抗药性突变肌苷高产菌的选育

以枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillur subtilis)22为出发菌株,经紫外线诱变,分别获得对链霉素(Sm)、盐酸羟胺(Hc)、叠氮化钠(Sa)有抗性的突变株,产肌苷均明显高于出发株。其中链霉素抗性突变株Sm-37-18产肌苷最高,在最佳发酵条件下,产肌苷达19.49g/L,较出发株提高38.4%,发酵周期由60小时缩短至48小时。     

肌苷产生菌B.Subtilis H841在2升罐中的发酵

枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus Subtilis)H841肌苷产生菌是腺嘌呤、组氨酸、硫胺素三重缺陷型菌株,并对8—氮杂乌嘌呤、6—巯基嘌呤有抗性。在摇瓶中产肌胺18.1克/升,在2L自控发酵罐中最高可产肌苷19.6克/升,在流加葡萄糖情况下可产肌苷26.2克/升。控制pH较不控制pH发酵肌苷产量有较大的增加,控制pH发酵并补加营养时,肌苷产量可稳定地增长,但对葡萄糖的转化率是相同的。     

肌苷产生菌中降低核苷水解酶的研究

本研究以枯草杆菌肌苷产生菌ＳＤ９４０１（Ａｄｅˉ＋Ｔｈｉˉ＋Ｈｉｓˉ＋８—ＡＧｒ＋６－ＭＰｒ）为出发菌株,经紫外线和硫酸二乙酯诱变,在以肌苷为唯一碳源的补充培养基上筛选到一株核苷水解酶缺失菌株。实验结果表明这一突变株积累比亲株高３０％左右的肌苷,平均达到２６．８９ｍｇ／ｍｌ,最高到２８．０３ｍｇ／ｍｌ。且发酵液中未测出次黄嘌呤。     

肌苷产生菌抗低浓度8—氮鸟嘌呤突变株选育

以枯草芽孢杆菌SM－12－2为出发菌株,经物理、化学诱变剂连续处理,获得一株缺失AMP脱氨酶活性的突变株A－308。再对该突变株进行选育,获得一株抗低浓度8－氮鸟嘌呤突变株No．164。该突变株肌苷产量较亲株有明显提高,发酵周期缩短,菌落形态也有很大差别,摇瓶发酵肌苷产量18．75g／L。     

利用淀粉直接发酵生产肌苷菌株的构建

以肌苷生产菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)TF_2为受体菌,利用质粒DNA的原生质体转化法,将携带糖化型α-淀粉酶基因的重组质粒pBX96导入肌苷产生菌TF_2中,转化频率为5.7×10^(-6),获得一株能以淀粉为碳源生产肌苷的转化子T140(pBX96),该工程菌株能在以淀粉为碳源的培养基上平均积累肌苷4.64g/L,经过92代,质粒自发丢失率为0.78％。培养48h后,工程菌株的糖化型α—淀粉酶活力为受体菌的7.79倍。并对工程菌株TI40(pBX96)的发酵条件做了初步摸索。     

胞苷生产菌的选育

目的：筛选得到胞苷发酵单位较高的菌株,并对发酵过程作初步研究。方法：以胞苷脱氨酶缺失枯草芽孢杆菌DOS7为出发菌株,对其进行紫外诱变、5-氟胞苷（5FCR＋）和2-杂氮尿嘧啶抗性（2AU＋）抗性筛选。结果：通过紫外诱变和抗性筛选得到突变株DOS7-2-1000-15,抗5-氟胞苷和2-杂氮尿嘧啶的临界浓度分别为800mg/L和1 000mg/L。同时检测了抗5-氟胞苷突变株中CTP合成酶的活性,比原始菌株提高了12.4%,突变株DOS7-2-1000-15发酵过程结果为：36℃发酵72h能积累胞苷最高为3.5g/L。结论：筛选得到的突变株DOS7-2-1000-15的遗传稳定性较好,可稳定发酵。     

产氨短杆菌与枯草杆菌发酵产肌苷比较试验

采用诱变得来的枯草杆菌GMI-741和产氨短杆菌GMA-2892在1.2L自控发酵罐上进行肌苷发酵试验,产氨短杆菌GMA-2802在种子培养基中培养15h后,菌浓度达1.0×1011个/ml,而同样条件下,枯草杆菌GMI-741菌浓度只有9.5×109个/ml.在1.2L自控发酵罐上发酵时,GMA-2802发酵周期54h,产肌苷达20.40g/L,发酵液主要原材料成本为441.1元/吨;GMI-741发酵周期60h,产肌苷达19.52g/L,发酵液主要原材料成本为559.1元/吨.     

枯草菌素产生菌芽孢杆菌FB123的发酵条件优化及其16S rRNA序列分析

对芽孢杆茵FB123产枯草菌素发酵条件进行了优化并对菌株进行了16S rRNA分子鉴定.采用不同培养基配方、单因素及正交设计等试验对FBl23培养基、发酵条件进行了优化,FBl23的枯草菌素产量(透明圈直径:cm)从1.1 cm增加到1.67 cm;生物量提高了2.5倍.最佳培养基为(%):葡萄糖0.5,蛋白胨1.0,牛肉膏0.5,酵母膏0.1,pH 7.5;培养条件:培养温度28℃,培养时间32 h.进一步克隆测定了该茵16S rRNA基因序列,系统进化树分析表明该茵与枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)具有最紧密亲缘关系.     

肌苷生产菌枯草芽孢杆菌ATCC 13952的全基因组测序及序列分析

摘要:【目的】枯草芽孢杆菌ATCC 13952是一株肌苷工业生产菌株。为深入研究ATCC 13952菌株积累肌苷的分子机制以及为进一步分子育种研究提供序列背景信息,有必要解析ATCC 13952菌株的基因组序列信息。【方法】本研究采用高通量测序和Sanger测序相结合对ATCC 13952菌株进行全基因组测序,然后使用相关软件对测序数据进行基因组组装、基因预测与功能注释、GO/COG 聚类分析、共线性分析等。【结果】枯草芽孢杆菌ATCC 13952整个基因组大小为3876276 bp,GC含量为45.8%,序列已提交至GenBank 数据库,登录号为CP009748。比较基因组及嘌呤代谢相关基因分析结果显示:枯草芽孢杆菌ATCC 13952与其他几株芽孢杆菌具有较好的基因组共线性关系,嘌呤代谢相关基因编码的蛋白与标准菌株比较发生了一些缺失和突变。【结论】本研究首次报道了一株肌苷生产菌枯草芽孢杆菌ATCC 13952的全基因组序列,分析了基因组基本特征,初步探讨了该菌株积累肌苷的分子机制,为后续的进一步分子育种提供了理论基础。     

枯草芽孢杆菌TM903嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶的纯化及酶学性质研究

目的：对枯草芽孢杆菌TM903嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶进行分离纯化及酶学性质研究。方法：经加热、硫酸铵盐析和SephadexG-100凝胶过滤,对枯草芽孢杆菌TM903中的嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶进行分离纯化,并对其酶学性质进行研究。结果：酶的最适反应温度为65℃,最适反应pH值为7．5,在30-50℃时热稳定性较好;K^＋对该酶有激活作用,而Na^＋、ca^＋、Mg^＋、Mn^＋等金属离子对该酶有抑制作用;Km值为2．11mmol／L,Vmax值为0．84mmol／（min·L）。结论：分离纯化了枯草芽孢杆菌TM903嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶,并研究了其酶学性质,为利巴韦林的发酵工艺优化提供了重要的酶学理论基础。     

产鸟苷的枯草杆菌缺失GMP还原酶活性突变株的选育

以枯草杆菌ＳＭ－１２－２为出发菌株,经物理化学诱变剂连续处理,获得一株８－氮杂鸟嘌呤（８－ＡＧ）,缺失鸟苷酸（ＧＭＰ）还原酶性的突变株Ｇ－２０５。该突变株肌苷酸（ＩＭＰ）脱氢酶活性比亲株高,在培养基中积累５．１７ｍｇ／ｍｌ鸟苷,９．８４ｍｇ／ｍｌ肌苷。     

枯草芽孢杆菌嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶酶学性质研究及在利巴韦林酶法合成中的应用

利用PCR技术从枯草芽孢杆菌基因组DNA中扩增出其编码嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶的两种基因deoD和punA,构建工程菌并采用金属螯合层析纯化PNP₇₀₂和PNP₈₁₆,酶学性质研究表明:二者具有一致的最适反应温度(60℃)和最适反应pH值(7~8),PNP₈₁₆磷酸解肌苷的催化效率(k_cat/K_m)比PNP₇₀₂高出11.12倍。底物特异性试验表明:PNP₇₀₂为高分子量的六聚体,而PNP₈₁₆为低分子量的三聚体。分别以纯化酶和工程菌菌体为酶源,以肌苷或鸟苷为核糖基供体,TCA(1,2,4-三氮唑-3-甲酰胺)为底物,酶法合成核苷类抗病毒药物利巴韦林,PNP₈₁₆和工程菌XL-Blue(pPNP₈₁₆)较PNP₇₀₂和工程菌XL-Blue(pPNP₇₀₂)具有更高的催化速度和底物转化率,表明来源于微生物的低分子量的三聚体PNP在核苷类药物和中间体微生物酶法合成中具有更高的应用价值。     

产嘌呤核苷的枯草杆菌prsA基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

为了克隆产嘌呤核苷的枯草杆菌prsA基因。用PCR扩增的方法,从产肌苷的枯草杆菌Bacillus subtilis JSIM-1019中克隆出一个长1kb长的DNA片段,经功能检测,证明正向插入片段与大肠杆菌的磷酸核糖焦磷酸营养缺陷特性（PREP-）能够营养互补。含有该重组质粒的PRPP缺陷大肠杆菌JSIM—DH-27在基本培养基上的能够生长。     

Production of diphtheria toxin CRM228 in B. subtilis

The gene coding for a nontoxic diphtheria toxin (DT), tox228, was isolated from lysogenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae and cloned into pBR322. A mature form of the tox228 gene, lacking its signal sequence, was expressed in Bacillus subtilis using a B. amyloliquefaciens alpha-amylase secretion vector. To test the possibility of producing partially deleted DT molecules, which could be used for cell-directed toxin conjugates, a truncated form lacking 151 amino acids from the C-terminus of the DT was generated by oligonucleotide mutagenesis. Both the truncated and intact DT were efficiently secreted into the culture medium. During prolonged cultivation, the truncated form was less stable than the intact DT molecule.     

高丁醇比丙酮丁醇梭菌的选育与应用

设计了专一性分离方法,从土样中分离了多株能产生溶剂的梭苗,经多次单细胞分离、纯化,再经亚硝基胍和甲基磺酸乙酯诱变和抗性筛选,获得几株高丁醇的丙酮丁醇梭菌。对高产菌株的性状稳定性、发酵过程、混合原料应用、温度的影响进行了研究。结果证明菌株性状稳定,丁醇产量为总溶剂的７０％;过程为典型的丙酮丁醇发酵,对温度可耐受到３９－４０℃;能利用玉米和薯干,玉米和高梁进行正常发酵。菌株已在百吨生产罐,连续应用一年     

Cytotoxic Bacillus spp. belonging to the B. cereus and B. subtilis groups in Norwegian surface waters

AIMS: To investigate the presence and numbers of Bacillus spp. spores in surface waters and examine isolates belonging to the B. cereus and B. subtilis groups for cytotoxicity, and to discuss the presence of cytotoxic Bacillus spp. in surface water as hazard identification in a risk assessment approach in the food industry. METHODS AND RESULTS: Samples from eight different rivers with variable degree of faecal pollution, and two drinking water sources, were heat shocked and examined for the presence of Bacillus spp. spores using membrane filtration followed by cultivation on bovine blood agar plates. Bacillus spp. was present in all samples. The numbers varied from 15 to 1400 CFU 100 ml(-1). Pure cultures of 86 Bacillus spp. isolates representing all sampling sites were characterized using colony morphology, atmospheric requirements, spore and sporangium morphology, and API 50 CHB and API 20E. Bacillus spp. representing the B. cereus and B. subtilis groups were isolated from all samples. Twenty-one isolates belonging to the B. cereus and B. subtilis groups, representing eight samples, were screened for cytotoxicity. Nine strains of B. cereus and five strains belonging to the B. subtilis group were cytotoxic. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of cytotoxic Bacillus spp. in surface water represents a possible source for food contamination. Filtration and chlorination of surface water, the most common drinking water treatment in Norway, do not remove Bacillus spores efficiently. This was confirmed by isolation of spores from tap water samples. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Contamination of food with water containing low numbers of Bacillus spores implies a risk for bacterial growth in foods. Consequently, high numbers of Bacillus spp. may occur after growth in some products. High numbers of cytotoxic Bacillus spp. in foods may represent a risk for food poisoning.     

Fermentation production of keratinase from Bacillus licheniformisPWD-1 and a recombinant B. subtilis FDB-29

Bacillus licheniformis PWD-1, the parent strain, and B. subtilis FDB-29, a recombinant strain. In both strains, keratinase was induced by proteinaceous media, and repressed by carbohydrates. A seed culture of B. licheniformis PWD-1 at early age, 6–10 h, is crucial to keratinase production during fermentation, but B. subtilis FDB-29 is insensitive to the seed culture age. During the batch fermentation by both strains, the pH changed from 7.0 to 8.5 while the keratinase activity and productivity stayed at high levels. Control of pH, therefore, is not necessary. The temperature for maximum keratinase production is 37°C for both strains, though B. licheniformis is thermophilic and grows best at 50°C. Optimal levels of dissolved oxygen are 10% and 20% for B. licheniformis and B. subtilis respectively. A scale-up procedure using constant temperature at 37°C was adopted for B. subtilis. On the other hand, a temperature-shift procedure by which an 8-h fermentation at 50°C for growth followed by a shift to 37°C for enzyme production was used for B. licheniformis to shorten the fermentation time and increase enzyme productivity. Production of keratinase by B. licheniformis increased by ten-fold following this new procedure. After respective optimization of fermentation conditions, keratinase production by B. licheniformis PWD-1 is approximately 40% higher than that by B. subtilis FDB-29. Received 16 July 1998/ Accepted in revised form 07 March 1999     

芽孢杆菌B1、B2对豌豆尖镰孢菌抗菌机理的研究

同、异步培养结果表明：芽孢杆菌B1、B2对豌豆尖孢镰孢菌(Fusarium oxysporum Schl f．sp．pisi)有很强的抑菌作用。经B1、B2无菌液处理后的病原菌由灰白色变为白色,气生菌丝增多且纠结成团。抗菌显微特征是：导致病菌孢子和菌丝体膨大、畸形、原生质凝聚、孢子不萌发或萌发异常、菌丝生长点产生大量泡囊、生长受阻,后期菌丝体断裂、泡囊破裂、原生质外泄。B1、B2无菌液中蛋白含量分别为1795．53μg/mL和1345．93μg／mL,各含一种抗菌蛋白,其分子量分别为103．5kD(B1)和127．6kD(B2)。     

大肠杆菌、枯草杆菌穿梭表达载体的构建及改造

将大肠杆菌的复制子rep和多克隆位点克隆到枯草杆菌质粒pGDV1的骨架上,即得到大肠杆菌枯草杆菌牙梭庾粒载俸pGDVM。在pGDVM上进行载体表达元件的构建,先后将P59启动子、核糖体结合位点SD和终止子克隆到pGDVM上得到穿梭表达载体GJ01。以β-半乳糖苷酶基因（bga）作为报告基因检测载体的表达活性,在大肠杆菌和枯草杆菌中β-半乳糖苷酶（Bga）酶活性最高达到75.3和83．2个密勒单位,表明所构建的表达载体具有较强的表达能力。以核糖体结合位点（SD、SD3、SD4和SD5）代替表达载体GJ01-bga中的SD,对载体进行改造。所构建的GJD2-bga在大肠杆菌中的最大酶活性为253．8个密勒单位,G]D5-bga在枯草杆菌中的最大酶活性为135．4个密勒单位,表明所构建的载体具有较强的表达活性。由此可以得出不同的SD序列及其与起始密码子的距离不同程度地影响mRNA的翻译效率。