Synthesis,characterization, and antimicrobial evaluation of some new hydrazinecarbothioamide, 1,2,4-triazole and 1,3,4-thiadiazole derivatives

In this work, we reported the synthesis and evaluation of antibacterial and antifungal activities of three new compound series obtained from 6-(phenyl/4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-3-acetic acid hydrazide: 2-{[6-(phenyl/4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-3-yl]acetyl}-N-alkyl/arylhydrazinecarbothioamides (2a–d), 4-alkyl/aryl-2,4-dihydro-5-{[6-(phenyl/4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-3-yl]methyl}-3H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiones (3a–n), and 2-alkyl/arylamino-5-{[6-(phenyl/4-chlorophenyl)imidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-3-yl]methyl}-1,3,4-thiadiazoles (4a–g). The newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR (APT), mass and elemental analysis. Their antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, C. parapsilosis ATCC 22019, C. krusei ATCC 6258, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. erinacei NCPF 375, Microsporum gypseum NCPF 580, and T. tonsurans NCPF 245. 3c, 3f, 3m, 3n, and 4e showed the highest antibacterial activity. Particularly 3c, 3f, 3g, 3k, 3n, 4a, 4e, and 4g showed the highest antifungal activity against tested fungi.     

Efficient one-pot synthetic protocols for iminosugar-bearing imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines from carbohydrates

This letter describes two unprecedented one-pot high yielding synthetic approaches to imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffolds from carbohydrates. The first approach involves microwave-assisted acid-catalyzed domino reactions of unprotected d-glucose/d-xylose with ammonium acetate and benzoin to afford polyhydroxy iminosugar-bearing tetrahydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines. In the second approach, polyhydroxy iminosugar-bearing tetrahydrobenzimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines were synthesized by using unprotected d-glucose/d-xylose and 1,2-diamines in the presence of 10 mol % of oxalic acid under solvent-free microwave irradiation conditions.     

Synthesis and in vitro antiproliferative activities of (5-aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazole-3-yl) methyl d-ribofuranosides

The emergence of multidrug resistance cell lines is one of the major obstacles in the success of cancer chemotherapeutic treatment. Therefore, it remains a big challenge the development of new and effective drugs to defeat cancer. The presence of nitrogen heterocycles in the architectural design of drugs has led to the discovery of new leading compounds. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization and in vitro antiproliferative activity against six cancer cell lines of d-ribofuranoside derivatives bearing a 1,2,4-oxadiazolic ring, with the aim of developing new active compounds. Most of these derivatives exhibit significant antiproliferative activities in the micromolar range. Noteworthy, the most potent compound of the series showed better selectivity towards the more resistant colon cancer cell line WiDr.     

Selective cleavage of 10-methyl benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene by recombinant Mycobacterium sp. strain

Recombinant Mycobacterium sp. strain MR65 carrying dszABCD genes was used for desulfurization of 10-methylbenzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene (10-methyl BNT) in the hexadecane phase. The specific activity was 25% of that of dibenzothiophene (DBT). One of two major metabolites of 10-methyl BNT produced by strain MR65 was identified as 1-methoxy-2-(3-methylphenyl)naphthalene by ¹H and ¹³C NMR. The other major metabolite and two minor metabolites were determined as 1-hydroxy-2-(3-methylphenyl)naphthalene, 2-(2-methoxy-3-methylphenyl)naphthalene and 2-(2-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)naphthalene, respectively, by HPLC and GC-MS. The production ratio of the two desulfurization metabolite isomers was 0.99:0.01, calculated on the basis of peak GC areas. These results indicated that the C-S bond adjacent to the naphthalene skeleton was selectively cleaved to form the two major compounds.     

Synthesis and evaluation of bioactive naphthoquinones from the Brazilian medicinal plant, Tabebuia avellanedae

A series of naphthoquinones based on the naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione skeleton such as (−)-5-hydroxy-2-(1′-hydoxyethyl)naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (1) and its positional isomer, (−)-8-hydroxy-2-(1′-hydoxyethyl)naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (2), which are secondary metabolites found in the inner bark of Tabebuia avellanedae, were stereoselectively synthesized and their biological activities were evaluated in conjunction with those of their corresponding enantiomers. Compound 1 exhibited potent antiproliferative effect against several human tumor cell lines, but its effect against some human normal cell lines was much lower than that of mitomycin. On the other hand, its enantiomer (R)-1 was less active toward the above tumor cell lines than 1. The antiproliferative effect of 2 against all tumor cell lines was significantly reduced. These results indicated the presence of the phenolic hydroxy group at C-5 is of great important for increasing antiproliferative effect. In addition, 1 also showed higher cancer chemopreventive activity than 2, while there were no significant differences between 1 and 2 in antimicrobial activity. Both compounds displayed modest antifungal and antibacterial activity (Gram-positive bacteria), whereas they were inactive against Gram-negative bacteria.     

Synthesis of 3-(alpha- and beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-6-chloro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine

Di-O-isopropylidene- and O-methanesulfonyl-protected 1-C-(6-chloro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazin-3-yl)pentitols were prepared in three to four steps from D-galactose, D-glucose, D-mannose, and 2,3:5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-alpha-D-mannofuranose. Acid-catalysed treatment of (1S)- and (1R)-1-C-(6-chloro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]-pyridazin-3-yl)-2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-1-O-methanesulfonyl-D-arabinitols in refluxing 1,2-dimethoxyethane furnished 3-(alpha- and beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-6-chloro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine, respectively. Several structures, including the structure of the 3-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-6-chloro-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazine, were also determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Novel acenaphtho[1,2-b]pyrrole-carboxylic acid family: Synthesis, cytotoxicity, DNA-binding and cell cycle evaluation

A family of 8-oxo-8H-acenaphtho[1,2-b]pyrrole-9-carboxylic acid derivatives were synthesized as a result of our efforts to modify a series of acenaphthopyrrole aromatic-heterocycle compounds that proved to be potent anticancer drugs. Among the derivatives, 3d (3-(dimethylamino-propylamino)-8-oxo-8H-acenaphtho-[1,2-b]pyrrole-9-carboxylic acid) and 3g (3-piperidine-8-oxo-8H-acenaphtho-[1,2-b]pyrrole-9-carboxylic acid) showed potential anticancer activity and different action mechanism from our previously reported compounds. UV–vis absorption, circular dichroism and viscosity measurement indicated that effect of both compounds on the advanced DNA conformation was different, although they could bind to DNA in the same way. Cell cycle analysis showed that 3d could induce S-phase arrest followed by apoptosis, while 3g induced apoptosis. The results seem to imply that different action mechanism could contribute to the dissimilitude of biological activities toward 3d and 3g.     

Novel imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole (ITD) hybrid compounds: Design,synthesis, efficient antibacterial activity and antioxidant effects

In this study, novel imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]thiadiazole (ITD) compounds were synthesized and their antimicrobial and antioxidant capacity was examined. The C-2 position of the ITD structure was fixed with the 3,4-hydroxybenzene ring and the properties of the two series of compounds obtained by phenyl or 4-chlorophenyl in the C-6 position were compared. In the formation of these series, new properties were determined by the addition of different pharmacophore to the target product by binding of the groups known in the literature from the C-5 position to the structure. In the study, it was seen that the compounds 4a, 4b, 5a, 5b, 7f, 10, 12 and 13 had very high anti-tuberculosis activities at low concentrations, 3b was found to exhibit moderate activity while other synthesis compounds exhibited moderate activity. In addition, it showed activity against gram positive and negative bacteria. In the determination of the antioxidant capacities of the newly synthesized compounds by FRAP and DPPH methods, the compounds showing activity were found to be 2, 3a, 3b, 6c, 9, 11 and 13.The structures of all synthesized compounds were solved by spectroscopic methods such as FT-IR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and mass.     

3-Arylisoquinolines as novel topoisomerase I inhibitors

Topoisomerase I (topo I) is an essential enzyme for vital cellular processes. Inhibition of topo I activities is lethal and leads to cell death, thus establishing topo I as a promising target for cancer treatment. Camptothecin, a natural alkaloid, inhibits topo I. Topotecan and irinotecan, synthetic derivatives of camptothecin, are the most potent anticancer drugs in clinical use. However, several limitations of camptothecins such as solubility, toxicity, stability, resistance and the required high drug dose have encouraged the development of non-camptothecin topo I inhibitors. Natural alkaloid benzo[c]phenanthridines and synthetic indenoisoquinolines have been extensively studied as alternatives to camptothecin. Interestingly, these non-camptothecin topo I inhibitors share a common 3-arylisoquinoline scaffold. This review will describe the development of novel indeno[1,2-c]isoquinolines, isoindolo[2,1-b]isoquinolines, 12-oxobenzo[c]phenanthridines and benz[b]oxepines with a 3-arylisoquinoline nucleus as topo I inhibitors.     

Synthesis and antioxidant activity of novel Mannich base of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives possessing 1,4-benzodioxan

A new series of Mannich base of 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives possessing 1,4-benzodioxan (6a–6ae) were synthesized and characterized by ¹H NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis. The structure of 6b was further confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. All these novel compounds were screened for their in vitro antioxidant activity employing 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) cationic radical (ABTS⁺) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) scavenging assays. Due to the combination of 1,4-benzodioxan, 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and substituted phenyl ring, most of them exhibited nice antioxidant activities. In all of these three assays mentioned above, compounds 6f and 6e showed significant radical scavenging ability comparable to the commonly used antioxidants, BHT and Trolox. Seven compounds with representative substituents or activities were selected for further assays in chemical simulation biological systems—inhibition of microsomal lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protection against 2,2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane hydrochloride) (AAPH) induced DNA strand breakage, in which, 6f and 6e were demonstrated to be of the most potent antioxidant activities.     

Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of 6-aryl-11-iminoindeno[1,2-c]quinoline derivatives

A number of 6-aryl-11-iminoindeno[1,2-c]quinoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activities. Among them, (E)-6-{4-[3-(dimethylamino)propoxy]phenyl}-2-fluoro-9-hydroxy-11H-indeno[1,2-c]quinolin-11-one O-3-(dimethylamino)propyl oxime (23a) was the most active, exhibited GI₅₀ values of 0.64, 0.39, 0.55, 0.67, and 0.65 μM against the growth of Hep G2, Hep 3B, A549, H1299, and MDA-MB-231, respectively. Compound 23a inhibited the growth of hepatoma cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The proportion of cells was decreased in the G1 and accumulated in G2/M phase after 12 h treatment of 23a, while the hypodiploid (sub-G0/G1 phase) cells increased. Further investigations have shown that 23a induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and induce apoptosis via activation of p53, Bax, and caspase-8 which consequently cause cell death.     

Synthesis of Pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines that are Structurally Related to Methylated Guanosines from tRNA and the Nucleoside Q Analogs,PreQ0 and PreQ1

Abstract

The N-3- and N-2-methylated analogs of several 5-substituted 2 amino-7-(β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-ones were synthesized from 5-cyano-2,4-dichloro-7-(2,3,5-tri-O-acetyl-β-D-ribofuranosyl)pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine (10). These compounds are analogs of nucleoside Q that are methylated in a manner similar to some of the naturally occurring methylated guanosines.

     

Synthesis and anticandidal activity of some imidazopyridine derivatives

New hydrazide derivatives of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine have been synthesized and evaluated for anticandidal activity. The reaction of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid hydrazides with various benzaldehydes gave N-(benzylidene)imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-2-carboxylic acid hydrazide derivatives. Their anticandidal activities against Candida albicans and Candida glabrata (isolates obtained from Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir, Turkey), Candida albicans (ATCC 90028), Candida utilis (NRLL Y-900), Candida tropicalis (NRLL Y-12968), Candida krusei (NRLL Y-7179), Candida zeylanoides (NRLL Y-1774), and Candida parapsilosis (NRLL Y-12696) were investigated.     

Synthesis and antiviral activity of coumarin derivatives against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is a highly contagious disease of juvenile salmonid species. However, robust anti-IHNV drugs currently are extremely scarce. For the purpose of seeking out anti-IHNV drugs, here a total of 24 coumarin derivatives are designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anti-viral activities. By comparing the half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC₅₀) of the 12 screened candidate drugs in epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells infected with IHNV, the imidazole coumarin derivative C4 is selected for additional validation studies, with an IC₅₀ of 2.53 μM at 72 h on IHNV glycoprotein. Further experiments revealed that C4 could significantly inhibit apoptosis and cellular morphological damage induced by IHNV. On account of these findings, derivative C4 could be a viable way of controlling IHNV and considered as a promising lead compound for the development of commercial drugs.     

The in vitro antiviral activity of an aliphatic nitro compound from Heteropteris aphrodisiaca

We investigated the antiviral activity of an aliphatic nitro compound (NC) isolated from Heteropteris aphrodisiaca O. Mach. (Malpighiaceae), a Brazilian medicinal plant. The NC was tested for its antiviral activity against poliovirus type 1 (PV-1) and bovine herpes virus type 1 (BHV-1) by plaque reduction assay in cell culture. The NC showed a moderate antiviral activity against PV-1 and BHV-1 in HEp-2 cells, and the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) were 22.01 microg/ml (selectivity index (SI)=2.83) and 21.10 microg/ml (SI=2.95), respectively. At the highest concentration of the drug (40 microg/ml) a reduction of approximately 80% in plaque assay was observed for both viruses. The treatment of cells or virus prior to infection did not inhibit the replication of virus strains.     

Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of 6-arylindeno[1,2-c]quinoline derivatives

A number of 6-arylindeno[1,2-c]quinoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antiproliferative activities against the growth of five cancer cell lines including human hepatocelluar carcinoma (Hep G2, Hep 3B and Hep2.2.1), non-small cell lung cancer (A549 and H1299), and normal diploid embryonic lung cell line (MRC-5). The preliminary results indicated that 9-(3-(dimethylamino)propoxy)-6-(4-(3-(dimethylamino)propoxy)phenyl)-2-fluoro-11H-indeno[1,2-c]quinolin-11-one (14c) was the most potent with GI₅₀ values of 0.61, 0.67, 0.59, and 0.72 μM against the growth of Hep G2, Hep 3B, Hep 2.2.1, and H1299 cells, respectively. Results have also shown that 2,9-bis(3-(dimethylamino)propoxy)-6-(4-(3-(dimethylamino)propoxy)phenyl)-11H-indeno[1,2-c]quinolin-11-one (17), which exhibited GI₅₀ of 0.60 and 0.68 μM against the growth of Hep G2 and A549, respectively, was more active than the positive topotecan and irinotecan. Compound 17 was less toxic than topotecan against the growth of normal cell (MRC-5) and therefore, was selected for further evaluation. Results indicated that compound 17 induce cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase, DNA fragmentation, and disrupt the microtubule network in A549 cells. The apoptotic induction may through the cleavage of PARP.     

Novel analogs of alloferon: Synthesis,conformational studies,pro-apoptotic and antiviral activity

In this study, we report the structure-activity relationships of novel derivatives of the insect peptide alloferon (H-His-Gly-Val-Ser-Gly-His-Gly-Gln-His-Gly-Val-His-Gly-OH). The peptide structure was modified by exchanging His at position 9 or 12 for natural or non-natural amino acids. Biological properties of these peptides were determined in antiviral in vitro test against Human Herpes Virus 1 McIntrie strain (HHV-1_MC) using a Vero cell line. The peptides were also evaluated for the pro-apoptotic action in vivo on hemocytes of the Tenebrio molitor beetle. Additionally, the structural properties of alloferon analogs were examined by the circular dichroism in water and methanol. It was found that most of the evaluated peptides can reduce the HHV-1 titer in Vero cells. [Ala⁹]-alloferon exhibits the strongest antiviral activity among the analyzed compounds. However, no cytotoxic activity against Vero cell line was observed for all the studied peptides. In vivo assays with hemocytes of T. molitor showed that [Lys⁹]-, [Phg⁹]-, [Lys¹²]-, and [Phe¹²]-alloferon exhibit a twofold increase in caspases activity in comparison with the native peptide. The CD conformational studies indicate that the investigated peptides seem to prefer the unordered conformation.     

Synthesis,biological evaluation,and molecular docking studies of novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives possessing benzotriazole moiety as FAK inhibitors with anticancer activity

1,3,4-Oxadiazole derivatives have drawn continuing interest over the years because of their varied biological activities. In order to search for novel anticancer agents, we designed and synthesized a series of new 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives containing benzotriazole moiety as potential focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitors. All the synthesized compounds were firstly reported. Among the compounds, compound 4 shows the most potent inhibitory activity against MCF-7 and HT29 cell lines with IC₅₀ values of 5.68 μg/ml and 10.21 μg/ml, respectively. Besides, all the compounds were assayed for FAK inhibitory activity using the TRAP–PCR–ELISA assay. The results showed compound 4 exhibited the most potent FAK inhibitory activity with IC₅₀ values of 1.2 ± 0.3 μM. Docking simulation by positioning compound 4 into the FAK structure active site was performed to explore the possible binding mode. Apoptosis which was analyzed by flow cytometry, demonstrated that compound 4 induced apoptosis against MCF-7 cells. Therefore, compound 4 may be a potential anticancer agent against MCF-7 cancer cell.     

Synthesis and antiviral activity of sulfated and acetylated derivatives of 2beta,3alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-cholestane

Five new steroid sulfates, sodium 2beta,3alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-cholestane 3-sulfate (6), sodium 2beta,3alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-cholestane 2-sulfate (7), disodium 2beta,3alpha-dihydroxy-5alpha-cholestane disulfate (8), sodium 3alpha-acetoxy-2beta-hydroxy-5alpha-cholestane 2-sulfate (12), and sodium 2beta-acetoxy-3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-cholestane 3-sulfate (13), have been synthesized starting from 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-cholestane (1). The synthetic steroids were completely characterized by one-dimensional and two-dimensional NMR and FABMS spectra. Sulfation was performed using triethylamine-sulfur trioxide complex in dimethylformamide as the sulfating agent. The sulfated steroids were comparatively evaluated for their inhibitory effect on the replication of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Compounds 7 and 8 were the most effective in their inhibitory action against HSV-2. The disulfated steroid 8 also proved to be active against DEN-2 and JV.     

Synthesis and in vitro antimicrobial activity of novel N-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl) hydrazine carboxamide derivatives of benzothiazole class

In this study, a series of novel 1,2,4-triazolo-[3,4-b]-1,3,4-thiadiazole (6a–g) and 1,3,4-oxadiazole (7a–g, 8) were synthesized from N-(6-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl) hydrazine carboxamide derivatives of benzothiazole class. Antimicrobial properties of the title compound derivatives were investigated against one Gram (+) bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), three Gram (?) bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae) and five fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Monascus purpureus and Penicillium citrinum) using serial plate dilution method. The investigation of antibacterial and antifungal screening data revealed that all the tested compounds showed moderate to good inhibition at 12.5–100?µg/mL in DMSO. It has been observed that triazolo-thiadiazole derivatives are found to be more active than 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivatives against all pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains.