玉蜀黍赤霉(Gibberella zeae)对多菌灵的室内抗药突变体的诱导及其抗药性遗传分析

通过紫外线照射和药剂驯化的方法均获得了玉蜀黍赤霉野生敏感菌株对多菌灵(carbendazim,MBC)的室内抗药突变体。这些抗药突变体一部分表现低抗(low resistance．LR),即能在临界致死剂量1．4μg／mL多菌灵浓度下生长,但不能在10μg／mL浓度以上生长,且对二氯苯胺甲酸甲酯(N-3,5-dichlorophenyl carbamate,MDPC)不表现负交互抗药性;另一部分表现高抗(high resistance．HR)．即能在100μg／mL多菌灵浓度下生长,并与田间高抗菌株一样,对MDPC表现负交互抗药性;没有获得类似田间的中抗(moderate resistance,MR)菌株,即能在10μg／mL多菌灵浓度下快速生长,在100μg／mL浓度以上被完全抑制的突变体。通过药剂驯化的方法还获得了田间中抗(MR)菌株的高抗(HR)突变体,但这些突变体与MR一样对MDPC仍然不表现负交互抗药性。抗药性遗传研究表明。在所研究的抗药突变体中,抗药性在自交和无性繁殖后代中能稳定遗传;室内抗药突变体和田间抗药菌株对多菌灵的抗药性由同一个主效基因控制,但它们发生突变的位点不同或者同一碱基位点发生了不同的突变;对MDPC的敏感性也是由单个基因控制的,该基因与控制多菌灵抗性的基因是等位基因,当该基因发生对MDPC的敏感性增加的突变时会使病菌对多菌灵产生高水平抗性。     

玫烟色拟青霉适温性及抗多菌灵特性的种内变异

在15 ℃～35 ℃的温度范围内比较测定了玫烟色拟青霉(Paecilomyces fumosoroseus) 6株野生菌的菌落生长、产孢量及孢子活力.结果显示,3个指标均以25 ℃左右最好,但同一温度下菌株间或同一菌株在不同温度下的差异显著, 菌株Pfr116和Pfr6206具有相对稳定优良的生长、产孢及活孢率性状.对不同浓度多菌灵对6株野生菌的菌落生长和单孢菌落形成的影响测定表明,菌株间存在较大差异.不同多菌灵浓度对单孢菌落形成的抑制率观察值可用逻辑斯蒂模型较好地拟合(r²≥0.90).用所获参数估计的最低禁菌浓度MIC值显示,Pfr4205和Pfr116对多菌灵表现为低抗性（MIC≤20.0 μg·ml^-1）;Pfr153、Pfr612和Pfr2175属于低水平中抗,MIC值仅略大于20 μg·ml^-1;而Pfr6206的MIC值高达93.5 μg·ml^-1,接近MIC>100 μg·ml^-1的高抗标准.因此,Pfr6206为适温性和抗多菌灵特性俱佳的菌株,可作为抗多菌灵和适应不同季节或地区的害虫生防菌剂的候选菌株.     

海南省潜伏香蕉果实的炭疽菌对特克多的抗药性

对来自海南省13个地区的67个Colletotrichum musae（Berk. & Curt.）Arx菌株进行抗药性检测,所测菌株均表现出敏感,即未产生特克多抗药性。室内采用高浓度特克多和90～95%致死剂量紫外光进行抗性诱导,获得的抗性菌株均能在1000g/ml特克多的PDA培养基上生长,但EC50值相差很大,最高达130g/ml,而最低为0.87g/ml。抗性菌株对多菌灵和甲基托布津均表现正交互抗药性。连续无毒培养10代后,所有菌株仍可在5g/ml特克多的培养基上生长,表现抗性遗传稳定。抗性菌株的产孢能力和致病力与敏感菌相比并没有下降,表现很高的适应能力。     

拮抗木霉耐多菌灵菌株的筛选

该文进行了耐多菌灵生防木霉菌株的筛选和生防效果的测定研究。为获得对灰葡萄孢霉等病原菌有显著拮抗能力的耐多菌灵木霉菌株,通过含药平板诱导和紫外线诱变,获得5株耐药性菌株,在多菌灵2.0g/L浓度下生长较好,Ec50值提高了40多倍;抗性菌株在含药培养基上连续继代转移培养10次,抗性程度未见下降;经过平板对峙和活体拮抗性测定,确定T42-2为最佳拮抗性耐多菌灵菌株,其对黄瓜灰霉病的防效达92.13%,并且对多菌灵、速克灵和三唑铜存在交互抗性。     

初始接种量对Bt33菌株孢子含量的影响

在温度 30± 0 5℃、转速 180r/min的条件下 ,用Bt发酵培养液对Bt33菌株进行振荡培养 ,考察不同接种量和液培时间对孢子含量的影响。结果表明 ,将孢子含量为 2 5× 10 9CFU ml的母液按 1%～ 15 % (V V)的比例接种后培养 33～ 5 0h ,9%和 12 %接种量处理能产生 8 5× 10 9CFU ml以上的孢子浓度。通过拟合逻辑斯蒂生长模型 ,发现该菌在上述液培条件下的最大孢子含量为 1 0 3× 10 1 0 CFU ml。     

遗传稳定型六六六、多菌灵降解基因工程菌构建

通过PCR的方法从六六六降解菌Sphingomonas sp.BHC-A扩增出完整的脱氯化氢酶基因linA.将其克隆到含有mini-Tn5的自杀性质粒pUT4K上,构建成质粒pUT/mini-Tn5-linA.通过三亲杂交,在辅助质粒RK600的帮助下,将pUT/mini-Tn5-linA转移到一株高效降解多菌灵菌株Rhodococcus sp.DJL-6中.利用mini-Tn5的转座作用将linA基因整合到DJL-6的染色体DNA上,得到工程菌株DJL-6A.该工程菌具有同时降解多菌灵和六六六的功能,且对于初始浓度为0.05 μg/mL和5 μg/mL的六六六的降解活性与亲本菌株BHC-A相当.在不加任何选择压力的条件下工程菌株进行连续传代,结果证明linA基因可以持续稳定的存在于宿主的染色体DNA上.     

卡那霉素链霉菌噬菌体sKJl——温和性噬菌体

从土壤中分离出一株卡那霉素链霉菌噬菌体SKJl,该噬菌体在卡那霉素链霉菌及林肯链霉菌菌苔上产生混浊的噬菌斑。从噬斑中长出的菌落后代对SKJl噬菌体的感染产生了抗性。单株传代未见自发释放游离噬菌体。紫外线照射亦未发现诱导现象。抗性菌株经10ug／ml丝裂霉素C处理后,其中一株能释放出约5．9×103pfu／ml游离噬菌体颗粒,推测这些抗性菌株可能是溶源性菌株。菌落原位杂交实验证实抗性菌株的DNA与SKJl噬菌体DNA有同源性,说明这些抗性菌株已被SKjL噬菌体溶源化,从而确证SKJl噬菌体为一温和性噬菌体。     

南京、镇江地区草莓灰霉病菌对6种杀菌剂的抗药性及生物学性状分析

为了解南京、镇江地区草莓灰霉病菌对6种常用杀菌剂的抗药性水平,采用区分剂量法测定了290株草莓灰霉病菌对多菌灵、腐霉利、乙霉威、嘧霉胺、醚菌酯和咯菌腈的抗性,并对多重抗药性菌株的生物学性状进行了初步分析。结果表明:2012年采集的南京和镇江地区草莓灰霉病菌未见对咯菌腈产生抗药性,而对其余5种供试杀菌剂的多重抗药性频率达97.24%;供试菌株中五抗菌株已成为两地区田间灰霉病菌的优势亚群体;供试菌株中多重抗药性表型共有54种,作为优势亚群体的Car~(HR)Prc~(HR)Die~(LR)Pyr~(HR)Kre~(HR)表型占40.69%,并可稳定遗传;南京地区草莓灰霉病菌对咯菌腈的抗性频率从2012年的0持续增至2014年的3.76%,而对其余5种供试杀菌剂的抗性频率在3年间均超过78%;所测菌株在菌落直径、产孢量和病斑直径方面差异显著但无明显规律。由此可见,多菌灵、腐霉利、乙霉威、嘧霉胺、醚菌酯在本研究区已丧失对灰霉病的防治效果,寻找替代药剂已刻不容缓。     

两株高效相思根瘤菌的抗药性研究及其质粒组成分析

目的:研究相思根瘤菌质粒与其抗药性之间的关系。方法:研究了相思根瘤菌MZ和AJ018在含不同浓度的抗生素的固体培养基和液体培养基的生长情况,并用碱裂解方法对其质粒组成进行检测。结果:两菌株对链霉素和卡那霉素均无抗性,而对其它抗生素都有不同程度的抗性。MZ菌株对实验中的氯霉素、氨苄青霉素、四环素三种抗生素的耐受范围与最大耐受值都比AJ018强,当平板培养基中氨苄青霉素、四环素、氯霉素的终浓度分别为250μg/ml、75μg/ml、150μg/ml时,AJ018在平板上无菌落生长,当三种抗生素终浓度分别为800μg/ml1、50μg/ml、400μg/ml时无菌落生长。两菌株都含有一个大约50kb的质粒。     

一株甲醛降解菌鉴定及其降解性能研究

目的:从实验室的动物肝脏浸置标本分离得到一株甲醛降解菌CSLG1,并考察其对甲醛的降解特性。方法:通过形态学和18S rDNA测序鉴定菌种,改变液体培养基中甲醛浓度确定该菌株的甲醛抗性,并在较高甲醛浓度的培养基中测定菌株CSLG1的生长曲线,证实其对甲醛具有降解能力。结果:鉴定结果显示,该菌CSLG1属于拟青霉属(Paecilomyces daclylethromorphus),其能在6.52 g/L的高甲醛浓度下生长;当甲醛初始浓度为3.73 g/L时,菌株CSLG1能在60 h内彻底降解。结论:菌种CSLG1对甲醛具有良好的降解效率,研究结果对甲醛污染环境的生物降解具有较好的科学意义和应用价值。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.