Root growth and water uptake in winter wheat under deficit irrigation

Root growth is critical for crops to use soil water under water-limited conditions. A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of available soil water on root and shoot growth, and root water uptake in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under deficit irrigation in a semi-arid environment. Treatments consisted of rainfed, deficit irrigation at different developmental stages, and adequate irrigation. The rainfed plots had the lowest shoot dry weight because available soil water decreased rapidly from booting to late grain filling. For the deficit-irrigation treatments, crops that received irrigation at jointing and booting had higher shoot dry weight than those that received irrigation at anthesis and middle grain filling. Rapid root growth occurred in both rainfed and irrigated crops from floral initiation to anthesis, and maximum rooting depth occurred by booting. Root length density and dry weight decreased after anthesis. From floral initiation to booting, root length density and growth rate were higher in rainfed than in irrigated crops. However, root length density and growth rate were lower in rainfed than in irrigated crops from booting to anthesis. As a result, the difference in root length density between rainfed and irrigated treatments was small during grain filling. The root growth and water use below 1.4 m were limited by a caliche (45% CaCO₃) layer at about 1.4 m profile. The mean water uptake rate decreased as available soil water decreased. During grain filling, root water uptake was higher from the irrigated crops than from the rainfed. Irrigation from jointing to anthesis increased seasonal evapotranspiration, grain yield, harvest index and water-use efficiency based on yield (WUE), but did not affect water-use efficiency based on aboveground biomass. There was no significant difference in WUE among irrigation treatments except one-irrigation at middle grain filling. Due to a relatively deep root system in rainfed crops, the higher grain yield and WUE in irrigated crops compared to rainfed crops was not a result of rooting depth or root length density, but increased harvest index, and higher water uptake rate during grain filling.     

Quantifying relationships between rooting traits and water uptake under drought in Mediterranean barley and durum wheat

In Mediterranean regions drought is the major factor limiting spring barley and durum wheat grain yields. This study aimed to compare spring barley and durum wheat root and shoot responses to drought and quantify relationships between root traits and water uptake under terminal drought.One spring barley（Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Rum） and two durum wheat Mediterranean cultivars（Triticum turgidum L. var durum cvs Hourani and Karim） were examined in soil‐column experiments under well watered and drought conditions. Root system architecture traits, water uptake, and plant growth were measured. Barley aerial biomass and grain yields were higher than for durum wheat cultivars in well watered conditions. Drought decreased grain yield more for barley（47%） than durum wheat（30%, Hourani）. Root‐to‐shoot dry matter ratio increased for durum wheat under drought but not for barley, and root weight increased for wheat in response todrought but decreased for barley. The critical root length density（RLD） and root volume density（RVD） for 90% available water capture for wheat were similar to（cv. Hourani） or lower than（cv. Karim） for barley depending on wheat cultivar. For both species, RVD accounted for a slightly higher proportion of phenotypic variation in water uptake under drought than RLD.     

Quantifying relationships between rooting traits and water uptake under drought in Mediterranean barley and durum wheat

In Mediterranean regions drought is the major factor limiting spring barley and durum wheat grain yields. This study aimed to compare spring barley and durum wheat root and shoot responses to drought and quantify relationships between root traits and water uptake under terminal drought.One spring barley(Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Rum) and two durum wheat Mediterranean cultivars(Triticum turgidum L. var durum cvs Hourani and Karim) were examined in soil‐column experiments under well watered and drought conditions. Root system architecture traits, water uptake, and plant growth were measured. Barley aerial biomass and grain yields were higher than for durum wheat cultivars in well watered conditions. Drought decreased grain yield more for barley(47%) than durum wheat(30%, Hourani). Root‐to‐shoot dry matter ratio increased for durum wheat under drought but not for barley, and root weight increased for wheat in response todrought but decreased for barley. The critical root length density(RLD) and root volume density(RVD) for 90% available water capture for wheat were similar to(cv. Hourani) or lower than(cv. Karim) for barley depending on wheat cultivar. For both species, RVD accounted for a slightly higher proportion of phenotypic variation in water uptake under drought than RLD.     

Root development in winter wheat grown at different N/P supply: Root length patterns and N-P interactions in phosphate uptake

Effects of different N/P ratios on several root parameters and on net P uptake were studied in winter wheat, Triticum aestivum cv. Starke II, grown in water culture. In the First experiment N/P ratios of (0/4, 2/3, 4/2, 6/1 and 8/0) were used, and plants were harvested at age 3, 5, 8, 11 and 14 days. In the second experiment N/P ratios of 6/1, 10/1, 15/1, 17/1, 20/1 and 25/1 were applied at two different N,P levels. Root length and number were determined using a digitizer connected to a computer. In the first experiment. the 6/1 N/P ratio gave the largest plants at day 14, and growth decreased with decreasing N/P ratio, The same pattern was found fur lateral root length and root number (seminal and lateral). In the second experiment the root weights decreased with increasing N/P ratio within each level. Lateral root number and overall length decreased with increasing N/P ratio at both levels as did the average lateral root length at the high N,P level. At the low N.P level, average lateral root length was about the same at all N/P ratios. Increasing the N/P ratio increased net uptake of P at the low N,P level, but decreased net P uptake at the high N,P level. Net P uptake increased with increasing P concentration in the roots and then decreased with further increase in P concentration. Net P uptake based on calculated root length [m (g root)⁻¹] showed no significant deviation from weight-based uptake plots. The effect of N and P on root structure is discussed as well as the interaction of N and P in P uptake. The relevance of a proper basis for expressing root activity is stressed.     

Root distribution and water uptake patterns of corn under surface and subsurface drip irrigation

Information on root distribution and uptake patterns is useful to better understand crop responses to irrigation and fertigation, especially with the limited wetted soil volumes which develop under drip irrigation. Plant water uptake patterns play an important role in the success of drip irrigation system design and management. Here the root systems of corn were characterized by their length density (RLD) and root water uptake (RWU). Comparisons were made between the spatial patterns of corn RWU and RLD under surface and subsurface drip irrigation in a silt loam soil, considering a drip line on a crop row and between crop rows. Water uptake distribution was measured with an array of TDR probes at high spatial and temporal resolution. Root length density was measured by sampling soil cores on a grid centered on crop row. Roots were separated and an estimation of root geometrical attributes was made using two different image analysis programs. Comparisons of these programs yielded nearly identical estimates of RLD. The spatial patterns of RWU and RLD distributions, respectively normalized to the total uptake and root length, were generally similar only for drip line on a crop row, but with some local variations between the two measures. Both RLD and RWU were adequately fitted with parametric models based on semi-lognormal and normal Gaussian bivariate density functions (Coelho and Or, 1996; Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60, 1039–1049).     

种植密度和施氮水平对小麦吸收利用土壤氮素的影响

2011-2013小麦季,在大田条件下设置2个氮肥水平(180和240kgN· hm-2)和3个种植密度(135、270和405万·hm-2),并将15N-尿素分别标记在20、60和100 cm土层处,研究种植密度-施氮互作对小麦吸收、利用土壤氮素及硝态氮残留量的影响.结果表明:种植密度从135万·hm-2增加至405万·hm-2,小麦在20、60和100 cm土层的15N吸收量分别增加1.86、2.28和2.51 kg·hm-2,地上部氮素积累量和吸收效率分别提高12.6％和12.6％,氮素利用效率降低5.4％;施氮量由240 kg N·hm-2降至180 kg N·hm-2,小麦在20、60 cm土层的15N吸收量分别降低4.11和1.21 kg·hm-2,在100 cm土层的15N吸收量增加1.02 kg·hm-2,地上部氮素积累量平均降低13.5％,氮素吸收效率和利用效率分别提高9.4％和12.2％.施氮180kg N·hm-2+种植密度为405万·hm-2处理与施氮240 kg N·hm-2+种植密度为270或405万·hm-2处理相比,其籽粒产量无显著差异,深层土壤氮素的吸收量显著提高,氮素吸收效率和利用效率分别提高13.4％和11.9％,O～ 200 cm土层的硝态氮积累量及100～ 200 cm土层硝态氮分布比例降低.在适当降低氮肥用量条件下,通过增加种植密度可以促进小麦吸收深层土壤氮素,减少土壤氮素残留,并保持较高的产量水平.     

种植密度对冬小麦根系时空分布和氮素利用效率的影响

在大田条件下,以大穗型品种泰农18和中穗型品种山农15为材料,研究不同种植密度(泰农18:每公顷135、270、405万株;山农15:每公顷172.5、345、517.5万株)对冬小麦根系时空分布和氮素利用效率的影响.结果表明:在整个生育期,随种植密度的增加,泰农18的根长密度、根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积均显著增加;在生育后期,山农15的根长密度、根系总吸收面积和活跃吸收面积在种植密度为每公顷345万株时最大.泰农18的籽粒产量、氮肥吸收利用效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素利用效率在种植密度为每公顷405万株时最高,山农15在种植密度为每公顷345万株时最高,但与种植密度为每公顷517.5万株的处理差异不显著.随种植密度的增加,冬小麦成熟期土壤硝态氮、铵态氮和无机态氮在不同土层的积累量均降低.泰农18和山农15种植密度分别为每公顷405万株和345万株时,是兼顾高产和高效利用氮素的适宜种植密度.     

Root length and biomass losses during sample preparation with different screen mesh sizes

Data are presented on the differences in root length density (RLD), dry matter (DM), and root diameter values determined on wheat and faba bean using sieves of different mesh size to separate roots from soil during sample preparation. Screens with 0.2, 1, and 2 mm (0.04, 1, and 4 mm²) aperture were used. Roots collected on the 2-mm sieve represented on average 55% of the weight and only 10% of the total length collected using a 0.2-mm sieve. With a 1-mm sieve 75% of weight was retained, but only 34% of the length. In the 0–20 cm soil layer average RLD and DM values ranged between 1.3 and 2.5 cm cm^-3 and 215 and 136 g m^-2 for faba bean and wheat respectively with 2 mm screens and 14.6 and 18.1 cm cm^-3 and 313 and 202 g m^-2 with 0.2 mm sieves. RLD was more affected than weight since losses from coarse screens were largely due to fine root fractions, although the 1-and 2-mm screens retained a small amount of fine roots that were long or attached to main structures. Variability was higher for measurements on coarser screens. The use of screens much coarser than the diameter of fine roots is not recommended for the study of surface-related phenomena in which root length quantification is necessary, while it may be acceptable for gross comparisons of root weight and spatial extent.     

基于双稳定同位素和MixSIAR模型的冬小麦根系吸水来源研究

灌溉和施肥措施对农田水文循环具有重要影响,根系吸水是联系植物蒸腾和土壤水分运动的关键水文过程,定量识别灌溉施肥影响下作物根系吸水来源对农业用水优化管理具有重要意义。氘氧稳定同位素(D和18O)是追溯农田水分运移过程的理想天然示踪剂。基于2013—2015年北京市典型农田不同灌溉施肥处理冬小麦水分运移试验,利用D和18O双稳定同位素和MixSIAR贝叶斯混合模型,量化冬小麦主要根系吸水深度及其贡献比例,阐明作物水分来源的季节变化及不同处理间的差异,分析根系吸水与土壤水分分布变化的相互关系。研究结果表明:两季冬小麦返青-拔节、拔节-抽穗、抽穗-灌浆和灌浆-收获期主要根系吸水深度均值分别为0—20 cm(67.0%)、20—70 cm(42.0%)、0—20 cm(38.7%)和20—70 cm(34.9%),但季节变化差异显著,2014季主要吸水深度随作物的生长发育而逐渐增加,2015季则主要集中于浅层土壤(0—70 cm)。返青-抽穗期仅灌水20 mm或施肥105 kg/hm2N促使拔节-抽穗期深层(70—200 cm)土壤水分利用率平均增加29%,而前期充分灌水且大量施肥(≥当地施肥量210 kg hm-2N)时拔节-抽穗期根系吸水深度为土壤表层0—20 cm。在干旱少雨的冬小麦生长季内作物吸水来源与土壤水分消耗变化基本一致。     

水分亏缺和施氮对冬小麦生长及氮素吸收的影响

利用管栽试验研究了不同生育期,水分亏缺和施氮对冬小麦生长及氮素吸收的影响.结果表明：任何生育期水分亏缺都会影响冬小麦的株高、叶面积、干物质累积及对氮素的吸收.冬小麦对水分亏缺的敏感期为拔节期,其次为开花期、灌浆期和苗期.苗期干旱后复水对后期生长有显著的补偿效应,开花期适度干旱后复水对生物量形成和氮素吸收有一定的补偿作用,拔节期干旱对小麦的生长影响明显.相同氮肥处理下, 与不亏水处理比较, 苗期水分亏缺、拔节期水分亏缺、开花期水分亏缺、灌浆期水分亏缺的根系氮素积累量分别平均降低25.82%、55.68%、46.14%和16.34%,地上部氮素积累量分别平均降低33.37%、51.71%、27.01%和2.60%.在相同水分处理下冬小麦含氮量、累积吸收氮量都表现为高氮处理（0.3 g N·kg^-1FM）>中氮处理（0.2 g N·kg^-1FM）>低氮处理（0.1 g N·kg^-1FM）.水分逆境条件下施用氮肥对冬小麦植株生长和干物质累积及氮吸收具有明显的调节效应.     

Genotype and fungicide effects on late-season root growth of winter wheat

The aim of this work was to investigate differences among genotypes in post-anthesis root growth and distribution of modern UK winter wheat cultivars, and the effects of fungicide applications. Post-anthesis root growth of up to six cultivars of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), given either one or three applications of fungicide, was studied in field experiments during two seasons. Total root mass remained unchanged between GS63 (anthesis) and GS85, but root length increased significantly from 14.7 to 31.4 km m⁻² in one season. Overall, there was no evidence for a decline in either root mass or length during grain filling. Root mass as a proportion of total plant mass was about 0.05 at GS85. There were significant differences among cultivars in root length and mass especially below 30 cm. Malacca had the smallest root length and Savannah the largest, and Shamrock had a significantly larger root system below 40 cm in both seasons. Fungicide applied at ear emergence had no significant effect on root mass in either season but increased root length (P<0.01) in the more disease-prone season. By maintaining a green canopy for longer, fungicide applied at flag leaf emergence may have resulted in delayed senescence of the root system and contributed to the post-anthesis maintenance of root mass and length. Section Editor: R. W. Bell     

灌水量与密度互作对冬小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响

为明确协同提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的适宜灌水量和种植密度,选用大穗型品种‘泰农18’(T18)和中穗型品种‘山农22’(S22)为试验材料,设置4个灌溉水平(不灌水、每次灌水45、60、75 mm)和4个种植密度,其中泰农18选用135×10⁴、270×10⁴、405×10⁴、540×10⁴ 株·hm^-2,山农22选用90×10⁴、180×10⁴、270×10⁴、360×10⁴株·hm^-2,研究了籽粒产量、麦田耗水特性和水分利用效率对灌水量和密度互作效应的响应。结果表明: 籽粒产量、总耗水量、土壤贮水消耗量和水分利用效率均受到灌溉水平、种植密度及两者互作效应的显著影响。每次灌水量为45 mm,泰农18种植密度为405×10⁴株·hm^-2、山农22种植密度为270×10⁴株·hm^-2时,两品种籽粒产量均达到最高,拔节后棵间蒸发量占阶段农田总耗水量的比例最小,1 m以下土壤水消耗比例、水分利用效率高。种植密度与灌溉量合理组合,有利于降低水分无效损耗,提高水分利用效率。     

不同带长微喷带灌溉对土壤水分布与冬小麦耗水特性及产量的影响

于2010—2012年度冬小麦生长季,选用高产冬小麦品种济麦22,采用测墒补灌方式,设置40m(T40)、60m(T60)和80m(T80)3种带长的微喷带灌溉处理,研究不同带长微喷带灌溉对土壤水分分布及冬小麦耗水特性和产量的影响.结果表明:拔节期和开花期采用微喷带补灌,随微喷带带长缩短,灌溉水在土壤中的水平分布均匀系数显著增加.拔节期补灌,T40和T60处理在距畦首0～40m范围内各小麦行间的0～200cm土层土壤含水量均无显著差异;T80处理在距畦首38～40m、58～60m和78～80m处各小麦行间的0～200cm各土层土壤含水量变化规律一致,均表现为随距微喷带的距离增加而减小.T40处理的小麦在拔节至开花期间和开花至成熟期间分别对40～60cm和20～80cm土层土壤贮水的消耗量显著高于T60和T80处理,而对深层土壤贮水消耗量和总土壤贮水消耗量、开花期补灌水量、总灌水量和总耗水量显著低于T60和T80处理.随微喷带带长缩短,小麦籽粒产量、产量水分利用效率显著升高,而流量降低,在灌水量一定的情况下,单位时间内的有效灌溉面积减小.综合考虑小麦籽粒产量、水分利用效率和流量,40和60m是本试验条件下的适宜微喷带带长.     

间作模式下冬小麦与春玉米根系的时空分布规律

采用大口径土钻对间作种植模式下冬小麦与春玉米根系进行取样,分析了两种作物根系的空间分布及动态变化规律．结果表明：间作冬小麦根系在空间上呈幂函数递减规律,间作春玉米根系呈指数递减规律．采用多元线性回归建立间作冬小麦和春玉米根系质量密度（R）的二维空间分布函数,经验证,两种作物根系质量密度的二维分布函数均可反映作物根系的实际生长状况．     

不同抗旱性冬小麦根系时空分布与产量的关系

为明确不同抗旱性冬小麦品种(Triticum aestivum L.)根系时空分布及其与产量的关系,以抗旱性品种长武134、长旱58和干旱敏感性品种小偃22、西农979为材料,采用根箱试验研究干旱胁迫和充分供水条件下4个品种在拔节期、开花期和成熟期根系总生物量、总根长密度、根系在表层(0—20 cm)和深层(20 cm以下)土壤中的垂直分布、动态变化及其对产量的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下抗旱性品种产量显著高于干旱敏感性品种,其中长旱58产量最高,西农979最低;充分供水条件下,西农979产量最高,长武134最低,长旱58与小偃22之间没有差异。相关分析表明,产量与各生育时期根系性状均有显著关系。多元逐步回归分析的结果显示,干旱胁迫和充分供水条件下,拔节期深层根生物量对产量有正效应,而成熟期总根长密度对产量表现为负效应。通径分析表明,干旱胁迫下,根系性状对产量的直接贡献大小为开花期总根长密度(|0.54|)拔节期深层根生物量(|0.36|)成熟期总根长密度(|-0.31|);充分供水时,成熟期总根长密度(|-1.56|)拔节期深层根生物量(|0.83|)。研究表明,减少成熟期总根长密度,增加拔节期深层根生物量对抗旱性及干旱敏感性冬小麦品种产量均有显著的正效应,增加开花期根长密度有利于提高抗旱性冬小麦产量。     

有限灌溉条件下冬小麦水分亏缺的灵敏度分析

水分亏缺是干旱、半干旱区作物生产的最主要限制因子。在我国西北半干旱区,随着集水生态农业的发展．实施在作物生育期对其进行关键性的有限灌溉．这就使得更多的土地具有种植价值了。用一个度量作物不同生长阶段水分亏缺的灵敏度指标值λ来确定灌溉关键期。对一个给定的作物．在不同的生长阶段．λ的值是不同的,λ的值越大．生长阶段对水分越灵敏,水分亏缺对产量造成的危害越大,从而越需要保持水分平衡。在西北半干旱区甘肃省定西农业试验站,经过两年冬小麦种植试验,建立了冬小麦产量-耗水量Jensen模型,该模型表明拔节期以后．λ值明显增大．至抽穗期达最大,这说明从拔节期开始．该地冬小麦进入灌溉关键期．抽穗期是灌溉的最关键时期。一个理论方法应用到有限灌溉试验田．确定了灌溉水减少与经济效益的关系,结果表明在作物生育期,一些水分减少是可能的。用Nairizi和Rydzewski的方法计算出的λ值确定出的最大允许水分亏缺是不合理的高,它们计算λ值的方法在半干旱区是不适用的,用我们建立的模型计算出的最大允许水分亏缺比较合理,在效益成本比为1．5时,冬小麦允许的水分亏缺是12．4％．这与大田试验较为接近。     

西北绿洲种植密度对冬小麦产量及生理指标的影响

合理密度是群体高产的基础.在西北绿洲生态条件下,研究了密度对冬小麦产量及相关指标的影响.以冬小麦品种临抗2号为材料,在播种量225～450kg.hm-2范围内设6个处理,处理间对应的密度范围为275～516基本苗·m-2.处理间单位面积籽粒产量、单位面积穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、水分利用效率(WUE)、单株穗数、单株茎数、叶面积指数、株高、光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)以及群体光合速率(CAP)存在着显著或极显著的差异,以密度390·m-2的处理籽粒产量最高(8650kg·hm-2).籽粒产量与单位面积穗数高度正相关(r=O.89**),而与穗粒数和千粒重相关不显著.籽粒产量与生育期分5次测定的单叶Pn、Tr、Ga之间均没有显著相关,而与开花期测定的CAP、灌浆前期和中期的叶面积指数显著正相关.不同密度处理的Pn、Tr、Gs在生育期间的变化都呈双峰曲线,三者的高峰值分别出现在抽穗期和灌浆前期,Pn的最大峰值出现在抽穗期,而Tr、Gs的最大峰值出现在灌浆前期.虽然Pn、Tr、Gs的5次测定平均值之间高度正相关(r=0.94**～0.97**),但它们间的相关程度随生育阶段的不同仍有较大差异(r=0.53～0.99**).各时期测定的Pn、Tr、Gs与CAP没有显著相关.     

不同水分条件下施磷对冬小麦穗花结实及光合特性的影响

为探究不同水分条件下施磷肥对冬小麦光合及结实特性的调控效应,明确施磷调控光合生产力促进穗花发育成粒的机制,于2020-2022年设置3种水分处理(W0:重度干旱;W1:中度干旱;W2:正常水分)和2种磷肥处理(P0:不施磷;P1:施磷)的盆栽试验,以大穗型品种周麦16(V1)和多穗型品种豫麦49-198(V2)为试验材料,通过测定不同穗位(基部、中部和顶部)的可孕小花数、结实数以及叶片净光合速率、叶绿素、叶绿素荧光参数、蔗糖含量等,分析不同水分条件下磷素对两类型品种冬小麦光合及结实特性的影响。结果表明,施磷肥可以有效增加冬小麦开花期(W10时期)可孕小花数,尤其对基部穗位的可孕小花数提升效果最显著(13.74%-27.01%),其次是顶部(9.57%-20.19%),再次是中部(6.97%-14.01%)。对成熟期的结实粒数而言,施磷肥可以提高干旱胁迫下每穗的小穗数以及各小穗的结实数,进而显著提高每穗的结实粒数。此外,施磷肥可以有效提高两类型品种叶片净光合速率、叶绿素含量、光系统II最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光化学效率(Φ_PSII);对蔗糖含量的影响因水分而异,干旱处理下增施磷肥降低了蔗糖含量,正常水分条件下则增加了蔗糖含量。将两类型品种光合指标分别与可孕小花数和穗粒数进行通径分析发现,5个光合指标与可孕小花数和穗粒数均呈正相关,其中净光合速率和蔗糖与可孕小花数的直接通径系数为1.001和0.435,与穗粒数的直接通径系数为0.996和0.626,远高于其他指标。最终,施磷通过增加穗数、穗粒数以及千粒重来显著增加产量,其中穗粒数在不同水分下均达到显著水平,穗数在W1和W2处理下显著,千粒重提升效果不显著。综上所述,在不同水分条件下施磷肥均可以通过调控冬小麦的光合性能提高其光合生产力,以维持正常的生理代谢功能,从而减少可孕小花的退化和败育以促进穗花成粒,最终达到缓解干旱胁迫危害以实现高产稳产的目的。研究结果为小麦生产中合理施用磷肥缓解干旱胁迫提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

Root growth and water uptake during water deficit and recovering in wheat

Root growth and soil water content were measured in a field experiment with wheat subjected to two periods of water deficit. The first period was induced early in the season between the early vegetative stage (22 DAS) and late terminal spikelet (50 DAS), the second period at mid-season between terminal spikelet (42 DAS) and anthesis (74 DAS). Total root growth was reduced under water deficit by a reduction in the top 30 cm, while the root system continued to grow in the deeper soil profile between 30 and 60 cm. Shortly after rewatering, the growth pattern reverted to fastest root growth rates in the shallow soil layers. In relative terms, the total root system increased in relation to the above ground dry matter under water shortage. The early-, the mid-season water deficit treatments, and the control treatment had total root length of 27.4, 19.4 and 30.6 km m^-2, respectively, about 2 wk before maturity. Evapotranspiration declined under water deficit, but water uptake in deeper layers increased. Water uptake per unit root length was reduced with water deficit and was still low shortly after rewatering. Remarkable was the increase in water uptake at 2–3 weeks after rewatering, both deficit treatments exceeded the control by almost 100%. This increase in water uptake followed the burst of new root growth in the upper regions of the soil. However, water uptake rates subsequently declined towards maturity, being between 0.15 L km^-1 d^-1 and 0.17 L km^-1 d^-1 for the early and mid-season water deficit treatments, slightly higher than the control, 0.12 L km^-1 d^-1. The results showed that the crop subjected to early water deficit could compensate for some of the reductions in root growth during subsequent rewatering, but the impact of the mid-season water deficit treatment was more severe and permanent.     

有限供水下冬小麦全程耗水特征定量研究

为明确冬小麦不同水分条件下全生育过程日耗水及阶段耗水特征,在北京地区利用蒸渗仪系统连续监测了几种灌溉处理(W4:起身水+孕穗水+开花水+灌浆水;W2:拔节水+开花水;W1:拔节水;W0:无灌水)耗水动态变化。结果表明:冬小麦全生育期的耗水动态可分为3个阶段:(1)播种至11月底的冬前阶段,这个阶段日耗水量波动明显,一般低于3 mm/d;(2)12月上旬至来年2月底的冬季阶段,这个阶段日耗水量低于0.4 mm/d,且波动很小;(3)3月初小麦返青至收获的春后生长阶段,这个阶段日耗水量总体上是一个先升高后降低的过程,但波动很大,每次灌水都会引起1个日耗水高峰的出现。耗水日变化呈单峰或双峰曲线,高峰出现在正午前后,高峰值因灌水处理而有明显差异,灌水多则耗水峰值显著升高,而夜间耗水量及其在不同处理间差异均很小。拔节至成熟期是冬小麦耗水的主要时期,该期耗水占总耗水60%以上。减少灌溉会增加土壤贮水消耗,但降低了总耗水量。综合比较表明,在有限灌溉下,拔节水和开花水组合是高产和高水分效率相统一的灌溉模式。