A twenty year perspective on melanoma therapy

Melanoma had long been considered to be particularly addressable with immunotherapy, but that reputation was built on modestly effective cytokine-based immunotherapy. CTLA-4 antibody therapy reinforced this legacy, but PD-1 antibodies transformed the melanoma treatment landscape and lead the way for immunotherapy to become standard treatment for more than half of the advanced cancer population. BRAF mutations were discovered in 8% of all cancer and nearly 50% of melanomas. Successful development of BRAF inhibitors and BRAF/MEK combination therapy in melanoma preceded regulatory approval across all cancer types. No cancer type saw outcomes improved by the same margin as melanoma in the decade of the 2010s.     

Report on manuscripts submitted in year 1

Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry -     

磁共振间质淋巴造影实验研究

目的:探讨间质MR淋巴造影对肢体淋巴水肿的诊断价值。方法:用改良的Danese手术方法在13只新西兰大白兔后肢一侧形成淋巴水肿模型,另一侧作为对照。在每只大白兔双侧后肢足背部趾蹼处注射0.2ml欧乃影,按摩注射部位30秒钟。分别于造影剂注射前后进行三维MR淋巴造影及延迟淋巴造影成像。结果:实验侧淋巴管阻塞早期为渗出性改变及淋巴管侧支开放,晚期出现淋巴管扩张、迂曲、皮肤逆流。引流远端淋巴结显影较对照侧明显延迟。对照侧欧乃影吸收迅速,引流区域各组淋巴结、淋巴管及胸导管显示清晰。结论:间质MR淋巴造影可以在解剖背景下很好地显示引流区域淋巴管、淋巴结的解剖形态、功能及其异常表现。     

Cellular MR imaging

Cellular MR imaging is a young field that aims to visualize targeted cells in living organisms. In order to provide a different signal intensity of the targeted cell, they are either labeled with MR contrast agents in vivo or prelabeled in vitro. Either (ultrasmall) superparamagnetic iron oxide [(U)SPIO] particles or (polymeric) paramagnetic chelates can be used for this purpose. For in vivo cellular labeling, Gd3+- and Mn2+-chelates have mainly been used for targeted hepatobiliary imaging, and (U)SPIO-based cellular imaging has been focused on imaging of macrophage activity. Several of these magnetopharmaceuticals have been FDA-approved or are in late-phase clinical trials. As for prelabeling of cells in vitro, a challenge has been to induce a sufficient uptake of contrast agents into nonphagocytic cells, without affecting normal cellular function. It appears that this issue has now largely been resolved, leading to an active research on monitoring the cellular biodistribution in vivo following transplantation or transfusion of these cells, including cell migration and trafficking. New applications of cellular MR imaging will be directed, for instance, towards our understanding of hematopoietic (immune) cell trafficking and of novel guided (stem) cell-based therapies aimed to be translated to the clinic in the future.     

口腔内金属材料对磁共振检查的影响

检测口腔内常用金属材料在磁共振检查时是否有伪影和伪影的严重程度。对２１种口腔内常用金属材料做了磁共振成像测试,磁共振仪磁场强度为１．５Ｔ,所用序列是梯度回波。铸金片、银汞合金、银尖等９种材料无伪影;钛合金和金属烤瓷成品有轻度伪影;牙用固位钉、椿钉等１０种材料有严重伪影。部分口腔内金属材料会引起严重伪影,影响图象质量,所以在做口腔颌面部和服部磁共振成像时,须引起重视。