青龙胶囊对甲襞微循环影响的观察

通过青龙胶囊对１００例高血压病、冠心病、脑梗塞、糖尿病及高粘血症患者治疗前后甲襞微循环的观察,发现青龙胶囊能改善微循环形态、流态、管周状态指标。显著加快血液流速、降低红细胞聚集性。并对青龙胶囊改善微循环的机制进行探讨。     

颈复安胶囊质量标准研究

目的:建立了颈复安胶囊的质量标准。方法:采用薄层色谱法对颈复安胶囊中川芎、当归、葛根进行定性鉴别。结果:薄层色谱斑点清晰,阴性对照无干扰。结论:所建立方法可有效控制颈复安胶囊的质量。     

铋剂四联疗法联合双岐三联活菌对Hp感染患者的疗效

为了对比分析2种含铋剂四联疗法联合双岐三联活菌胶囊分别对幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)感染患者疗效的影响。本研究随机选取200例就诊的Hp感染患者,将患者随机分为4组,每组50例。A组(埃索美拉唑,克拉霉素,阿莫西林,枸橼酸铋钾胶囊)、B组(埃索美拉唑,呋喃唑酮,阿莫西林,枸橼酸铋钾胶囊)、C组(埃索美拉唑,克拉霉素,阿莫西林,枸橼酸铋钾胶囊,双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊)和D组(埃索美拉唑,呋喃唑酮,阿莫西林,枸橼酸铋钾胶囊和双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊)。分析对比四组患者的临床缓解疗效、幽门螺旋杆菌根除效率、不良反应、复发情况及成本效果比。研究表明:2种含铋剂四联疗法联合双岐三联活菌胶囊对幽门螺杆菌感染患者的临床缓解症状、幽门螺杆菌根除率效果、不良反应发生率和复发情况效果优于含铋剂四联疗法,但是D组成本效果比更具有经济学优势。埃索美拉唑、呋喃唑酮、阿莫西林、枸橼酸铋钾胶囊和双歧杆菌三联活菌胶囊联合可促进Hp患者恢复,根除率高,降低不良反应和复发率,且具有经济学优势,值得推广应用。     

芪红胶囊通过免疫调节治疗病毒性心肌炎小鼠

目的观察芪红胶囊是否通过调节病毒性心肌炎小鼠的免疫系统发挥抗病毒作用。方法实验选用纯系雄性BALB/c小鼠,分组为：正常对照组、假处理对照组、利巴韦林对照组、芪红胶囊高、中、低剂量组,每组均为20只小鼠,腹腔注射10-3TCID50CVB3病毒造成病毒性心肌炎模型,4 h后灌胃给予芪红胶囊进行治疗,以利巴韦林作为阳性对照药物,于第3、6、9、12、15天随机选择每组中的4只动物进行实验。应用SABA18生化分析仪检测小鼠血清中LDH和CK-MB含量;通过芪红胶囊抑制VSV病毒在L929细胞上的毒力,测定芪红胶囊刺激脾细胞产生干扰素的效价;应用固定病毒稀释血清法测定血清中中和抗体浓度,最后取出小鼠心脏,制备心肌组织悬液,检测不同分组心脏组织中CVB病毒滴度。结果芪红胶囊能够显著降低血清中CK-MB和LDH含量（P〈0.05）,显示心脏受损程度减轻,并呈现量效关系;芪红胶囊具有诱生干扰素的能力,与病毒对照组间存在显著的统计学差异（P〈0.05）,利巴韦林组刺激干扰素产生的能力非常明显,优于芪红胶囊。此外,芪红胶囊具有刺激机体产生中和抗体的能力。对各组小鼠心肌组织悬液进行病毒滴度测定,发现病毒对照组小鼠的血清中,从第3天开始病毒滴度逐步上升,芪红胶囊药效组能够明显降低血清中的病毒滴度,在5个不同的时期均与病毒对照组存在显著的统计学差异（P〈0.05）,利巴韦林组也有明显的降低病毒滴度的作用（P〈0.05）。结论芪红胶囊能够减少CVB病毒在心肌组织中的繁殖,其机制与芪红胶囊对小鼠免疫系统的调节有关。     

生物响应酸性磷酸酶浓度的载药聚电解质的体外控释分析

研制一种可响应酸性磷酸酶浓度变化的聚电解质胶囊,(PAH/PSS-β-甘油磷酸酯)胶囊,在分析胶囊的理化性质的基础上对其阿霉素药物包封和体外控释行为进行研究.通过层层组装的方法,制备囊壁含有酸性磷酸酶底物β-甘油磷酸酯的空壳胶囊和囊壁不含酸性磷酸酶底物的对照空壳胶囊;用电镜测定胶囊的大小和形态:用MTT方法分析胶囊的生物相容性.通过药物浓度梯度法进行胶囊的阿霉素药物包封并测定其包封率.将酸性磷酸酶标准品、分泌酸性磷酸酶的HepG2细胞株分别与载药阿霉素胶囊和载药阿霉素对照胶囊作用,观察阿霉素胶囊的药物控释情况和对肿瘤细胞生长的影响.空壳(PAH/PSS-β-甘油磷酸酯)胶囊粒径多在200-300 nm之间,胶囊浓度≤250μtg/mL时生物相容性良好,对阿霉素的包封率迭68.12%;载药胶囊组和对照组分别与酸性磷酸酶标准品作用,至48 h时分别释放出载药量的38%和15%,两者差异具有显著的统计学意义(P<0.05);载药胶囊组较载药对照组对HepG2细胞株的生长抑制作用明显增加,24 h HepG2细胞凋亡相差7.59%(13.73 Vs 6.14),有明显统计学意义(P<0.05).囊壁含有酸性磷酸酶底物的载药聚电解质胶囊,可在体外响应酸性磷酸酶浓度变化,具有药物控释性状,为临床上有酸性磷酸酶升高的良、恶性疾病的药物控释治疗提供了一种新的方法,其应用前景值得进一步探讨.     

行胶囊内镜检查67 例患者临床结果分析

目的:评价胶囊内镜在小肠疾病中的诊断价值,总结胶囊内镜临床应用策略。方法:回顾性分析上海市第一人民医院胃肠镜室2009年7月-2011年4月67例行胶囊内镜检查患者的检查结果,结合其中32名患者双气囊小肠镜检查结果及手术病理,分析胶囊内镜在小肠疾病的检出率,诊断率和不良事件发生率,总结胶囊内镜检查时的注意事项。结果:1例胶囊内镜操作失败,66例受检者检出率80.3%,诊断率为66.7%,发现病变中血管病变为主要诊断,占62.1%,其次为肠道占位(息肉、肿瘤)为14.6%,克罗恩病占10.9%,所有患者均未出现严重不良事件。结论:胶囊内镜在小肠疾病检查中安全,无创,诊断率较高,临床胶囊内镜检查时建议充分肠道准备,实时监控及结合双气囊小肠镜检查。     

薄层色谱法鉴定天麻胶囊中的天麻素

为了建立天麻胶囊中主要有效成分天麻素的快速鉴定方法,根据天麻素的理化特性,使用乙醇和甲醇提取天麻胶囊中的天麻素,使用薄层色谱法进行鉴定,并与高效液相色谱法的分析结果进行比较。结果表明,薄层色谱法的鉴定结果与高效液相色谱法的检测结果一致,能较准确地鉴别天麻胶囊的真伪。本研究结果表明薄层色谱法能快速简便、准确灵敏地检测天麻胶囊中的有效成分,可作为法定鉴定方法的补充,对天麻胶囊实施快速初筛。     

大孔型NaCS-PDMDAAC微胶囊固定化细胞在摇床和鼓泡塔中的培养研究

NaCS-PDMDAAC生物微胶囊囊膜较为致密,影响胶囊内外物质的交换,从而影响胶囊内细胞的生长。利用淀粉酶对致孔剂淀粉的降解作用制备了一种大孔型的纤维素硫酸钠_聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵（NaCS-PDMDAAC）生物微胶囊,实验表明胶囊的孔径和通透性能都有了很大的提高。将酵母和大肠杆菌作为模型细胞包埋于胶囊中分别通过摇瓶和鼓泡塔半连续培养,在鼓泡塔中胶囊内细胞的密度要高于摇床,表明氧气的传递是胶囊内好氧细胞生长的限制因素,大孔胶囊由于囊膜孔径变大,氧气的传递更为快速,在鼓泡塔中大孔型胶囊内的最大细胞密度比常规胶囊要高出20%～110%。由于对氧气的需求量的不同,大肠杆菌菌浓提高的程度要高于酵母。     

刺五加胶囊对抑郁大鼠海马组织TH、TPH表达的影响

目的：探讨刺五加胶囊对抑郁大鼠海马组织TH、TPH表达的影响。方法：SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组和刺五加胶囊低、中、高剂量组,21d慢性轻度不可预见性应激刺激法（chronicunpredictablemildstress,CUMS）制备大鼠抑郁模型,对照组给予生理盐水1ml灌胃,刺五加胶囊低、中、高剂量组分别给予刺五加胶囊（300mg／kg,600mg／kg,1200mg／kg）灌胃,取大鼠海马组织。分别采用realtimeRT-PCR和westernblot方法观察大鼠海马组织酪氨酸羟化酶（TH）、色氨酸羟化酶（TPH）的表达。结果：刺五加胶囊低剂量组能明显升高海马组织中TH、TPHmRNA和蛋白的表达（P〈0．05）,中、高剂量组能显著升高海马组织中TH、TPHmRNA和蛋白的表达（P〈0．01）。结论：刺五加胶囊能升高抑郁大鼠海马组织中TH、TPH的表达。     

五味牵牛胶囊主要药效学研究

目的：观察和验证五味牵牛胶囊对治疗前列腺增生、镇痛和抗炎的药理作用;方法：采用前列腺增生、致痛、致炎动物模型（小鼠、大鼠）等方法进行实验观察。结果：①五味牵牛胶囊对小鼠、大鼠的前列腺增生有明显的治疗作用（P〈0.01）,可显著减低增生的前列腺重量,使前列腺腺体缩小,腺腔扩张降低;②五味牵牛胶囊对醋酸诱发的疼痛具有明显的镇痛作用;③五味牵牛胶囊对角叉菜胶诱发的炎症具有显著的抗炎作用;④结果表明五味牵牛胶囊对前列腺增生的治疗具有明显的量效和时效关系。结论：①拟推荐临床用药采用口服法;②根据文献相关剂量换算的方法,五味牵牛胶囊临床成人拟日用量为1519 mg/日;③拟推荐临床用药疗程为6周。     

Radial mass density, charge, and epitope distribution in the Cryptococcus neoformans capsule

Exposure of Cryptococcus neoformans cells to gamma radiation results in a gradual release of capsular polysaccharide, in a dose-dependent manner. This method allows the systematic exploration of different capsular regions. Using this methodology, capsule density was determined to change according to the radial distribution of glucuronoxylomannan and total polysaccharide, becoming denser at the inner regions of the capsule. Scanning electron microscopy of cells following gamma radiation treatment confirmed this finding. The zeta potential of the capsule also increased as the capsule size decreased. However, neither charge nor density differences were correlated with any change in sugar composition (xylose, mannose, and glucuronic acid) in the different capsular regions, since the proportions of these sugars remained constant throughout the capsule. Analysis of the capsular antigenic properties by monoclonal antibody binding and Scatchard analysis revealed fluctuations in the binding affinity within the capsule but not in the number of antibody binding sites, suggesting that the spatial organization of high- and low-affinity epitopes within the capsule changed according to radial position. Finally, evidence is presented that the structure of the capsule changes with capsule age, since the capsule of older cells became more resistant to gamma radiation-induced ablation. In summary, the capsule of C. neoformans is heterogeneous in its spatial distribution and changes with age. Furthermore, our results suggest several mechanisms by which the capsule may protect the fungal cell against exogenous environmental factors.     

Genetic organization of the Escherichia coli K10 capsule gene cluster: identification and characterization of two conserved regions in group III capsule gene clusters encoding polysaccharide transport functions

Analysis of the Escherichia coli K10 capsule gene cluster identified two regions, regions 1 and 3, conserved between different group III capsule gene clusters. Region 1 encodes homologues of KpsD, KpsM, KpsT, and KpsE proteins, and region 3 encodes homologues of the KpsC and KpsS proteins. An rfaH mutation abolished K10 capsule production, suggesting that expression of the K10 capsule was regulated by RfaH in a manner analogous to group II capsule gene clusters. An IS3 element and a phiR73-like prophage, both of which may have played a role in the acquisition of group III capsule gene clusters, were detected flanking the K10 capsule genes.     

The capsule biosynthetic locus of Pasteurella multocida A:1

Pasteurella multocida is the aetiological agent of fowl cholera, bovine haemorrhagic septicaemia and atrophie rhinitis in pigs. Many strains of P. multocida express a capsule on their surface. However, nothing is known about the capsule biosynthetic locus in P. multocida although the capsule has been implicated as a virulence factor. The entire capsule locus of P. multocida A:1 was cloned and sequenced. The locus is divided into three regions. Region 1 comprises four ORFs which are involved in the transport of the capsule polysaccharide to the surface. Region 2 comprises five ORFs whose postulated protein products are involved in the biosynthesis of the polysaccharide capsule. Region 3 comprises two ORFs whose postulated products show similarity to proteins that are involved in the phospholipid substitution of the polysaccharide capsule.     

Design and Mechanics Simulation of Bionic Lubrication System of Artificial Joints

We propose a new structure for artificial joints with a joint capsule which is designed to overcome the drawback of current prostheses that omit many functions of the lubricant and the joint capsule. The new structure is composed of three components： lubricant, artificial joint and artificial joint capsule. The lubricant sealed in the capsule can not only reduce the wear of the artificial joint but also prevents the wear particles leaking into the body. So unexpected reactions between the wear particles and body can be avoided completely. A three-dimensional （3-D） finite element analysis （FEA） model was created for a bionic knee joint with capsule. The stresses and their distribution in the artificial capsule were simulated with different thickness, loadings, and flexion angles. The results show that the maximum stress occurs in the area between the artificial joint and the capsule. The effects of capsule thickness and the angles of flexion on stress are discussed in detail.     

The volume and hydration of the Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide capsule

We present a new method to measure capsule size in the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans that avoids the limitations and biases inherent in India ink measurements. The method is based on the use of gamma-radiation, which efficiently releases the capsule from the cell. By comparing the volume of irradiated and non-irradiated cells, one can accurately estimate the relative size of the capsule per cell. This method was also used to obtain an estimate of the capsule weight and water content. The C. neoformans capsule is a highly hydrated structure in all the conditions measured. However, after capsule enlargement, the amount of capsular polysaccharide significantly increases, suggesting a that capsule growth has a high energy cost for the cell.     

Effect of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid on capsule formation and alkaloid content in Papaver somniferum

Application of different concentrations of ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) to Papaver somniferum L. at the times of stem elongation, bud, and capsule formation produced different effects. Ethephon (10^-2 M ) retarded growth of the plant and inhibited capsule formation during stem elongation, significantly reduced capsule size during the flowering period, but did not alter capsule development during capsule formation. When applied during the period of stem elongation, ethephon (10^-3 M and 10^-4 M ) reduced capsule size; alkaloid accumulation was reduced by ethephon at a concentration of 10^-3 M , but slightly increased by 10^-4 M . Ethephon (10^-3 M and 10^-4 M ) did not alter capsule development or alkaloid content significantly when applied during bud formation, but stimulated capsule size and alkaloid content when applied during capsule formation. Pretreating the plants with Ag⁺ (silver nitrate) did not reverse the ethephon effect. The results suggest that capsule maturation and alkaloid accumulation in P. somniferum are modified by ethylene, which is produced as a result of exogenous ethephon treatment.     

Spatial and temporal sequence of capsule construction in Cryptococcus neoformans

The pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans is distinguished by an extensive polysaccharide capsule, which impedes host defences and is absolutely required for fungal virulence. Despite the biological importance of the capsule, nothing is known about how it is assembled. Substantial capsule growth occurs in two distinct situations relevant to cryptococcal pathogenesis: formation of new buds and induction of capsule on mature cells. We developed pulse-chase protocols to examine these events in a dynamic way using a variety of microscopy techniques. We show that the capsule overlying buds is newly synthesized and differs physically from the corresponding parental material. New capsule formed by mature cells upon induction of synthesis is added at the inner aspect of the existing structure, displacing pre-existing material outwards. Surprisingly, new polysaccharide material is also deposited throughout the capsule, yielding a progressively denser structure. These results yield the first model of capsule synthesis and open new lines of investigation into the underlying mechanisms.     

Experimental modulation of capsule size in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptococcus neoformans</Emphasis>

Experimental modulation of capsule size is an important technique for the study of the virulence of the encapsulated pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. In this paper, we summarize the techniques available for experimental modulation of capsule size in this yeast and describe improved methods to induce capsule size changes. The response of the yeast to the various stimuli is highly dependent on the cryptococcal strain. A high CO₂ atmosphere and a low iron concentration have been used classically to increase capsule size. Unfortunately, these stimuli are not reliable for inducing capsular enlargement in all strains. Recently we have identified new and simpler conditions for inducing capsule enlargement that consistently elicited this effect. Specifically, we noted that mammalian serum or diluted Sabouraud broth in MOPS buffer pH 7.3 efficiently induced capsule growth. Media that slowed the growth rate of the yeast correlated with an increase in capsule size. Finally, we summarize the most commonly used media that induce capsule growth in C. neoformans. Published: March 3, 2004     

The latex capacity of opium poppy capsules is fixed early in capsule development and is not a major determinant in morphine yield

This study found that the latex capacity (mg latex mg⁻¹ dry weight capsule) of opium poppy capsules is fixed early in capsule development. Latex capacity, which represents the proportion of the capsule wall allocated to laticifers (specialised cells for latex storage), had peaked in the capsule at 1 week after flowering. In contrast, the morphine content of capsules continued to increase with capsule development until commercial harvest. Morphine content was correlated with capsule mass and total latex mass, but there was no correlation between latex capacity and morphine yield. The most important morphological characteristic in terms of morphine end yield (commercial harvest stage) was capsule mass. The findings of this study demonstrate that although latex yield per plant is a highly heritable morphological characteristic, it may have limited potential for use in a breeding strategy aimed at increasing the morphine yield from capsules.