人类尿液是一种重要的自然资源

人体内许多在各代谢途径中起控制、维持正常生长和发育平衡的活性物质,通常的有微量随尿液排出,而在不同性别,年龄和生理状态某种物质会以显著量排出.用这些活性物对那些体内缺乏而呈现某些病理或机能障碍的病人给于补充,即可得到治疗,因而可以作为药物.又因这些活性物是人体自身内源性产物,生理生化作用专一性强,疗效高而没有付作用.随着科学技术的发展,尿液中活性物质不断被发现.我国人尿资源极其丰     

养殖动物及其相关环境耐药组的研究进展

畜牧养殖业中大量抗生素的使用,导致养殖动物及其相关环境中存在大量的耐药基因/耐药细菌。这些耐药基因可以借助基因水平转移等方式在环境中进一步扩散,甚至进入食品动物随食物链传播,对生态环境、食品安全和人类健康造成极大的威胁。随着基因组学研究手段的不断进步,养殖动物及其相关环境中耐药基因的多样性和生态学分布规律被广泛揭示。文中综述了相关领域耐药基因的研究进展,探讨了其对人体健康的潜在影响,并对未来的研究方向进行了展望。     

药物类新污染物的微生物降解机制研究进展

环境微生物作为自然界中主要的分解者蕴含着丰富的遗传和代谢多样性,在有机污染物降解中发挥着重要作用。药物被持续不断地释放到环境中,其环境暴露、环境风险和对人体健康的潜在影响已得到广泛关注。研究药物在环境中的微生物降解过程对于药物的环境命运、药物的环境风险评估和药物污染去除技术的开发等具有重要价值。本文重点综述了目前环境中常检出药物的微生物降解途径及其分子机理,总结了目前药物微生物降解研究领域的进展,最后探讨了药物的微生物降解领域未来的研究趋势。     

三氯生的环境残留、降解代谢及其潜在生态风险

三氯生因具有良好的广谱抗菌性能而被广泛应用于各类洗护日化用品中.随着这些日用品被人类不断消耗,三氯生也会通过多种途径进入环境并引发一系列环境问题.环境中残留的三氯生及其代谢产物具有持久性、生物累积性和生态毒性,进而给生态系统带来一定的潜在风险,甚至会对人类健康产生不良影响.基于此,本文总结和分析了三氯生在环境介质中的残留特征及其可能发生的降解代谢过程和产物,并系统地介绍了三氯生及其代谢产物的生物有效性及其对生物体繁殖、遗传和基因等方面的毒性效应,综合分析了三氯生对生态系统和人类健康可能存在的风险,并对有关三氯生后续的研究工作提出了建议和展望.     

气溶胶中抗生素抗性基因研究进展

抗生素的不合理使用导致细菌耐药问题日趋严峻,给人类健康造成巨大威胁。学者们对抗生素抗性菌和抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)在多种环境介质中的环境行为开展了大量研究。气溶胶作为ARGs的潜在储存库,是抗生素抗性基因在环境中的重要传播途径之一。目前缺乏对其来源、传播、人类接触和健康风险系统性的梳理。本文针对人类生活功能场所、养殖场、城市污水处理厂和医院等4类气溶胶研究的典型场所,重点综述了上述4类典型场所中气溶胶ARGs的来源、传播途径及对人体的暴露和对健康的危害,为气溶胶中ARGs的预防和控制提供参考。     

肠道微生物菌群与消化道肿瘤关系的研究进展

人体肠道作为一个多元化的微生态系统,其中共生着100多万亿个微生物菌群,约有1 000多种,是人体细胞的10倍。肠道微生物固有的微生物基因有300多万个,是人体基因的100多倍,这些微生物基因帮助人体微生物适应多变的环境,与人类相互作用,对人类健康产生了巨大影响,其中有积极的作用,同时又伴随着潜在的威胁。总结了肠道微生物菌群与消化道肿瘤的关系,从肠道菌群的多样性、影响因素及其作用机制展开综述,以期为开展肠道微生物的研究提供参考。     

药品及个人护理用品(PPCPs)的污染来源、环境残留及生态毒性

随着医药及洗化行业的大规模发展,药品及个人护理用品(PPCPs)的生产和使用量迅猛增长,导致它们在水、土壤和大气环境中均有残留.但直到20世纪90年代末,它们才被看作为一大类环境污染物而被广泛关注.由于PPCPs被持续不断地输入环境,它们在环境中的残留浓度呈上升趋势,并逐渐显现出对微生物以及动植物的生态毒性,对人类也具有潜在的生态风险.本文在总结相关研究的基础上,分析了环境中PPCPs的主要污染来源以及其在环境中的残留浓度;评述了环境中残留的PPCPs对微生物、动植物以及人类的生态毒性;并根据目前对PPCPs的研究进展,提出了今后需要加强研究的科学问题.     

药物在水产饲料中的应用现状及其生态效应

在水产养殖过程中,因为功能和作用显著,药物在水产饲料中被广泛应用;但由于药物的残留、富集及其在环境中存在迁移和转化作用,药物的使用同时也给生态环境带来了一系列的问题。对当前水产饲料中不同种类药物的应用状况进行了概述,并着重对渔用药物的使用所导致的生态效应进行以下几个方面的总结和分析:养殖动物体内的药物代谢,药物在环境中的归趋,药物对水环境中水生生物、细菌耐药性及其最终对人的影响;阐明了药物在水产饲料中的应用与生态环境和人类健康有着十分密切的关系,对其进一步深入研究有重要的理论和实际意义。     

以树代粮,肥了牛羊

正畜牧业的快速发展为人类提供了各种各样的肉、蛋、奶等畜产品,但人们也感觉到了畜产品的原有风味不再有,并且还担心畜产品的安全问题。尤其是近年来用药和饲料引起畜产品的安全问题此起彼伏,为了促进畜禽生长和预防疾病,大量使用抗生素,随之产生的耐药性、药物残留等问题严重危害了人体健康。特别是"瘦肉精"和"三聚氰胺"等事件加剧了人们对现代畜禽产品的担忧。那么向消费者提供无污染、无药物残留的畜产品已成为我们义不容辞的责     

电磁辐射的微生物效应与疾病

电磁辐射作为一种广泛存在的物理现象,会对微生物产生复杂且深远的影响。了解辐射影响下微生物的状态变化和功能调整,有助于揭示微生物的环境响应机制,发现潜在的威胁人类健康的风险因素。基于对文献资料的分析,本文首先探讨了不同类型的电磁辐射,包括微波、红外线、紫外线、X射线和γ射线对微生物的损伤;接着从多组学层面阐述电磁辐射造成微生物损伤的分子机制;最后揭示了电磁辐射改变人体微生物组组成和结构与多种疾病发生发展间的潜在联系。     

铝的生态与健康风险研究进展

人为原因加快了铝进入环境的速度,也加剧了铝对生命组分的毒害作用与危害。本文从毒理生态学、分子生态学等不同角度分析了铝对环境的生态风险和对人类的健康风险,概述了有关铝生态风险与健康风险两个方面的最新研究进展,对控制、消除环境中铝毒的发生提出了展望。     

推进生物多样性保护与人类健康的共同发展——One Health

随着新冠肺炎(COVID-19)的暴发, 野生动物、生物多样性和人类健康的关系再次引起广泛讨论。近20年来, 国际社会对于生物多样性与健康的研究日益增多, 并将它作为生物多样性保护与研究的重要方向之一。One Health作为一个新的理念框架, 通过交叉学科的研究和行动来推动包括人、所有其他动物及环境的健康。这个理念被不同国家、国际组织及协定所接纳及推广, 包括《生物多样性公约》等。本文通过总结近些年生物多样性对健康的影响方式、One Health的定义与发展历史、进入生物多样性议程的过程, 提出中国应用One Health改进相关野生动物管理以降低公共卫生危机的可能性的建议, 以及One Health框架内增强生物多样性保护所需的研究方向。One Health在中国的应用与发展应重视生物多样性研究和保护在其中的作用, 利用在景观生态学、群落内物种关系动态变化、气候变化影响、土地利用变化模式与趋势的研究, 与人类健康相结合, 提高One Health在应对公共健康和环境健康风险方面的准确性与及时性。同时, 需要加强我国在野生动物管理方面的投入和力度, 增强生物多样性保护与公共健康的联系, 将预警与干预措施前移, 减少疾病暴发带来的社会经济成本。     

微生物代谢环境难降解性有机物的酶学研究进展

随着人类社会的快速发展,工业化水平不断提高,产生大量的污染物并排放到环境中,给人类的生活和身体健康造成了严重的影响。这些污染物中包含种类繁多的难降解有机物,如多芳香烃(PAHs)、环硝胺类物质(RDX、HMX和CL-20)、多氯联苯(PCBs)及烷烃类化合物等,对自然界的污染危害大。微生物可以消除它们对污染的影响,研究结果表明微生物的代谢或共代谢活动是降解这些物质的有效途径,降解起始阶段需要一些关键酶的参与活动,以氧化还原酶为主。这些氧化还原酶一般与细胞膜上其他的活性组分在一起,形成一个氧化还原系统氧化底物。被氧化的中间物质再通过一系列酶催化继续氧化成三羧酸中间代谢产物被微生物所利用。以下综述了与这些物质降解相关的代谢途径和关键的酶,展望今后在开展这类研究工作时要加强降解微生物的筛选和相关酶学的研究,进一步研究这些污染物的代谢或共代谢途径和机理,为工程化治理环境污染提供依据。     

Oxidation of chlorpromazine by methemoglobin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Formation of chlorpromazine radical cation and its covalent binding to methemoglobin

The oxidation of chlorpromazine by methemoglobin plus H2O2 has been studied. The transient formation of the chlorpromazine radical cation in this reaction has been demonstrated by light absorption measurements. Under the experimental conditions complete conversion of chlorpromazine yields approximately 60% chlorpromazine sulfoxide. From studies with 3H-labeled chlorpromazine it appears that the remaining 40% is covalently bound to apohemoglobin. Upon reaction of methemoglobin with H2O2 a stable ferrylhemoglobin is formed. This ferrylhemoglobin is not the reactive species, which accepts the chlorpromazine electron, as its presence is not sufficient to induce chlorpromazine oxidation. For this the presence of H2O2 is a prerequisite. This indicates that a transient species in the formation of the stable ferrylhemoglobin is involved, whether this is a compound I analogue or a ferrylhemoglobin with a free radical on one of the apoprotein residues. Exposition of methemoglobin to H2O2 denatures hemoglobin and induces protein-heme crosslinks, as appears from changes in the visible absorption spectrum and heme retention by the protein after methyl ethyl ketone extraction. Reaction with CPZ partly protects against denaturation and crosslinking.     

Do human ‘life history strategies’ exist?

Interest in incorporating life history research from evolutionary biology into the human sciences has grown rapidly in recent years. Two core features of this research have the potential to prove valuable in strengthening theoretical frameworks in the health and social sciences: the idea that there is a fundamental trade-off between reproduction and health; and that environmental influences are important in determining how life histories develop. However, the literature on human life histories has increasingly travelled away from its origins in biology, and become conceptually diverse. For example, there are differences of opinion between evolutionary researchers about the extent to which behavioural traits associate with life history traits to form ‘life history strategies’. Here, I review the different approaches to human life histories from evolutionary anthropologists, developmental psychologists and personality psychologists, in order to assess the evidence for human ‘life history strategies’. While there is precedent in biology for the argument that some behavioural traits, notably risk-taking behaviour, may be linked in predictable ways with life history traits, there is little theoretical or empirical justification for including a very wide range of behavioural traits in a ‘life history strategy’. Given the potential of life history approaches to provide a powerful theoretical framework for understanding human health and behaviour, I then recommend productive ways forward for the field: 1) greater focus on the life history trade-offs which underlie proposed strategies; 2) greater precision when using the language of life history theory and life history strategies; 3) collecting more empirical data, from a diverse range of populations, on linkages between life history traits, behavioural traits and the environment, including the underlying mechanisms which generate these linkages; and 4) greater integration with the social and health sciences.     

Chlorpromazine oligomer is a potentially active substance that inhibits human D-amino acid oxidase, product of a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia

D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), a potential risk factor for schizophrenia, has been proposed to be involved in the decreased glutamatergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia. Here we show the inhibitory effect of an antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine, on human DAO, which is consistent with previous reports using porcine DAO, although human DAO was inhibited to a lesser degree (K(i) = 0.7 mM) than porcine DAO. Since chlorpromazine is known to induce phototoxic or photoallergic reactions and also to be transformed into various metabolites, we examined the effects of white light-irradiated chlorpromazine on the enzymatic activity. Analytical methods including high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed that irradiation triggered the oligomerization of chlorpromazine molecules. The oligomerized chlorpromazine showed a mixed type inhibition with inhibition constants of low micromolar range, indicative of enhanced inhibition. Taken together, these results suggest that oligomerized chlorpromazine could act as an active substance that might contribute to the therapeutic effects of this drug.     

The Precautionary Principle,Science and Human Health Protection

As technology advances rapidly, so do applications with potential adverse implications on human health. The possible threats include risks that can be substantial, far-reaching and irreversible, and currently available methods of investigation, designed to deal with direct exposure-disease associations, are not always suitable. Growing interest is being paid to health effects that may be the consequence of distal, “upstream” determinants. Considering the complex chain of events that links such determinants with health can be extremely difficult, and exposes severe limitations in science. Thus, there is often a mismatch between what is known and what would be required to inform rational, evidence-based decision making, which is increasingly called for. It has become apparent how production and use of scientific evidence in decision making must be accompanied by precaution, especially in those circumstances, more and more common in recent times, where there is an uncertain possibility that serious health consequences might take place. Several cautionary approaches have been proposed, but the Precautionary Principle (PP) has been the object of especially intense debate in recent years. Developed in the field of environmental health, the PP has been clarified, and has been applied or called for in several instances in public health. Although a unique definition is not available, the principle has been characterised, and criteria for its application have been proposed. However, many questions remain open on general as well as specific issues. In this paper, we address some of the questions that are relevant for the PP to support rational decision making in environment and health and more in general to strengthen its contribution towards human health protection.     

Partition of amphiphilic molecules into phospholipid vesicles and human erythrocyte ghosts: measurements by ultraviolet difference spectroscopy

Molar partition coefficients for chlorpromazine and methochlorpromazine between phospholipid vesicles or human erythrocyte ghosts and buffer are determined by ultraviolet difference spectroscopy. The partition coefficients between small unilamellar egg phosphatidylcholine vesicles and buffer at pH 7.4 are 4.4 X 10(5) for chlorpromazine and 0.8 X 10(5) for methochlorpromazine, determined with 10 microM amphiphile. An increase in the partition of chlorpromazine into vesicles is seen as the pH is increased to the pKa of chlorpromazine at 9.2. Chlorpromazine also partitions preferentially into fluid-phase phospholipid compared to solid-phase phospholipid. Molar partition coefficients between unsealed human erythrocyte ghosts and buffer at pH 8.0 with 10 microM amphiphile are determined to be 6.5 X 10(5) for chlorpromazine and 2.5 X 10(5) for methochlorpromazine. Difference spectroscopy is an equilibrium technique that does not require separation of bound from free amphiphile, as do many other methods of determining membrane-buffer partition coefficients. This method is useful for any amphiphile that has an appreciable absorbance below its critical micelle concentration and whose absorbance is sensitive to environment.     

Chlorpromazine oligomer is a potentially active substance that inhibits human D-amino acid oxidase,product of a susceptibility gene for schizophrenia

D-Amino acid oxidase (DAO), a potential risk factor for schizophrenia, has been proposed to be involved in the decreased glutamatergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia. Here we show the inhibitory effect of an antipsychotic drug, chlorpromazine, on human DAO, which is consistent with previous reports using porcine DAO, although human DAO was inhibited to a lesser degree (K_i = 0.7 mM) than porcine DAO. Since chlorpromazine is known to induce phototoxic or photoallergic reactions and also to be transformed into various metabolites, we examined the effects of white light-irradiated chlorpromazine on the enzymatic activity. Analytical methods including high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed that irradiation triggered the oligomerization of chlorpromazine molecules. The oligomerized chlorpromazine showed a mixed type inhibition with inhibition constants of low micromolar range, indicative of enhanced inhibition. Taken together, these results suggest that oligomerized chlorpromazine could act as an active substance that might contribute to the therapeutic effects of this drug.     

Development and application of a brain-specific cDNA microarray for effect evaluation of neuro-active pharmaceuticals in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

The environmental fate and ecotoxicological effect of pharmaceuticals are poorly understood, and standardized tests to detect and evaluate their potential effects in the environment are not available. We developed a zebrafish brain-specific microarray containing 682 neurologically relevant cDNA-fragments. To investigate the applicability of this microarray for studying neurotoxic modes-of-action and impact assessment of neuro-active pharmaceuticals in zebrafish, chlorpromazine was used as a model compound. After exposure to chlorpromazine (75 μg/L) for 2, 4, 14 and 28 days or control treatment RNA was extracted from brains of males and females. Fluorescently labeled cDNA was prepared and hybridized to the custom microarray. In total, 56 genes were differentially expressed in brains of male and/or female zebrafish, of which most genes were down-regulated. A clear difference in response to chlorpromazine exposure between males and females was observed with exposure time as well as in functional classes of affected genes. The presented study is one of the first reports on molecular effects of human neuro-active pharmaceuticals in aquatic non-target organisms. This new genomic tool successfully detected gene expression effects of exposure to chlorpromazine in the brain of zebrafish. Reported gene expression effects are found to be consistent with literature data for other laboratory animals.