组蛋白甲基化修饰酶与早期胚胎发育

早期胚胎发育是胚胎发育中细胞分裂与分化最为活跃的时期,也是合子型基因大规模转录的时期,而此时组蛋白的甲基化修饰也显示出动态学的变化。这一时期,在细胞内外信号的共同调控下,经历着一系列基因的激活与抑制,许多调控机制参与其中的调控。而近年来的研究表示,表观遗传学调控显示越来越重要的作用。组蛋白甲基化修饰是表观遗传学重要调控机制之一,在胚胎的早期发育过程中扮演着重要的角色。就近年来组蛋白甲基化修饰酶在早期胚胎发育过程中的作用与功能做一简要综述。     

Proline accumulation in plants: Not only stress

In addition to its role in protein synthesis and the plant cells'' response to environmental stresses, circumstantial evidence suggest that proline may also play a role in flowering and development both as a metabolite and as a signal molecule. Although there is a growing consensus that proline is of special importance throughout the reproductive phase (from flower transition to seed development) a general agreement on the molecular and genetic mechanisms proline is involved in, is yet to be established. In this paper we shall review and critically discuss most of the evidence supporting a role for proline in plant development, paying special attention to the recently reported role of proline in flower transition.Key words: proline, flower transition, embryo development, P5CS1, P5CS2     

Hox基因及其进化机制的研究进展

Hox基因是生物体内一类重要的发育调控基因家族.Hox基因高度保守,通常成簇存在,编码一类转录因子,在个体胚胎发育中起着重要的调控作用.近期研究表明,基因复制、基因序列变异及选择压力对Hox基因簇的产生和进化有重要作用,同时调节元件和协同进化对Hox基因的进化也有重要影响.     

Realizing the promise of IVF in cattle--an overview

The in vitro-produced embryo could play a central role in dairy and beef production systems because of its potential role in genetic selection strategies and crossbreeding schemes, and because it can be integrated into reproductive management strategies for improving pregnancy rates in herds with low fertility. The promise attendant upon use of in vitro-produced embryos is not being fully realized, however. Indeed, there are important technical limitations to their production that reduce the desirability of in vitro-produced embryos because of increased costs, sub-optimal embryonic and fetal survival, and offspring that are occasionally abnormal. Most technical problems associated with in vitro production of embryos can be overcome through research. Among the requirements for a successful research program will be renewed emphasis on conducting embryo transfer trials to determine effects of modifications to embryo production protocols on pregnancy rates and fetal development. Given the promise of in vitro embryo technologies, there is an urgent need for a concerted and sustained investment in research to improve these technologies. Developing a consensus that the study of embryo technology is one of the most important areas of agricultural research should be both an individual and organizational priority.     

Ghox 4.7: a chick homeobox gene expressed primarily in limb buds with limb-type differences in expression.

Homeobox genes play a key role in specifying the segmented body plan of Drosophila, and recent work suggests that at least several homeobox genes may play a regulatory role during vertebrate limb morphogenesis. We have used degenerate oligonucleotide primers from highly conserved domains in the homeobox motif to amplify homeobox gene segments from chick embryo limb bud cDNAs using the polymerase chain reaction. Expression of a large number of homeobox genes (at least 17) is detected using this approach. One of these genes contains a novel homeobox loosely related to the Drosophila Abdominal B class, and was further analyzed by determining its complete coding sequence and evaluating its expression during embryogenesis by in situ hybridization. Based on sequence and expression patterns, we have designated this gene as Ghox 4.7 and believe that it is the chick homologue of the murine Hox 4.7 gene (formerly Hox 5.6). Ghox 4.7 is expressed primarily in limb buds during development and shows a striking spatial restriction to the posterior zone of the limb bud, suggesting a role in specifying anterior-posterior pattern formation. In chick, this gene also displays differences in expression between wing and leg buds, raising the possibility that it may participate in specifying limb-type identity.     

Identifying causal genes and dysregulated pathways in complex diseases

In complex diseases, various combinations of genomic perturbations often lead to the same phenotype. On a molecular level, combinations of genomic perturbations are assumed to dys-regulate the same cellular pathways. Such a pathway-centric perspective is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms of complex diseases and the identification of potential drug targets. In order to provide an integrated perspective on complex disease mechanisms, we developed a novel computational method to simultaneously identify causal genes and dys-regulated pathways. First, we identified a representative set of genes that are differentially expressed in cancer compared to non-tumor control cases. Assuming that disease-associated gene expression changes are caused by genomic alterations, we determined potential paths from such genomic causes to target genes through a network of molecular interactions. Applying our method to sets of genomic alterations and gene expression profiles of 158 Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients we uncovered candidate causal genes and causal paths that are potentially responsible for the altered expression of disease genes. We discovered a set of putative causal genes that potentially play a role in the disease. Combining an expression Quantitative Trait Loci (eQTL) analysis with pathway information, our approach allowed us not only to identify potential causal genes but also to find intermediate nodes and pathways mediating the information flow between causal and target genes. Our results indicate that different genomic perturbations indeed dys-regulate the same functional pathways, supporting a pathway-centric perspective of cancer. While copy number alterations and gene expression data of glioblastoma patients provided opportunities to test our approach, our method can be applied to any disease system where genetic variations play a fundamental causal role.     

转化的大鼠胚胎成纤维细胞系差异表达基因的筛选研究

来源于转化的大鼠胚胎成纤维细胞系的两株细胞,A1－5细胞与B4细胞相比表现出非常强的抗辐射性并伴随不同寻常强的G2延迟效应;用PCR选择性抑制消减杂交方法对这两株细胞进行差减,希望找到对A1－5细胞表现出的不同寻常的表型起关键作用的某一个或某一些基因。结果得到了160个差减转化子,逐个进行序列测定,并进行Dot blot杂交,共得到35个差异表达基因片段（EST）。通过对美国国家生物技术信息中心（NCBI）的非冗余序列库（NT）、鼠EST库及人EST库的BLAST进行同源检索,发现其中21个代表了尚未登录的新基因,另外14个分别与已知基因高度同源。     

Imprinted genes in placental growth and obstetric disorders

Genomic imprinting has a special role in placental biology. Imprinted genes are often strongly expressed in the placenta, and the allelic expression bias due to imprinting is sometimes stronger in this extraembryonic organ than in the embryo and adult. Mutations, epimutations, and uniparental disomies affecting imprinted loci cause placental stunting or overgrowth in mice and humans, and placental neoplasms (complete hydatidiform moles) are androgenetic. Whether imprinted genes might also play a role in the more common medical conditions that affect the placenta, including preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), is an important question that is now receiving some attention. Here we review this area and describe recent data indicating altered expression of imprinted genes in the placental response to maternal vascular underperfusion associated with IUGR.     

Growth of Notochord and Formation of Cranial and Mesencephalic Flexures in Chicken Embryo

The proliferative activity of notochordal cells, neuroepithelial cells and endodermal cells in the chicken embryo is examined during flexure formation along its long axis by using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-immunohistochemistry.
White Leghorn chicken embryos, Hamburger and Hamilton stages from 9 to 15 are cumulatively labled with BrdU for 120 min and fixed with Carnoy's fluid. Serial transverse and sagittal sections are immunostained with a monoclonal anti-BrdU antibody. The distribution of labeled and unlabeled cells is determined on various regions of the embryos.
Before and during the external flexure development from state 10 to 14, the labeled cells are virtually absent at two regions; The cranial region including the floor of the prosencephalon and pharynx close to the pre-chordal plate and the mesencephalic region comprising the mesencephalic notochord and mid-ventral side of the mesencephalon. At stages 10 and 11, the cranial and mesencephalic flexure become apparent at the respective unlabeled regions. It is concluded that the regional differences in proliferative activity between the notochord, neural tube and endoderm play a causal role in the flexure formation of early morphogenesis in the embryo.     

Diverse roles for MADS box genes in Arabidopsis development.

Members of the MADS box gene family play important roles in flower development from the early step of determining the identity of floral meristems to specifying the identity of floral organ primordia later in flower development. We describe here the isolation and characterization of six additional members of this family, increasing the number of reported Arabidopsis MADS box genes to 17. All 11 members reported prior to this study are expressed in flowers, and the majority of them are floral specific. RNA expression analyses of the six genes reported here indicate that two genes, AGL11 and AGL13 (AGL for AGAMOUS-like), are preferentially expressed in ovules, but each has a distinct expression pattern. AGL15 is preferentially expressed in embryos, with its onset at or before the octant stage early in embryo development. AGL12, AGL14, and AGL17 are all preferentially expressed in root tissues and therefore represent the only characterized MADS box genes expressed in roots. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the two genes expressed in ovules are closely related to previously isolated MADS box genes, whereas the four genes showing nonfloral expression are more distantly related. Data from this and previous studies indicate that in addition to their proven role in flower development, MADS box genes are likely to play roles in many other aspects of plant development.     

New computer architectures as tools for ecological thought

Recent achievements of computer science provide unrivaled power for the advancement of ecology. This power is not merely computational: parallel computers, having hierarchical organization as their architectural principle, also provide metaphors for understanding complex systems. In this sense they might play for a science of ecological complexity a role like equilibrium-based metaphors had in the development of dynamic systems ecology. Parallel computers provide this opportunity through an informational view of ecological reality and multilevel modelling paradigms. Spatial and individual-oriented models allow application and full understanding of the new metaphors in the ecological context.