其鱼类空间分布格局的研究甚少。特别是近几十年来各种水工建设和过度捕捞使得渔业资源急剧衰退,鱼类空间分布的研究显得尤为重要。2015年对珠江全流域13个站位进行了全面调查,共采集渔获物10119尾,隶属于94种72属17科。鲤科鱼类占显著优势,其次种类较多的依次为鲿科、鳅科。采用非度量多维标度排序(NMDS)方法对鱼类群落空间分布特征进行了分析,结果表明珠江鱼类被划分为3个类群,即以餐、南方拟餐、黄颡鱼等小型鱼类为主的中上游类群、以赤眼鳟、鲮鱼、广东鲂等中型鱼类为主的中下游类群和以罗非鱼为主的重要支流类群。同时发现中下游物种多样性高,上游及河口江段多样性低的格局。采用冗余分析方法(RDA)分析了鱼类多样性与环境因子的关系,发现年均气温、降雨量、年均径流量、河流宽度与透明度是珠江水系河流鱼类群落结构差异的主要影响因子,其中年均气温是影响鱼类群落分布的最关键因子之一。与历史资料对比后发现,珠江鱼类种类明显减少、空间分布也发生了巨大改变。研究是珠江水系野生渔业资源长期调查的一部分,研究结果将对渔业资源的多样性保护和可持续利用具有指导意义。