黄脊竹蝗对10种禾本科植物的取食选择

黄脊竹蝗Ceracris kiangsu Tsai是一种危害性极大的草地和森林害虫,主要危害禾本科植物,掌握黄脊竹蝗的食性偏好可为其防控提供理论基础。本研究选取10种禾本科植物：多年生黑麦草Lolium perenne L.、高丹草Sorghum hybrid sudangrass、苏丹草Sorghum sudanense(Piper) Stapf.、扁穗雀麦Bromus cartharticus Vahl.、白茅Imperata cylindrica(L.) Beauv.、玉米Zea mays L.、青皮竹Bambusa textilis McClure、箬竹Indocalamus tessellatus(Munro) Keng f.、刚竹Phyllostachys sulphurea(Carr.) A.‘Viridis’、箭竹Fargesia spathacea Franch.,研究黄脊竹蝗不同龄期的跳蝻及成虫取食能力、取食偏好、取食频率与时间关系的差异。结果表明：黄脊竹蝗取食量随着龄期的增加而持续增加,跳蝻喜食禾本科牧草,2～5龄跳蝻取食最多的禾本科植物为白茅,3龄时开始出现暴食...     

不同寄主上桃粉大尾蚜的取食偏好及形态变异研究

【目的】桃粉大尾蚜Hyalopterus pruni Geoffroy是一种常见的农业害虫,分布广泛。本文对采自上海地区粘核毛桃Amygdalus persica L.var.scleropersica(Reich.)Yüet Lu、紫叶李Prunus cerasifera Ehrhar f.atropurpurea(Jacq.)Rehd.和芦苇Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.ex Steud.3种植物上桃粉大尾蚜的取食偏好和形态变异进行了研究。【方法】通过叶碟法观测桃粉大尾蚜对3种寄主叶片的取食偏好,同时测量体长、体宽、触角各节长、喙末端长和宽、各足节长等30个形态指标,基于对形态数据的统计分析,包括主成分分析、聚类分析和判别分析,研究不同寄主植物上桃粉大尾蚜的形态变异。【结果】饲以3种寄主植物叶片时,来自粘核毛桃和芦苇上的桃粉大尾蚜对各寄主叶片的总体喜食程度依次为芦苇>粘核毛桃>紫叶李,来源于紫叶李上的个体对3种叶片的喜食程度为芦苇>粘核毛桃=紫叶李;形态数据分析发现粘核毛桃和紫叶李上的桃粉大尾蚜各指标间均无显著差异(P>0.05),但二者与芦苇上的个体在触角节Ⅱ、触角末节鞭部长、喙末端长和中足胫节的长度间差异显著(P<0.05),紫叶李与芦苇上的个体前足跗节Ⅰ长这一指标差异显著(P<0.05),此外,主成分分析筛选的体长、头宽、触角各节和各足长度等特征构成的前四个主成分对总体方差的累计贡献率达到66.206%,其中贡献率较高的特征为触角和各足节长度,系统聚类和典型判别分析的结果显示采自芦苇上的桃粉大尾蚜区别于粘核毛桃和紫叶李上的,归为一类,同为蔷薇科植物的紫叶李和粘核毛桃上的桃粉大尾蚜克隆有小部分重叠。【结论】禾本科植物上的桃粉大尾蚜种群形态特征与蔷薇科植物上的相比,触角节Ⅱ和末节鞭部、喙末端长、中足胫节的长度存在一定的分化,初步推测造成桃粉大尾蚜形态分化的原因主要为寄主植物营养成分及其表面特征,其种内变异的具体机制仍需进一步探索。     

Antennal sensilla of grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in relation to food preferences and habits

The external structure, i.e. number and distribution of sensillae on male and female antennae of 12 species of grasshoppers belonging to Pamphaginae, Catantopinae, Oedipodinae and Gomphocerinae in the grasslands of Inner Mongolia was investigated using scanning electron microscopy. Five major types of antennal sensillae were detected - trichoid, long basiconic, short basiconic, slender and short basiconic, and coeloconic sensillae. Total number of antennal sensillae varied among different sexes, subfamilies, feeding groups, life forms and eco-forms. Males showed significantly more sensillae than females, due to presence of more short basiconic and coeloconic sensillae. Species under Catantopinae showed more long basiconic sensillae than the others. The Oedipodinae had the highest number of slender and short basiconic sensillae and coeloconic sensillae, followed by Catantopinae and Gomphocerinae; while Pamphaginae had the fewest. The total number of sensillae showed the same trend for these two types amongst the subfamilies as well, species which prefer habits on the ground possessed fewer antennal sensillae than species which prefer to stay on plants. The maximal number of antennal sensillae were observed in hygrophytous species,Chorthippus albomarginatus, in the 12 grasshopper species investigated, although the data is not statistically significant. The general trend which emerged was that species feeding on grass possessed more antennal sensillae, particularly coeloconic sensillae, compared to other feeding group species.     

新疆草原七种蝗虫口器结构差异研究

7种新疆草原蝗虫口器有明显差异,主要体现在上颚切齿和臼齿的形状、长度及排列方式等。根据上颚特征及差异,将意大利蝗Calliptamus italicus italicus和朱腿痂蝗Bryodema gebleri gebleri的上颚归属于齿型,西伯利亚蝗Gomphocerus sibiricus和黑条小车蝗Oedaleus decorus划分为磨型,而蓝斑翅蝗Oedipoda coerulescens、红斑翅蝗Obdipoda miniata miniata和黑腿星翅蝗Calliptamus barbarus cephalotes则属于中间型。蝗虫上颚齿型不同与其不同寄主植物选择有密切关系,齿型蝗虫嗜食纤维素含量少的菊科、十字花科和紫草科植物;磨型蝗虫则嗜食纤维素含量较多的禾本科、莎草科植物。     

Parent-offspring conflicts, "optimal bad motherhood" and the "mother knows best" principles in insect herbivores colonizing novel host plants

SPECIALIZATION OF INSECT HERBIVORES TO ONE OR A FEW HOST PLANTS STIMULATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO HYPOTHESES ON HOW NATURAL SELECTION SHOULD SHAPE OVIPOSITION PREFERENCES: The "mother knows best" principle suggests that females prefer to oviposit on hosts that increase offspring survival. The "optimal bad motherhood" principle predicts that females prefer to oviposit on hosts that increase their own longevity. In insects colonizing novel host plants, current theory predicts that initial preferences of insect herbivores should be maladaptive, leading to ecological traps. Ecological trap theory does not take into account the fact that insect lineages frequently switch hosts at both ecological and evolutionary time scales. Therefore, the behavior of insect herbivores facing novel hosts is also shaped by natural selection. Using a study system in which four Cephaloleia beetles are currently expanding their diets from native to exotic plants in the order Zingiberales, we determined if initial oviposition preferences are conservative, maladaptive, or follow the patterns predicted by the "mother knows best" or the "optimal bad motherhood" principles. Interactions with novel hosts generated parent-offspring conflicts. Larval survival was higher on native hosts. However, adult generally lived longer on novel hosts. In Cephaloleia beetles, oviposition preferences are usually associated with hosts that increase larval survival, female fecundity, and population growth. In most cases, Cephaloleia oviposition preferences follow the expectations of the "mothers knows best" principle.     

A micro-geography of fear: learning to eavesdrop on alarm calls of neighbouring heterospecifics

Many vertebrates eavesdrop on alarm calls of other species, which is a remarkable ability, given geographical variation in community composition and call diversity within and among species. We used micro-geographical variation in community composition to test whether individuals recognize heterospecific alarm calls by: (i) responding to acoustic features shared among alarm calls; (ii) having innate responses to particular heterospecific calls; or (iii) learning specific alarm calls. We found that superb fairy-wrens (Malurus cyaneus) fled to cover to playback of noisy miner (Manorina melanocephala) aerial predator alarm calls only in locations where miners were present, suggesting that learning rather than acoustic structure determines response. Sites with and without miners were well within the dispersal distance of fairy-wrens, and philopatric males and dispersing females showed the same pattern, so that local genetic adaptation is extremely unlikely. Furthermore, where miners were present, fairy-wrens responded appropriately to different miner calls, implying eavesdropping on their signalling system rather than fleeing from miners themselves. Learned eavesdropping on alarm calls enables individuals to harvest ecologically relevant information from heterospecifics on an astonishingly fine spatial scale. Such phenotypic plasticity is valuable in a changing world, where individuals can be exposed to new species.     

思茅新木蛾幼虫取食行为的研究

本文对思茅新木蛾Neospastis simaona Wang幼虫的取食行为、取食偏好性以及明暗条件对其取食量的影响进行了观察研究,为该昆虫的防治提供了理论依据。研究结果表明:思茅新木蛾幼虫随着龄期的增加,取食次数增多,取食总时间增加,但一次取食时间无明显变化;思茅新木蛾幼虫对木荷(Schima superba)有强烈嗜食性,4龄幼虫喜食木荷幼叶,5、6龄幼虫对木荷幼叶、成熟叶无明显偏好性;明暗条件对思茅新木蛾4至6龄幼虫的取食量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。     

Eavesdropping and signal matching in visual courtship displays of spiders

Eavesdropping on communication is widespread among animals, e.g. bystanders observing male-male contests, female mate choice copying and predator detection of prey cues. Some animals also exhibit signal matching, e.g. overlapping of competitors' acoustic signals in aggressive interactions. Fewer studies have examined male eavesdropping on conspecific courtship, although males could increase mating success by attending to others' behaviour and displaying whenever courtship is detected. In this study, we show that field-experienced male Schizocosa ocreata wolf spiders exhibit eavesdropping and signal matching when exposed to video playback of courting male conspecifics. Male spiders had longer bouts of interaction with a courting male stimulus, and more bouts of courtship signalling during and after the presence of a male on the video screen. Rates of courtship (leg tapping) displayed by individual focal males were correlated with the rates of the video exemplar to which they were exposed. These findings suggest male wolf spiders might gain information by eavesdropping on conspecific courtship and adjust performance to match that of rivals. This represents a novel finding, as these behaviours have previously been seen primarily among vertebrates.     

Heterospecific alarm call recognition in a non-vocal reptile

The ability to recognize and respond to the alarm calls of heterospecifics has previously been described only in species with vocal communication. Here we provide evidence that a non-vocal reptile, the Galápagos marine iguana (Amblyrhynchus cristatus), can eavesdrop on the alarm call of the Galápagos mockingbird (Nesomimus parvulus) and respond with anti-predator behaviour. Eavesdropping on complex heterospecific communications demonstrates a remarkable degree of auditory discrimination in a non-vocal species.     

Indiscrimination of Manduca sexta larvae to overexpressed and underexpressed levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase in tobacco leaves

Manduca sexta (L.) larvae were unable to discriminate between transgenic tobacco leaves expressing high or low levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) in dual choice arenas. Tobacco leaves overexpressing PAL had up to ten times more chlorogenic acid and up to twice as much rutin in their leaves than leaves containing the same sense-suppressed gene. Caterpillars reared previously on artificial diet or tobacco leaves had no preference for either leaves over- or underexpressing PAL. Application of exogenous chlorogenic acid to PAL-suppressed leaves at levels similar to the overexpressed leaves did not affect M. sexta's choice. When applied at higher rates, treated leaves were preferred by caterpillars reared on tobacco leaves but not by diet-reared larvae. Our results with leaves confirm earlier studies with M. sexta using simpler substrates and mixtures of test compounds and provides further evidence that leaf phenolics, such as chlorogenic acid, do not act as feeding deterrents for larval M. sexta.     

Female begging in European robins: do neighbors eavesdrop for extrapair copulations?

Female European robins beg for food from their mates throughoutthe breeding season using far-carrying "seep" calls which resemblethe begging calls of fledglings. We investigated the possibilitythat these calls are eavesdropped by neighboring males andused as cues to target intrusions during the fertile period.Female seep calling and male courtship feeding peaked in thefertile period, and males appeared to modify provisioning rate in relation to seep calling rate. Further, there was a positivecorrelation between rate of courtship feeding and clutch size,both of which tended to be inversely related to seep callingrates. These observations imply that the seep call is a hungersignal directed at pair males. As the signal is loud and givenmost frequently during the fertile period, it must also contain information about fertility and location. Playback experimentssuggested that this information is eavesdropped by neighboringmales, who responded to rapid rates of seep calling more readilythan slow rates and to calls broadcast at the edge of territoriesrather than their center, presumably in search of extrapaircopulations. Pair males can reduce the intensity of the female's signal by courtship feeding, and thus male provisioning mayprotect paternity.     

Feeding of Cyclops vicinus (Uljanin) (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in Lake Balaton on the basis of gut content analyses

Consumption of planktonic algae by Cyclops vicinus living in Lake Balaton were studied in eighteen feeding experiments during 1980–1981. Gut contents of 284 adult C. vicinus were analysed in comparison with the natural phytoplankton assemblage. Rates of algal cells elimination were also studied and compared to controles which did not contain animals. C. vicinus in Lake Balaton was found to be an omnivore.     

Foodplant selection and induction of feeding preference among host and non-host plants in larvae of the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta

Ten host plant (Solanaceae) and twelve non-host plant species were tested as foodplants for first instar larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Only nine host and three non-host plant species elicited feeding and supported growth up to fifth instar. The range of acceptability suggested that plants be divided into hosts, acceptable non-hosts, and unacceptable non-hosts. Using the two-choice feeding preference test we found that the initial preference for hosts was preserved when larvae were reared on hosts, but was less strong or absent for larvae reared on acceptable non-hosts. Thus oligophagy in the tobacco hornworm is not induced, but must be inherited.Newly-hatched first instar larvae and fifth instar larvae showed a preference hierarchy among both hosts and non-hosts. Fifth instar larvae reared separately on two different host species showed slightly different preference hierarchies among hosts. The preference for the rearing plant was increased and also two other host species changed positions in hierarchies.Feeding preferences of larvae reared on hosts or acceptable non-hosts were determined using plant combinations of host vs. host, host vs. acceptable non-host, and acceptable non-host vs. acceptable non-host. Induction of feeding preference was found in all three of these categories. This shows that induction of feeding preference in the tobacco hornworm is not restricted to host plant species.The degree to which feeding preferences were induced ranged from very strong to undetectable and dependend on the plant species paired. The strength of induction in the tobacco hornworm was found to correlate inversely with taxonomic relatedness of the plant species paired. Analysis of induction data from the literature revealed a similar correlation for other lepidopteran species.

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Résumé Vingt-deux espèces de plantes, dont 10 planteshôtes (Solanées), ont été testés comme plantes alimentaires pour des chenilles de ler stade de Manduca sexta. Sur cet ensemble, seulement 12 plantes (dont 9 plantes hôtes) induisaient la prise de nourriture et permettaient la croissance jusqu'au 5ème stade. La diversité des résultats suggère que les plantes pouvaient être classées en hôtes, non-hôtes acceptables et non-hôtes refusés. En utilisant le test du choix alimentaire préférentiel entre deux rondelles de feuilles, les chenilles néonates de ler stade ont préféré nettement les plantes-hôtes aux autres. Cette préférence initiale pour les plantes-hôtes était préservée quand les cheniles étaient élevées sur plantes-hôtes, mais devenait moins nette ou disparaissait pour des chenilles élevées sur d'autres plantes acceptées. Ainsi l'oligophagie ches M. sexta n'est pas induite, mais doit être héritée.Les chenilles néonates, aussi bien que celles de 5ème stade, présentent des préférences hiérarchisées parmi les plantes hôtes ou non. La seule frontiere nette observée était entre espèces de plantes acceptables ou non. Les hiérarchies préférentielles des chenilles du 5ème stade différaient légèrement lors-qu'elles avaient été élevées sur deux plantes-hôtes différentes. La différence essentielle était l'observation d'une préférence accrue pour l'espèce ayant servi à l'élevage, mais deux autres plantes-hôtes changaient aussi de position hiérarchique.La cause de ces changements de préférence a été approfondie, les chenilles étant élevées sur des feuilles de chaque espèce acceptable (hôte ou non). Leurs préférences alimentaires ont été définies en utilisant des combinaisons diverses (hôte x hôte, hôte x non-hôte acceptable, non-hôte acceptable x non-hôte acceptable). L'induction de la préférence alimentaires a été obtenue dans ces trois associations. Ceci montre que l'induction des choix alimentaires chez M. sexta n'est pas limitée aux plantes-hôtes. Le degré d'induction de la préférence alimentaire variait de très fort à indécelable; il dépendait de l'association examinée. La source de la variabilité de cette induction a été examinée en fonction de la relation entre la force de l'induction et les rapports taxonomiques des plantes associées. La relation obervée était inversée pour M. sexta. L'examen des données de la littérature ont révélé une relation du même type pour les autres espèces de Lépidoptères.

     

Physiology of feeding-preference patterns of female black blowflies (Phormia regina Meigen): Alterations in responsiveness to salts

Electrophysiological recordings of tarsal and labellar contact chemosensilla in Phormia regina females demonstrate activation of sugar-, cation-, and possibly anion-sensitive cells in response to 10% yeast extract. Yeast extract is a proteinaceous food source that supports full egg development. Though some protein is required for egg maturation in Phormia, a blowfly not normally autogenous, purified proteins alone neither activate the chemosensilla nor promote egg development. In experiments reported here, groups of females were given ad lib access to either 0.2 M sucrose or 0.2 M sucrose and 10% yeast for four days after eclosion. The sucrose diet induced a ‘protein’ preference but no egg development. Potassium and sodium salts were added to 0.2 M sucrose and presented to the flies on day six. The volumes of salt-sucrose mixtures taken were greater than those of 0.2 M sucrose for flies raised on 0.2 M sucrose, though yeast was preferred over all but one salt solution. For sucrose-and-yeast-fed flies, volumes of 0.05 and 0.1 M salt mixtures consumed did not differ from 0.2 M sucrose; however, sucrose alone was favoured over more concentrated salt mixtures. All salt-sucrose mixtures tested were significantly more effective stimuli for sucrose-and-yeast-fed flies than yeast. It is suggested that varying sensitivity in the salt-sensitive contact chemosensilla plays a role in reported food preference shifts associated with reproduction.