1类葡萄糖转运体家族蛋白与2型糖尿病相关的研究进展

葡萄糖是机体的主要能量来源,而葡萄糖转运体(glucose transporter, GLUT)是介导葡萄糖进入细胞内的一类跨膜蛋白家族,目前已发现并鉴定了14种不同的GLUT,它们在不同组织细胞中具有不同的表达水平和功能,并参与调控组织细胞摄取葡萄糖的过程。越来越多的研究发现,GLUT的表达水平下降和功能丧失可降低组织细胞对血液葡萄糖的摄取和利用,导致血糖升高和胰岛素抵抗,形成2型糖尿病。本文主要围绕1类葡萄糖转运体GLUT1–4蛋白的结构、结构与功能关系及其与2型糖尿病的关系进行综述,旨在为2型糖尿病临床治疗方案的探索提供新的方向。     

慢性牙周炎患者唾液中IL-17，miR-146a表达水平与疾病程度的相关性分析

目的:观察和分析慢性牙周炎(CP)患者唾液中白细胞介素-17(IL-17)、微小RNA-146a(miR-146a)表达水平与疾病程度的相关性。方法:选取80例CP患者作为病例组,选取80名健康志愿者作为对照组,对两组研究对象唾液样本中的IL-17、miRNA-146a表达水平进行检测和比较。对病例组患者的菌斑指数(PLI)、牙龈指数(GI)、牙周探诊深度(PD)和附着丧失(AL)等牙周病指标进行检测。结果:病例组患者唾液中IL-17、miR-146a表达水平显著高于对照组,两组之间的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。随着疾病程度的加剧,患者唾液中IL-17、miR-146a表达水平也逐渐上升,各组之间的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。Spearman等级相关分析结果显示,CP患者唾液中IL-17、miR-146a表达水平与牙周炎严重程度均呈正相关关系(P0.05)。直线相关分析结果显示,CP患者唾液中IL-17、miR-146a表达水平与PLI、GI、PD、AL等牙周炎临床指标均呈正相关关系(P0.05)。结论:CP患者表现为唾液中IL-17、miR-146a表达水平的显著升高,其表达水平与疾病严重程度和临床指标均具有相关性。     

葡萄糖醛酸的新陈代谢

根据同位素实验结果证明葡萄糖可以直接变成葡萄糖醛酸。Douglas和King用莰醇(冰片)饲豚鼠,再向腹腔内注射葡萄糖-1-C~(14)或葡萄糖-6-C~(14),然后从尿中分离出莰醇葡萄糖醛酸苷。发现给1-C~(14)葡萄糖时约61％的C~(14)位于葡萄糖醛酸分子的C-1上;给6-C~(14)葡萄糖时约67％的C~(14)位于葡萄糖醛酸分子的C-6上,说明葡萄糖的碳链并不分裂即直接转变成葡萄糖醛酸。但是许多学者证明葡萄糖不能直接氧化成葡萄糖醛     

金硫代葡萄糖的合成

一、引言近年来关于糖尿病病因的研究已深入到胰岛素与其受体相互作用的分子水平。对胰岛素具有抗性的成年型糖尿病可能是由于胰岛素的受体减少而产生。肥胖的小白鼠糖耐量不正常,血液中的胰岛素增加,对胰岛素的敏感性下降,这些都和上述类型的糖尿病人很相似。因此肥胖型小白鼠是研究糖尿病的一种较好的实验动物模型。形成这种动物模型可以应用金硫代葡萄糖(Gold thioglucose,简称GTG),它能使下丘脑的饱中枢产生坏死性病变,结果动物无控制地摄食而肥胖。引起病变的是金与硫代葡萄糖相结合,是为了使金易于通过血脑屏障而发挥其作用。由于金硫代葡萄糖在国内外市场上均不易获得,我们在实验室中通过两条途径(图1)进     

力竭性运动后鲇鱼幼鱼乳酸、糖原和葡萄糖水平的变动

于(25±1)℃的条件下分别测定了鲇鱼(Silurus asotusLinnaeus)幼鱼静止状态(对照组)与力竭性运动后不同恢复时间(0、0.5、1、2、48、、16h)肌肉、血液和肝脏三种组织中乳酸、糖原和葡萄糖的含量水平。结果显示:鲇鱼幼鱼力竭性运动后肌乳酸和血乳酸水平迅速上升并即刻达到峰值(12.13±0.19)μmol/g和(4.57±0.23)mmol/L,而肝乳酸的峰值((9.78±0.69)μmol/g)却出现在运动后恢复1h;肌组织乳酸的迅速上升伴随着糖原的快速下降,葡萄糖含量保持相对稳定;肌乳酸恢复历时为8h,清除速率为0.9μmol/h.g。实验结果表明鲇鱼力竭性运动后存在着明显的"乳酸泄露"现象,其无氧代谢的底物主要是糖原;肝组织可能是一个乳酸的临时贮存库。     

葡萄糖-1-磷酸对灵芝多糖合成的影响

在以葡萄糖为唯一碳源进行灵芝液态发酵时,通过添加不同浓度的代谢中间产物葡萄糖-1-磷酸,研究其对灵芝胞外多糖产量、单糖组成、合成途径相关酶的影响,从而确定影响灵芝多糖单糖组成的关键酶。结果显示,添加葡萄糖-1-磷酸对灵芝多糖产量和多糖的单糖组成并无明显影响。在检测的3种灵芝多糖合成关键酶中,葡萄糖-1-磷酸的添加抑制磷酸葡萄糖变位酶(PGM)、磷酸葡萄糖异构酶(PGI)的酶活,对磷酸甘露糖异构酶(PMI)无明显影响。此外,通过相关性分析后发现,发酵过程中半乳糖和甘露糖比例的变化分别与PGM和PGI、PMI具有相关性。本文结果对实现灵芝多糖代谢的灵活调控提供有益的参考。     

类脂能调控葡萄糖水平

人们知道,只要小肠中有类脂,就能使啮齿类和人类的营养吸收减少,因为类脂可以激活小肠-大脑神经轴。最近的研究表明,大脑能够直接探测血液中的类脂,以抑制葡萄糖的生成,从而通过一个大脑-肝脏神经轴来维持啮齿类的葡萄糖体;内平衡。现在,研究工作首次表明,小肠上层类脂能够通过一个小肠-大脑-肝脏神经回路迅速抑制葡萄生成。     

缺血性脑血管病变组织中葡萄糖转运蛋白1的改变

葡萄糖通过血脑屏障从血液中进入脑组织必须依赖葡萄糖转运蛋白(glucose transporter,GLUT)的帮助.GLUT1是血脑屏障上最主要的GLUT,也是脑毛细血管壁内皮细胞的分子标记.动物研究显示在急性脑缺血后脑内的GLUT1表达增加.检测了7例慢性微血管缺血性脑血管病变(ischemic cerebrovascular diseases,ICVD)的尸检脑组织中的GLUT1水平,并与11例同龄对照组比较.结果发现GLUT1水平在ICVD组中降低.其降低可能是由于低氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia-induciblefactor-1α,HIF-1α)的下调所致.但是,在ICVD脑组织中的GLUT1水平降低不伴随有蛋白质O-GlcNAc糖基化水平的下降.上述结果为探讨脑缺血病变的机理提供了新线索.     

鳜对葡萄糖和糊精利用差异比较研究

研究通过比较鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)对不同碳水化合物的利用差异, 探究肉食性鱼类对碳水化合物利用的分子机制。按照1670 mg/kg剂量对鳜灌喂葡萄糖和糊精后, 分别在0、1h、2h、3h、4h、8h、12h和24h收集水样、血浆、肝脏和肌肉, 检测尿糖、血糖、血甘油三酯、血胰岛素、肝糖原、肌糖原含量及糖代谢相关基因表达水平等指标。结果显示: (1) 灌喂后1—12h内, 两组鳜相比, 葡萄糖组尿糖显著高于糊精组, 血糖及胰岛素含量在两组间无显著差异; (2) 两组鳜甘油三酯含量在2h时达到最大值, 糊精组甘油三酯含量在4h时显著高于葡萄糖组, 糊精组肝糖原含量在1h时显著高于葡萄糖组, 且糊精组肌糖原含量在24h内均显著高于葡萄糖组; (3) 灌喂后1h, 灌喂糊精组葡萄糖激酶(Glucokinase, GK)、脂肪酸合成酶(Fatty Acid Synthetase, FAS)、乙酰辅酶A羧化酶Ⅰ型(Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Type Ⅰ, ACC1)、柠檬酸合成酶(Citroyl Synthetase, CS)基因表达水平显著高于葡萄糖组, 而在灌喂后8h, 糊精组糖原合酶(Glycogen Synthase, GS)和CS基因表达水平却显著低于葡萄糖组。结果表明, 肉食性鱼类鳜摄入糖后可以促进糖原和脂肪的合成, 转化为糖原和甘油三酯, 从而减少未利用糖的排出, 且鳜对葡萄糖的利用效率低于糊精。     

尾加压素Ⅱ抑制葡萄糖激酶的表达和葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素分泌

本研究旨在探讨尾加压素II(urotensin II,UII)对胰岛β细胞功能的影响及其机制。在整体实验中,采用Wistar大鼠进行糖耐量试验,检测不同剂量UII(3、30、300nmol/kg)对大鼠血糖和胰岛素水平的影响;在细胞实验中,βTC-6细胞孵育实验检测UII对葡萄糖引起的胰岛素分泌(glucose-induced insulin secretion,GIIS)的影响,酸化乙醇抽提法和实时荧光定量PCR分别测定细胞内胰岛素含量和mRNA的水平,Western blot检测胰十二指肠同源盒1(pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1,PDX-1)和葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase,GCK)表达水平。糖耐量试验结果显示,相对对照组,急性静脉注射较高剂量的UII(30、300nmol/kg)使大鼠血浆胰岛素浓度在腹腔注射葡萄糖后15min显著下降,并且使大鼠血糖在腹腔注射葡萄糖后90min明显升高。βTC-6细胞孵育实验结果显示,UII孵育2h能抑制βTC-6细胞的GIIS,但是对细胞内的胰岛素含量和mRNA水平没有影响。UII对GIIS的抑制作用可以被UII受体拮抗剂urantide所阻断,部分被蛋白激酶C(protein kinase C,PKC)非特异性抑制剂chelerythrine chloride(CTC)和生长抑素受体非特异性拮抗剂cyclosomatostatin(CSS)所阻断。Western blot结果显示,UII抑制了βTC-6细胞内GCK的表达,但对PDX-1表达量没有影响。以上结果表明,UII通过激活其特异性受体(较高浓度的UII可能同时激活生长抑素受体)抑制胰岛β细胞GIIS,其作用机制涉及PKC通路的激活、GCK表达受抑所引起的胰岛素颗粒胞吐作用的减弱,但不涉及胰岛素本身表达的下降。     

Relationship of advanced oxidative protein products in human saliva and plasma: age- and gender-related changes and stability during storage

Abstract The blood levels of advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP) elevate in aging and age-related diseases. However, saliva AOPP in healthy humans have been unexplored. Thus, we investigated 143 Chinese healthy adults to assay age- and gender-related changes in saliva and plasma AOPP levels and the stability of saliva AOPP stored both at -?20°C and -?80°C. We found the mean AOPP levels in saliva and plasma of 119 subjects were 7.51?±?3.20 and 28.31?±?5.53 μmol/L (μM). An age-dependent increase was observed in both saliva and plasma AOPP levels. This increase was particularly significant in the elderly subjects compared with that in the young and middle-aged ones. A significant positive correlation among age, saliva and plasma AOPP levels was observed. No gender-dependent difference was observed in either saliva or plasma AOPP levels during the aging process. Furthermore, AOPP levels in the 24 saliva samples showed no significant change at every successive determination during 4 weeks at -?80°C, whereas those levels significantly increased after 7 days of storage at -?20°C. These results indicate the feasibility to screen aging biochemical indicators using saliva AOPP as an alternative to blood AOPP. Saliva AOPP samples are suitable to be stored at -?80°C.     

Measurement of salivary resistin, visfatin and adiponectin levels

Hormonal determination in saliva offers several advantages. Peptides enter the salivary glands either by active transport mechanisms or are expressed and secreted by the salivary glands themselves. The collection of saliva is a noninvasive, easily repeatable and less stressful technique than blood withdrawal. The purpose of the present study was to introduce a method for measuring salivary resistin, visfatin and adiponectin levels and to evaluate their associations with serum levels. Resistin, visfatin and adiponectin levels were measured in serum and saliva of 50 healthy adult volunteers (17 male and 33 female) using commercial enzyme immunoassay kits for serum with minor modifications. The present study documented the determination of resistin and adiponectin levels in saliva and the significant correlation of salivary levels with serum levels (r=0.441, p<0.01 and r=0.347, p<0.05, respectively). Moreover, the identification of visfatin in saliva was achieved, but no significant correlation with serum visfatin levels was observed. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the determination of resistin and visfatin in saliva and the significant correlation of salivary resistin with serum levels, while it confirmed the significant association between salivary and serum adiponectin. The introduction of salivary determinations of adipokines could contribute to the elucidation of the physiology and the role of the specific adipokines in various clinical conditions (obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, reproduction, energy imbalance and stress response).     

Relationship of advanced oxidative protein products in human saliva and plasma: age- and gender-related changes and stability during storage

Abstract

The blood levels of advanced oxidative protein products (AOPP) elevate in aging and age-related diseases. However, saliva AOPP in healthy humans have been unexplored. Thus, we investigated 143 Chinese healthy adults to assay age- and gender-related changes in saliva and plasma AOPP levels and the stability of saliva AOPP stored both at ??20°C and ??80°C. We found the mean AOPP levels in saliva and plasma of 119 subjects were 7.51?±?3.20 and 28.31?±?5.53 μmol/L (μM). An age-dependent increase was observed in both saliva and plasma AOPP levels. This increase was particularly significant in the elderly subjects compared with that in the young and middle-aged ones. A significant positive correlation among age, saliva and plasma AOPP levels was observed. No gender-dependent difference was observed in either saliva or plasma AOPP levels during the aging process. Furthermore, AOPP levels in the 24 saliva samples showed no significant change at every successive determination during 4 weeks at ??80°C, whereas those levels significantly increased after 7 days of storage at ??20°C. These results indicate the feasibility to screen aging biochemical indicators using saliva AOPP as an alternative to blood AOPP. Saliva AOPP samples are suitable to be stored at ??80°C.     

Relationship of HIV RNA and cytokines in saliva from HIV-infected individuals

We measured levels of six cytokines and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA in saliva from HIV-seropositive individuals and compared salivary cytokine levels in HIV-seropositives and seronegatives. All of the six tested cytokines were detected in saliva although interleukin-1beta, interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 were detected more frequently (90%, 68% and 61% of samples, respectively) than interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha receptor II (2-17%). There was no significant association between cytokine levels in saliva and plasma suggesting that cytokines were produced locally. Interferon-gamma levels were significantly higher in saliva from HIV-seropositives when compared to seronegatives while interleukin-10 levels were lower in seropositive saliva. Interleukin-10 levels were higher in individuals with low CD4 counts in the seropositive group. HIV RNA was detected in 29% of saliva samples from seropositives and there was a significant correlation between saliva and plasma HIV RNA levels. However, HIV RNA levels in saliva were not significantly associated with any of the saliva or plasma cytokine levels or with CD4 cell numbers. This study shows no association between inflammatory cytokine levels and HIV levels in saliva and suggests that saliva HIV levels are more influenced by blood HIV RNA levels than oral inflammation.     

Correlation of DNA methylation levels in blood and saliva DNA in young girls of the LEGACY Girls study

Many epidemiologic studies of environmental exposures and disease susceptibility measure DNA methylation in white blood cells (WBC). Some studies are also starting to use saliva DNA as it is usually more readily available in large epidemiologic studies. However, little is known about the correlation of methylation between WBC and saliva DNA. We examined DNA methylation in three repetitive elements, Sat2, Alu, and LINE-1, and in four CpG sites, including AHRR (cg23576855, cg05575921), cg05951221 at 2q37.1, and cg11924019 at CYP1A1, in 57 girls aged 6–15 years with blood and saliva collected on the same day. We measured all DNA methylation markers by bisulfite-pyrosequencing, except for Sat2 and Alu, which were measured by the MethyLight assay. Methylation levels measured in saliva DNA were lower than those in WBC DNA, with differences ranging from 2.8% for Alu to 14.1% for cg05575921. Methylation levels for the three repetitive elements measured in saliva DNA were all positively correlated with those in WBC DNA. However, there was a wide range in the Spearman correlations, with the smallest correlation found for Alu (0.24) and the strongest correlation found for LINE-1 (0.73). Spearman correlations for cg05575921, cg05951221, and cg11924019 were 0.33, 0.42, and 0.79, respectively. If these findings are replicated in larger studies, they suggest that, for selected methylation markers (e.g., LINE-1), methylation levels may be highly correlated between blood and saliva, while for others methylation markers, the levels may be more tissue specific. Thus, in studies that differ by DNA source, each interrogated site should be separately examined in order to evaluate the correlation in DNA methylation levels across DNA sources.     

Correlation of DNA methylation levels in blood and saliva DNA in young girls of the LEGACY Girls study

Many epidemiologic studies of environmental exposures and disease susceptibility measure DNA methylation in white blood cells (WBC). Some studies are also starting to use saliva DNA as it is usually more readily available in large epidemiologic studies. However, little is known about the correlation of methylation between WBC and saliva DNA. We examined DNA methylation in three repetitive elements, Sat2, Alu, and LINE-1, and in four CpG sites, including AHRR (cg23576855, cg05575921), cg05951221 at 2q37.1, and cg11924019 at CYP1A1, in 57 girls aged 6–15 years with blood and saliva collected on the same day. We measured all DNA methylation markers by bisulfite-pyrosequencing, except for Sat2 and Alu, which were measured by the MethyLight assay. Methylation levels measured in saliva DNA were lower than those in WBC DNA, with differences ranging from 2.8% for Alu to 14.1% for cg05575921. Methylation levels for the three repetitive elements measured in saliva DNA were all positively correlated with those in WBC DNA. However, there was a wide range in the Spearman correlations, with the smallest correlation found for Alu (0.24) and the strongest correlation found for LINE-1 (0.73). Spearman correlations for cg05575921, cg05951221, and cg11924019 were 0.33, 0.42, and 0.79, respectively. If these findings are replicated in larger studies, they suggest that, for selected methylation markers (e.g., LINE-1), methylation levels may be highly correlated between blood and saliva, while for others methylation markers, the levels may be more tissue specific. Thus, in studies that differ by DNA source, each interrogated site should be separately examined in order to evaluate the correlation in DNA methylation levels across DNA sources.     

Adiponectin: Serum-saliva associations and relations with oral and systemic markers of inflammation

This study addresses gaps in our understanding about the validity and utility of using salivary adiponectin to index serum adiponectin levels. Matched blood and saliva samples were collected on a single occasion from healthy adults (n = 99; age 18–36 years, 53% male). Serum and saliva was assayed for adiponectin and inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNFα), and saliva was also assayed for markers of blood contamination (transferrin), total protein (salivary flow rate) and matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8). We examined the extent to which salivary adiponectin was associated with serum adiponectin, and the influence of potential confounders on the serum-saliva correlation, including age, sex, body mass index, and markers of inflammation, oral health, salivary blood contamination, and flow rate. Findings revealed a modest serum-saliva association for adiponectin, and strong positive associations between salivary adiponectin and salivary levels of inflammatory cytokines, MMP-8, transferrin, and total protein. By contrast, salivary adiponectin was not related to serum levels of inflammatory activity. The magnitude of the serum-saliva association was strengthened when controlling for total protein in saliva, blood leakage into oral fluid, salivary inflammatory cytokines, and MMP-8. The pattern of findings extends our understanding of salivary adiponectin and its potential use as an index of circulating adiponectin levels.     

Evidence that caterpillar labial saliva suppresses infectivity of potential bacterial pathogens

Salivary enzyme, glucose oxidase (GOX) from the caterpillar Helicoverpa zea, catalyzes the conversion of glucose to gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. Because hydrogen peroxide has well-known antimicrobial properties, we examined whether caterpillar labial saliva could reduce the infectivity of bacterial pathogens. We examined the effects of caterpillar saliva on the growth of two bacteria species Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Wells formed in LB agar contained a solution of salivary gland extract (Sx) and glucose, GOX and glucose, Sx only, GOX only, or glucose only. After 18 h of incubation, the diameter of cleared bacteria was measured. Wells treated with only GOX, Sx, or glucose showed no measurable area of clearing, while wells treated with GOX with glucose or Sx with glucose had considerable clearing. To determine if saliva could provide protection to caterpillars in vivo, a surgery was performed on caterpillars that prevented the secretion of labial saliva. Caterpillars were fed a diet containing either no added bacteria or treated with high levels of S. marcescens or P. aeruginosa. Caterpillars that could not secrete saliva had significantly higher levels of mortality when feeding on diet treated with either bacterium than caterpillars that could secrete saliva when feeding on equal levels of bacteria-treated diet. Our evidence demonstrates for the first time that insect saliva in situ can provide protection against bacterial pathogens and that the salivary enzyme GOX appears to provide the antimicrobial properties.     

Estimation of plasma and saliva levels of coenzyme Q10 and influence of oral supplementation

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ(10)) levels in human saliva were measured by HPLC with a highly sensitive electrochemical detector (ECD) and a special concentration column. This HPLC system showed satisfactory analytical results within the standard range of 0.78-50 ng/ml. We also found a significant correlation between CoQ(10) levels in plasma and in saliva from parotid glands, while this correlation was lacking between plasma CoQ10 and CoQ10 in whole saliva. Unlike in plasma, there are some fluctuations of saliva CoQ(10) levels throughout the day. A good correlation was obtained by collecting parotid gland saliva at times between meals. The mean saliva CoQ(10) level for 55 healthy volunteers was 17.0 ng/ml (S.D. 6.8 ng/ml); approximately one fiftieth of that in plasma. Regarding the influence of oral supplementation, CoQ(10) was analyzed in plasma and parotid gland saliva from 20 healthy volunteers supplemented daily with 100 mg of CoQ(10) for the first week and 200 mg for the second. The plasma CoQ(10) levels of all volunteers increased to different extents in accordance with the CoQ(10) daily intake and the corresponding change in saliva showed almost the same trend.     

Comparison of blood and saliva lactate level after maximum intensity exercise

Several studies have described high correlation of salivary and blood lactate level during exercise. Measuring the effectiveness and intensity of training, lactate concentration in blood, and lately in saliva are used.The aim of our study was to evaluate the correlation between the concentration and timing of salivary and blood lactate level in endurance athletes and non-athletes after a maximal treadmill test, and to identify physiological and biochemical factors affecting these lactate levels.Sixteen volunteers (8 athletes and 8 non-athletes) performed maximal intensity (Astrand) treadmill test. Anthropometric characteristics, body composition and physiological parameters (heart rate, RR-variability) were measured in both studied groups. Blood and whole saliva samples were collected before and 1, 4, 8, 12, 15, 20 min after the exercise test. Lactate level changes were monitored in the two groups and two lactate peaks were registered at different timeperiods in athletes. We found significant correlation between several measured parameters (salivary lactate - total body water, salivary lactate - RR-variability, maximal salivary lactate - maximal heart rate during exercise, salivary- and blood lactate -1 min after exercise test). Stronger correlation was noted between salivary lactate and blood lactate in athletes, than in controls.