基于香气成分含量对酿酒红葡萄品种的分类研究

利用顶空固相微萃取与气相色谱质谱联用(HS-SPME-GC-MS)技术测定了26种酿酒红葡萄的香气成分以及部分重要组分的含量,并采用聚类分析与主成分分析法,探讨利用香气成分含量对酿酒红葡萄品种的分类。结果显示:(1)在26种酿酒红葡萄品种中共检测到49种香气成分并分为6大类,分别为C6-醇和醛类化合物、醇类化合物(除C6-醇类)、酯类化合物、醛类(除C6-醛类)和酮类化合物、萜烯类化合物、有机酸类化合物。(2)聚类分析结果显示,26种酿酒红葡萄分成了三大类,其中:第Ⅰ类有赤霞珠等11个品种,香气成分以C6-醇和醛类化合物为主,其总含量高达66.4%;第Ⅱ类有宝石解百纳等6个品种,香气成分以C6-醇和醛类化合物以及醇类化合物(除C6-醇类)为主,分别为40.73%和30.21%;第Ⅲ类有梅鹿辄等9个品种,香气成分以酯类化合物为主,占总香气成分的71.06%;而且三类酿酒红葡萄中有机酸含量均最低,分别为0.18%、0.08%和0.005%。(3)主成分分析结果表明,第Ⅰ类酿酒红葡萄中可以用前6个主成分代表原有的变量信息,第Ⅱ类和第Ⅲ类均可以用前4个主成分代表原有的变量信息。(4)利用判别分析创建了酿酒红葡萄香气成分判别模型,并对其进行验证,其准确率达85.7%。研究表明,利用香气成分建立的判别模型可以对酿酒红葡萄进行分类,可为酿酒红葡萄品种改良及葡萄酒质量控制提供理论依据。     

我国西南元江大理茶的挥发性成分及其抗氧化活性

大理茶(Camellia taliensis)为山茶科山茶属茶组植物,主要分布于云南横断山脉澜沧江至伊洛瓦底江流域,即从云南的西部及西南部至缅甸北部.在其分布区,大理茶亦被称为野生大茶树,常用于加工制作茶叶.采用水蒸气蒸馏法、GC及GC/MS联用技术,首次对大理茶的鲜幼叶和鲜幼叶及老叶分别制成的绿茶中的挥发性成分进行提取和分析,共鉴定出91个化合物.研究结果表明,大理茶鲜幼叶的主要香气成分为棕榈酸(30.52％),亚油酸(19.82％),植醇(8.75％)和亚麻酸乙酯(2.54％)等有机酸及其酯和二萜类,而制成绿茶后,其主要香气成分则为芳樟醇(28.43％),脱氢芳樟醇(1.13％),α-松油醇(11.68％),橙花醇(4.92％)和香叶醇(12.34％)等单萜醇类成分.从大理茶鲜叶到由其制成的绿茶,香气成分发生了较大变化,形成了28种原鲜叶中未检测到的香气成分,其中,(Z,Z,Z)-9,12,15-十八烷三烯-1-醇的含量分别达到1.21％(幼叶绿茶)和11.2％(老叶绿茶),是大理茶制作的绿茶的特征香气成分.DPPH和ABTS+自由基清除实验结果显示大理茶鲜叶及其制成的绿茶的挥发性成分均具有一定的抗氧化活性,但均弱于茶多酚的抗氧化活性.     

红芒6号果实成熟阶段香气成分研究

对商熟期及完熟期的红芒6号芒果果实采用顶空固相微萃取法(HS-SPME)提取香气成分,以气相色谱—质谱分析进行鉴定。共检出22种香气成分,其中商熟期14种,完熟期10种,主要为萜烯类、醛类、酸类等。两个阶段都具有的成分是α-桂叶烯、α-蛇麻烯等;商熟期主要的香气成分是( )-2-蒈烯;完熟期的主要香气成分是δ-3-蒈烯。     

1-MCP对‘粉红女士’苹果冷藏期间品质变化和香气形成的影响

以'粉红女士'苹果为试验材料,研究了1 μL/L 1-MCP(1-甲基环丙烯)对苹果冷藏期间乙烯释放速率、呼吸速率、果实硬度以及香气成分和相对含量的影响.结果表明,1-MCP处理可显著抑制'粉红女士'苹果冷藏期间呼吸作用和乙烯释放,有效延缓果实硬度的下降.冷藏期内'粉红女士'苹果香气物质主要有醇类、醛类、酯类、烯类、酸类和烷烃类等,并以酯类香气为主(占46.15%);1-MCP能显著减少果实贮藏期间酯类、醇类和烷烃类香气成分种类和相对含量,处理果中酯类和醇类香气成分种类比同期对照分别减少了50%和78%,主要香气成分丁酸己酯在处理和对照果实的相对含量分别为1.12%～1.73%和1.87%～5.18%.可见,1-MCP处理对'粉红女士'苹果具有良好保鲜效果,也显著地抑制了贮藏期间香气的形成.     

桂林地区不同桂花品种花香成分比较分析

为了解桂林地区不同桂花的花香成分差异,该研究采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)与气相色谱/质谱联用(GC-MS)技术,对桂林地区12种桂花的花瓣挥发性成分进行了检测分析。结果表明:共检测到49种挥发性成分,包括萜稀类31种、脂肪酸及其衍生物10种、苯基类4种和含氮化合物4种。其中,萜稀类化合物在4个品种群甚至12个品种中均属于比例最高的,总相对含量为82.28%～94.83%。所检测的桂花均含有反-β-罗勒烯等6种花香成分,但不同品种所含成分不同或相对含量不同,如‘龙怀金桂’含有β-紫罗酮且含量最高(为34.89%),而‘橡叶朱砂’却缺少β-紫罗酮。各品种主要的香气成分及其含量也不完全相同,如‘龙怀金桂’的主要香气成分是β-紫罗酮等5种,‘月塘金桂’是β-紫罗酮等8种,‘橡叶朱砂’为顺-氧化芳樟醇等6种。共鉴定出11种香气活性物质,其中10种属于萜稀类。‘龙怀金桂’香气活性物质总含量最高(为82.99%),且紫罗酮类和罗勒烯类活性物质的含量也最高;‘橡叶朱砂’和‘天香台阁’含有芳樟醇类活性物质最高(在60%左右)。综上认为,萜稀类化合物为桂林地区桂花的主要香气成分,不同桂花品种既含有共同的香气成分也含有不同的成分;‘龙怀金桂’适合开发罗勒烯类和紫罗酮类物质产品,‘橡叶朱砂’和‘天香台阁’适合开发芳樟醇类物质产品。     

不同花期厚朴雌雄蕊和花瓣香气组成成分的分析和比较

采用固相微萃取和GC-MS技术,对初花期、展瓣期、盛花期和盛花末期厚朴(Magnolia officinalis Rehd.et Wils.)雌雄蕊和花瓣香气的组成成分及其相对含量进行了分析和比较.结果表明:不同花期厚朴雌雄蕊和花瓣香气的组成成分及其相对含量差异明显.雌雄蕊和花瓣香气分别含有52和37种成分,总计67种;其中,1-甲氧基-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯、1-香叶基乙醚、D-柠檬烯、莰烯、月桂烯和石竹烯等成分的相对含量均较高.初花期、展瓣期、盛花期和盛花末期雌雄蕊香气分别含有26、26、27和24种成分,花瓣香气则分别含有22、19、16和21种成分;不同花期雌雄蕊和花瓣香气的共有成分为1-甲氧基-3,7-二甲基-2,6-辛二烯、D-柠檬烯和石竹烯.不同花期厚朴雌雄蕊和花瓣香气成分可分为萜烯类、醇类、芳香烃类、醚类、醛酮类、酯类、烷烃类和含氮类8类,共有类型为萜烯类和醇类,其中,萜烯类是主要组成成分.厚朴雌雄蕊和花瓣在不同花期均释放出较多的萜烯类化合物,其相对含量随着花的发育呈先升高后降低的趋势.根据感官分析与GC-MS分析结果综合判断:萜烯类化合物是组成厚朴花香气的重要成分;花瓣是香气释放的主要部位,而雌雄蕊则在香气释放过程中起辅助作用.     

云南野香橼叶油的化学成分

云南省盈江县产野香橼(Citrus medica L.)叶油,用Finnigan-4510型毛细管气相色谱/质谱/计算机联用方法进行了化学成分分析、共检出了31个成分,鉴定了其中22个成分,占全精油的98.5％,主要成分为柠檬烯(56.63％),橙花醛(8.18％),香叶醛(13.52％),对一聚伞花素(3.92％),乙酸香叶酯(2.34％),甲基庚烯酮和月桂烯(3.26％)等。该油具有特征的柠檬—柑桔香气,适宜于调配果香和化妆香精。     

七种秋石斛鲜花挥发性成分差异性分析

为查明秋石斛不同品种关键赋香成分,利用固相微萃取(SPME)方法结合GC-MS技术,测定了秋石斛5个具香气的品种,即绿天使(Dendrobium Hand Green)、日出2号(Dendrobium Burana Sunrise No.2)、白花607(Dendrobium K.B.White 607)、紫背256(Dendrobium Blue Sapphine 256)、魅力(Dendrobium Burana Charming)以及2个不具香气的品种,即红牛(Dendrobium Red Bull)、三亚阳光(Dendrobium Sunya Sunshine)盛花期的花朵挥发性成分及其相对含量。结果表明:共鉴定出45种挥发性化合物,其中萜烯类34种、芳香族化合物8种、酯类3种,5种具香气的秋石斛花朵所含挥发性成分绝大部分都是萜烯类,萜烯类对秋石斛的花香起着重要的作用。通过比较发现,5种具香气秋石斛的主要赋香成分为3-蒈烯、芳樟醇、α-可巴烯和α-法尼烯,不同品种挥发性成分的组成和含量明显不同。绿天使和日出2号的主要香气成分是3-蒈烯,相对含量分别为59.343%和77.775%,但日出2号中的释放率约为绿天使的3倍;白花607主要香气成分为3-蒈烯(29.170%)、α-可巴烯(17.660%)、芳樟醇(10.990%);紫背256中α-法尼烯相对含量最高(42.310%);魅力中主要香气成分是α-可巴烯(33.648%),邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(13.866%)为其次。2个不具香气品种中鉴定出化合物较少,主要挥发性成分释放率较小;红牛主要挥发性成分是胡莫柳酯(28.118%),三亚阳光是异丁子香酚(27.529%)。这些主要挥发性成分对不同品种秋石斛花的特有香味起决定性作用,且大部分已被广泛应用于香精香料,医药,日化等产品中。该研究结果为香型秋石斛产品开发及品种的培育提供了参考。     

菊花不同花期及花序不同部位香气成分和挥发研究

以切花菊品种‘神马’为试材,采用顶空-固相微萃取和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC/MS)技术,分别测定菊花不同花期及花序不同部位的香气成分种类和含量,并利用生物显微镜观察花瓣的表皮细胞和横切面组织细胞的结构特征。结果表明:(1)菊花花蕾期共检测到香气成分24种,始花期31种,盛花期43种,终花期22种;随着花朵的开放和凋谢,酮类、萜烯类和醇类化合物的含量呈先上升后下降的趋势,在盛花期含量达到最高,而酯类、醛类和杂环类化合物则呈持续下降的趋势。(2)盛花期,在舌状花中共检测到香气成分种类31种,在管状花中共检测到50种;舌状花对菊花香气的贡献比管状花大;菊花舌状花由内轮向外轮香气成分种类变化不大,但是同类香气成分含量的变化出现由内轮向外轮逐渐减少的趋势。(3)异环柠檬醛、桉叶醇、α-蒎烯、β-金合欢烯和石竹烯等化合物可能为菊花的主要特征香气成分。(4)显微观察结果表明:舌状花的香气可能是通过表皮细胞间隙释放的,上表皮是菊花释放香气的主要部位。     

金菠萝品种果实香气成分和特征香气研究

采用固相微萃取-气相色谱质谱联用法研究了金菠萝品种果实不同部位果肉、中柱和果皮的香气成分,并利用香气值确定了不同部位的特征香气。结果表明:各部位香气组成不同,果肉和中柱部位以酯类为主,果皮部位以萜烯类为主。己酸乙酯和己酸甲酯是果肉和中柱部位含量较高的成分,(Z)-β-罗勒烯是果皮部位含量最高的成分。4-甲氧基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)呋喃酮和癸醛是果皮香气贡献较大的成分,而2-甲基丁酸乙酯、4-甲氧基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)呋喃酮和己酸乙酯是果肉和中柱香气贡献较大的成分。金菠萝品种果肉和中柱的香气值与果皮差异较大,且香气值主要集中于果肉。     

红树林植物木果楝细胞毒活性和化学成分研究

本研究采用MTT法对红树林植物木果楝(Xylocarpus grantum)正己烷提取物进行细胞毒活性筛选,结果显示对宫颈癌Hela细胞有较强的生长抑制活性。为了确定其中的活性成分,利用GC/MS法对正己烷提取物的化学成分进行分析,共鉴定了17种成分,大部分为有机酸类化合物。其中油酸(Oleic acid,24.89%)、棕榈酸(Palmitic acid,24.82%)和亚油酸(Linoleic acid,16.86%)为主要成分,据文献报道亚油酸具有肺腺癌细胞生长抑制活性。     

Phenolic constituents from the lichen Parmotrema stuppeum (Nyl.) Hale and their antioxidant activity

Lichen, Parmotrema stuppeum (P. stuppeum) was successively extracted with benzene and acetone. Both the extracts were fractionated on 1% oxalic acid impregnated silica gel column to obtain four phenolic compounds. The structures of compounds were identified by 1H and 13C NMR spectra as methyl orsenillate, orsenillic acid, atranorin and lecanoric acid respectively. Antioxidant activity of benzene extract, acetone extract and isolated compounds were evaluated in a beta-carotene-linoleate model system. The pure compounds showed moderate antioxidant activity. This is the first report on the isolation and characterisation of compounds from the lichen P. stuppeum as well as on their antioxidant activity.     

Chemical composition and antidiabetic activity of Opuntia Milpa Alta extracts

Three new compounds, 1 – 3 , and 20 known compounds were isolated from the AcOEt and BuOH extract of edible Opuntia Milpa Alta. The petroleum ether extract was examined by GC and MS. A total of 26 compounds were identified, representing 95.6% of the total extract, phytosterol (36.03%) being the most abundant component, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (18.57%) represented the second largest group, followed by phytol (12.28%), palmitic acid, palmitate (13.54%), vitamin E (4.51%), and other compounds (7.47%). The effects of various extracts from edible Opuntia Milpa Alta (petroleum ether extract, AcOEt extract, BuOH extract, aqueous extract, H₂O parts) and the positive control (received dimethylbiguanide) were tested on streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic mice. The results indicated that all the treatment groups could significantly decrease blood glucose levels in STZ‐induced diabetic mice compared to the model control group (P<0.01), except the aqueous extract group (P<0.05). Especially, the petroleum ether extract group and the positive control group showed remarkable decrease of blood glucose levels. Taken together, the results indicate that the petroleum ether extract is the major hypoglycemic part in edible Opuntia Milpa Alta, which may be developed to a potential natural hypoglycemic functional ingredient.     

HPLC同时测定大叶冬青叶中10种多酚成分的含量及抗氧化活性研究

建立HPLC同时测定大叶冬青叶中新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、咖啡酸、对羟基肉桂酸、芦丁、异槲皮苷、异绿原酸B、异绿原酸A和异绿原酸C 10种多酚类化合物的定量分析方法,研究不同产地及不同采收时期大叶冬青叶中10种多酚类化合物的含量差异及其抗氧化活性。采用HPLC测定大叶冬青叶50%甲醇提取液中10种多酚类成分的含量,并选用DPPH法对其抗氧化活性进行初步探索。结果表明,10种多酚类化合物分离效果较好,标准曲线在检测范围内具有良好的线性(r>0.999 5),平均加样回收率在96.58%～112.03%,RSD<4%(n=6)。大叶冬青叶50%甲醇提取液抗氧活性良好。本实验建立的方法快速、准确、重复性好,可用于同时测定大叶冬青叶中新绿原酸、绿原酸、隐绿原酸、咖啡酸、对羟基肉桂酸、芦丁、异槲皮苷、异绿原酸B、异绿原酸A、异绿原酸C 10种成分的含量;不同产地、不同采收时期大叶冬青叶中10种多酚类化合物含量存在一定差异;不同来源大叶冬青叶50%甲醇提取液抗氧化能力具有明显差异。     

植物雅龙果叶抑制ACE活性的研究

为研究植物雅龙果叶子降血压活性,利用HPLC对其50％丙酮．水提取物、正丁醇和水萃取部分及其从正丁醇萃取部分中分离得到的两种单一化合物进行了ACE抑制活性的检测。结果表明上述样品均具有一定的抑制ACE活性,50％丙酮-水提取物、正丁醇萃取部分以及芦丁和咖啡酸的EC50值分别为53、30、4．1、2．2mg／mL。     

Bioassay-guided isolation of aldose reductase inhibitors from Artemisia dracunculus

An ethanolic extract of Artemisia dracunculus L. having antidiabetic activity was examined as a possible aldose reductase (ALR2) inhibitor, a key enzyme involved in diabetic complications. At 3.75 microg/mL, the total extract inhibited ALR2 activity by 40%, while quercitrin, a known ALR2 inhibitor, inhibited its activity by 54%. Bioactivity guided fractionation and isolation of the compounds that inhibit ALR2 activity was carried out with the total ethanolic extract yielding four bioactive compounds with ALR2 inhibitory activity ranging from 58% to 77% at 3.75 microg/mL. Using LC/MS, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses, the four compounds were identified as 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, davidigenin, 6-demethoxycapillarisin and 2',4'-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone. This is the first report on their isolation from A. dracunculus and the ALR2 inhibitory activity of 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 6-demethoxycapillarisin and 2',4'-dihydroxy-4-methoxydihydrochalcone. These results suggest a use of the extract of A. dracunculus for ameliorating diabetic complications.     

In vivo analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ursolic acid and oleanoic acid from Miconia albicans (Melastomataceae)

The aim of this work was to use in vivo models to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of ursolic acid (UA) and oleanoic acid (OA), the major compounds isolated as an isomeric mixture from the crude methylene chloride extract of Miconia albicans aerial parts in an attempt to clarify if these compounds are responsible for the analgesic properties displayed by this plant. Ursolic acid inhibited abdominal constriction in a dose-dependent manner, and the result obtained at a content of 40 mg kg(-1) was similar to that produced by administration of acetylsalicylic acid at a content of 100 mg kg(-1). Both acids reduced the number of paw licks in the second phase of the formalin test, and both of them displayed a significant anti-inflammatory effect at a content of 40 mg kg(-1). It is noteworthy that the administration of the isolated mixture, containing 65% ursolic acid/35% oleanolic acid, did not display significant analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. On the basis of the obtained results, considering that the mixture of UA and OA was poorly active, it is suggested that other compounds, rather than UA and OA, should be responsible for the evaluated activities in the crude extract, since the crude extract samples displayed good activities.     

Turnera ulmifolia L. (Turneraceae): preliminary study of its antioxidant activity

Turnera ulmifolia L. is used in Brazilian folk medicine as an anti-inflammatory. Since this activity may be correlated with the presence of antioxidant compounds, a leaf extract was evaluated for its radical scavenging capacity (RSC). The in vitro RSC of a 50% hydroethanolic (HE) extract was evaluated by beta-carotene/linoleic acid coupled oxidation system for the inhibition of oxidation and the lipid peroxidation inhibition in rat brain homogenates, using thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and chemiluminescence (CL). Results indicated, through peroxidation suppression, that this extract exhibited greater antioxidative activity (77.4% +/- 10%) than alpha-tocopherol (58.4% +/- 3.7%). TBARS and CL inhibition was concentration-dependent and Q(1/2) values were 8.2 and 6.0 microg/mL for TBARS and CL, respectively. For alpha-tocopherol these values were 7.1 microg/mL (TBARS) and 9.8 microg/mL (CL). Phenolic compounds may be responsible for this antioxidant capacity.     

Qualitative HPLC‐DAD/ESI‐TOF‐MS Analysis,Cytotoxic, and Apoptotic Effects of Croatian Endemic Centaurea ragusina L. Aqueous Extracts

Centaurea ragusina L., an endemic Croatian plant species, revealed a good cytotoxic activity of aqueous extracts (AE) on human bladder (T24) and human glioblastoma (A1235) cancer cell lines. The chemical constituents were tentatively identified using high performance liquid chromatography HPLC‐DAD/ESI‐TOF‐MS in negative ionization mode. The main compounds of herba extract were sesquiterpene lactones: solstitialin A 3,13‐diacetate and epoxyrepdiolide; organic acid: quinic acid. The main compounds of flower extract were organic acids: quinic acid, citric acid, and malic acid; sesquiterpene lactone: cynaropicrin; phenolic compounds: chlorogenic acid and phenylpropanoid: syringin. The AE of C. ragusina were investigated for correlation of their effects on human bladder (T24) and human glioblastoma (A1235) cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. Although both extracts showed significant dose‐ and time‐dependent cytotoxic activity against both cancer cell lines, the flower extract exhibited slightly higher activity. In order to determine type of cell death induced by treatment, cell lines were exposed subsequently to a treatment with both flower and herba AE. The majority of the cells died by induced apoptosis treatment. Flower AE (26.25%), compared to a leaf AE (22.15%) showed slightly higher percentage of an apoptosis in T24 cells, when compared to a non‐treated cells (0.04%).     

Modifiers of mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase catalyzed conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate in vitro

The enzyme mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase appears to play an important role in the in vivo detoxification of cyanide. It does so by transferring sulfur to cyanide to produce thiocyanate, which is less toxic and may be excreted through the kidney. Several compounds were tested for their ability to affect the rate of enzyme catalyzed thiocyanate formation in vitro. The studies were carried out using both a partially purified bovine kidney extract and a highly purified enzyme preparation. Hypotaurine and methanesulfinic acid doubled sulfurtransferase activity in the partially purified extract at 30 mM, but inhibited the purified enzyme to 57% (hypotaurine) and 27% (methanesulfinic acid) of control activity at the same concentration. Pyruvate, phenylpyruvate, oxobutyrate, and oxoglutarate each inhibited the extract and purified forms of mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase. Phenylpyruvate was the most effective inhibitor, reducing activity to 0.2% of control values in the extract, and 11% of control values for purified MPST when added to the reaction at 30 mM. Other compounds tested (see Table 1) had a negligible effect on sulfurtransferase activity. A heat stable cofactor was found in boiled kidney extract which stimulated sulfurtransferase activity in the extract but inhibited sulfurtransferase activity in the purified enzyme, as was observed for hypotaurine and methanesulfinate. The boiled extract had no thiocyanate forming activity of its own. The cofactor operated in synergy with methanesulfinate, but independently of hypotaurine.