真正的科学家真正的爱国者

卢永根院士是著名的作物遗传学家。他致力于水稻遗传育种研究,取得了显著的成绩。在青年时代,他以极大的热情投身到革命洪流中,既做地下党的工作,又刻苦地在岭大深造;在岭大毕业后至今50余年中,他在高校既教书,又从事科学研究,为人才培养和水稻遗传育种工作做出贡献。他总结的五点体会和崇高的思想境界:“我的青春年华已经献给党的科学事业,我准备把晚年继续献给这个事业。”令人深受启发,值得学习。经作者同意,现将刊登在中国科学院院士工作局《学部通讯》2003年第4期上的“院士自述:我的成长经历”这篇报道,转载于后。     

没有神经的腿的再生

对于嵘螈肢体的再生,神经系统特别是切割后的残肢裹的神经纤维,一向是被认为有决定性意义的。晚近利用成体或接近变态的幼体的研究证明了:在再生芽基形成之后,切断神经,已经形成的芽基仍然可以继续发育成正常的肢体;但在再生芽基形成之     

知识的载体 智慧的力量

2009年5月,繁花烂漫的季节,高等教育出版社迎来了55周年华诞,《生命世界》杂志也走过了5年不平凡的历程。我们出版的高质量的教材和学术著作为我国的生命科学人才培养和学科建设发挥了积极的重要作用,受到了广大师生和科研人员的欢迎。《生命世界》在传播生命科学知识、提高大众科学素养方面起到了很好的作用,全国人大常委会副委员长、中国科学院院长路甬祥院士和全国人大常委会副委员长、中国科协主席、     

知识的载体 智慧的力量

2009年5月,繁花烂漫的季节,高等教育出版社迎来了55周年华诞,《生命世界》杂志也走过了5年不平凡的历程。我们出版的高质量的教材和学术著作为我国的生命科学人才培养和学科建设发挥了积极的重要作用,受到了广大师生和科研人员的欢迎。《生命世界》在传播生命科学知识、提高大众科学素养方面起到了很好的作用,全国人大常委会副委员长、中国科学院院长路甬祥院士和全国人大常委会副委员长、中国科协主席、     

方兴未艾的古代DNA的研究

保留在古代生物遗骸中的遗传物质DNA是一种重要的遗传资源。古代DNA的研究对于了解包括人类在内的各种生物的起源、进化和迁徙有重要意义。古代DNA的研究有其自身的特点,并且已经取得一系列重要成就。本文综述古代DNA研究的历史、方法和进展。 Abstract：DNA present in ancient samples can be recovered,amplified and analysed.It opens a new window for genetic analysis in many different disciplines,such as anthropology,archaeology,human population genetics,animal and plant evolutionary taxonomy and forensic science.In general,ancient DNA is rare in quantity,damaged in quality.To ensure the reproducibility and reliability of the results,great cares should be taken,such as various measurements against contamination and phylogenetic analysis of ancient DNA sequences.In this paper we review recovery,amplification and analysis of ancient DNA,also discuss the guidelines to ensure the authenticity of ancient DNA and the recent advances in ancient DNA study.     

有前途的基因工程的飞跃发展

试图在分子水平上解释生命现象的分子生物学从其工程学角度派生出了生物工程学,1972年,DNA重组技术取得了引人注目的成功。自那以后,这二方面就开始了惊人的发展,在这里,让我们来回顾一下过去的业迹。     

真核细胞的基因的组织

一、真核细胞基因的基本结构 1.转录单位: 从已知的数十种基因的顺序,可得出一个具有功能的基因的共同规律,在基因5’端-25至-75区,有CCAAT和TATAAA区(后者又称ATA box或Hogness box),相当于促进子区(Promotor),为体外转录所必需。     

胰岛素的发现与认识的历程

胰岛素是机体最重要的内分泌激素之一。从胰岛素的发现,对胰岛素分子结构的认识,胰岛素的生理作用,胰岛素的合成,血液中胰岛素含量的测定,药用胰岛素存在的问题及对药用胰岛素的改进内容进行了简介。     

错的未必是不好的

教材是人编的,有时难免会出错,苏科版初二生物第六单元第20章第二节植物的发育中就存在明显的错误,此错对学生学习种子的结构与发育不利,但从另一角度看,又是培养学生思维及促进学生养成仔细观察生活中事物的良好教学资源。     

海洋资源的开发与企业的参与

海洋资源的开发与企业的参与张兰芬（北海金士明集团有限责任公司）从海洋中寻找新资源,进入八十年代已经越来越引起国内外专家们的重视。陆地资源的综合利用与开发已经基本进入成熟阶段,相比这下,占地球面积三分之二以上的海洋资源的开发,未知的课题还非常多。海洋药物、海洋能源,海产品养殖,海洋化工产品的开发与综合利用前景非常广阔。海藻资源的开发利用,一向为世界沿海各国所重视。     

Échinodermes de l'Ordovicien supérieur (Ashgill) de Sardaigne et d'Algérie

Research on the influence of sea level variations on the benthic faunas have been carried out in the Upper Ordovician of Sardinia. Study of the depositional facies and sequence analysis of the upper part (Lower Ashgill) of the Portixeddu Formation led to the identification of the sedimentary environments. Cystoids and crinoids are associated to bryozoans and brachiopods in most levels. The numerical analysis of associations and megaguilds shows that crinoids and cystoids have a higher frequency in the proximal and median facies of the upper offshore. The columnal association characterized by Conspectocrinus celticus and the coronoid Mespilocystites tregarvanicus has been discovered in the upper part of the formation. This material and complementary samples from Upper Ordovician of Sardinia and Kabylia (Algeria) bring additional data on the systematic and show the wide distribution of this fauna outside of the Ibero-armorican domain. The distribution of this echinoderm association supports a palaeogeographical position of the Ibero-armorican domain and Sardinia within the north gondwanan margin during the Lower Palaeozoic.     

Histoire plio-pléistocène des écosystèmes végétaux de Méditerranée sud-occidentale : apport de l’analyse pollinique de deux sondages en mer d’Alboran

The pollen analysis of sediments of two boreholes located in the northeastern Morocco (Nador 1) and in the southeastern Spain (Andalucia G1) has allowed shedding a new light on the vegetation and climate of the North African littoral plains, the Rif Massif and the Betic Range during the Pliocene. The vegetation around the Alboran Sea was open and xeric during the Zanclean, dominated by herbs including subdesertic elements as Calligonum, Lygeum, Nitraria and Neurada. This type of vegetation indicates a dry and hot climate. The southwestern Mediterranean steppes have therefore a climatic character; they existed before the presence and the heavy pressure of Man on the environment. From the Piacenzian, the development, at Andalucia as well as at Nador, of Artemisia and the appearance of some altitude trees such as Cedrus and Cathaya indicate a vegetation change linked to a climatic change. Modifications in the vegetation observed during the same period in northwestern Mediterranean seem to indicate that the vegetation changes observed at Andalucia and Nador are controlled by the appearance of the first arctic glacial-interglacial cycles. The cedar tree appears at Nador only at the end of the Piacenzian, at time of the first cooling, while it has been found punctually in Messinian and early Pliocene sediments of Habibas in Algeria and in Messinian sediments of the Bou Regreg section at Salé in Morocco. The regular presence of Cedar at Bou Regreg during the Messinian, allows supposing that it was present in the Middle Atlas Mountains and that its development was favoured by colder conditions.     

Nouveautés sur la séquence du Pléistocène final et l’Holocène initial dans le versant méditerranéen de la péninsule Ibérique à travers l’industrie lithique

This paper explores the cultural sequence for the period 12,500–9000 BP in the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. According to the traditional division by Fortea, this period starts with the end of the Upper Magdalenian, followed by two facies: the Microlaminar Epipalaeolithic and the Geometric Epipalaeolithic (Filador type), (related to Sauveterrian facies). The data collected in recent years suggest a change or amendment to this previous proposal, which now would be divided into four phases: Final Upper Magdalenian, Early Epimagdalenian, Recent Epimagdalenian and Microlaminar Sauveterroid. This paper discusses each of these periods examining the evolution of the stone tools and concluding that in the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula the Magdalenian tradition continues with little changes until the advent of the Mesolithic.     

Paléolithique supérieur et Mésolithique en Méditerranée : cadre culturel

The origin of the Upper Palaeolithic around the Mediterranean was the result of the local evolution, particularly in the Near East and in the Lower Nile basin, and of the migration from this zone to South-Eastern and Central Europe. The Initial Upper Palaeolithic in the Near East belt was the effect of local evolution from the industries based on Levallois concept to the industries which developed leptolithic blade technologies. This evolution is well registered in multi-layer sites in the Syro-Palestinian belt (Emirian/Ahmarian), which was the starting point of the diffusion of these “transitional” industries in South-Eastern and Central Europe. This diffusion could be identified with the migration of first anatomically Modern Humans. The Early Upper Palaeolithic in Europe — dated to the second half of the Interpleniglacial — was, at least partially, based on these “transitional” industries and manifested by the appearance of the Aurignacian, contrasted with local cultures such as the Uluzzian in Mediterranean Europe. During whole the Interpleniglacial Europe was separated from Northern Africa dominated by local evolution of Middle Palaeolithic (Middle Stone Age) cultures (mostly expressed by the Aterian), and by specific “transitional” industries on the southern Mediterranean coast (Early Dabbian) and in the Lower Nile basin. The Last Glacial Maximum and the corresponding sea level recession opened new possibilities of contacts between the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula in both directions (Aterian-Solutrean and Gravettian-Early Iberomaurusian), which are still difficult to be proved before new chronostratigraphic correlations are made. At the same time we register links between south-eastern Europe and western Anatolia; the real border between Near Eastern and European Mediterranean cultural zones was marked, in the Late Glacial, by the Taurus chain. During the Late Glacial the cultural separation between Europe and Africa was particularly marked. Only in the Aegean basin the first sea navigation facilitated contacts which become widespread as late as in the Early Holocene with neolithization trough maritime contacts.     

A phylogenetic analysis of basal Anseriformes, the fossil Presbyornis, and the interordinal relationships of waterfowl

A phylogenetic analysis of 123 morphological characters of basal waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) and other selected avian orders confirmed that the screamers (Anhimae: Anhitn-idae) are the sister-group of other waterfowl (Anseres), and that the magpie goose (Anseranatidae: Anseranas semipalmata) is the sister group of other modern waterfowl exclusive of screamers (Anatidae sensu stricto). The analysis also supports the traditional hypothesis of the gallinaceous birds (Galliformes) as the sister group of the Anseriformes. Presbyornis, a fossil from the early Eocene of Wyoming and averred by Olson & Feduccia as showing that the Anseriformes were derived from shorebirds (Charadriiformes), was found to represent the sister group of the Anatidae. Associated hypotheses by Olson & Feduccia concerning the implications of Presbyornis for the phylogenetic relationships of flamingos (Phoenicopteriformes), the position of the Anhimidae within the waterfowl, relationships among modern Anatidae, and a plausible evolutionary scenario for waterfowl also are rejected. Analyses revealed that cranial characters were critical to the establishment of the Galliformes as the sister group of the Anseriformes; exclusion of the Anhimidae, especially in combination with Anseranas, also undermined the support for this inference. Placement of Presbyornis as the sister group of the Anatidae casts doubt on the role suggested by Feduccia of ‘transitional shorebirds' in the origin of modern avian orders, and calls into question the concept of ‘fossil mosaics’. The phylogenetic hypothesis is used to reconstruct an evolutionary scenario for selected ecomorphological characters in the galliform-anseriform transition, to predict the most parsimonious states of these characters for Presbyornis, and to propose a phylogenetic classification of the higher-order taxa of waterfowl. This re-examination of Presbyornis also is used to exemplify the fundamental methodological shortcomings of the intuitive approach to the reconstruction of phylogenetic relationships.     

Foliar sclereids in the Magnoliaceae

The foliar sclereids in 136 species representing 11 of the 12 genera of Magnoliaceae were studied and compared. Sclereids occur in four different cell assemblages within the leaf: diffuse idioblasts, mesophyll, dermal system, and the vein sheath including terminal elements. Tropical members tend to have the most highly sclerified leaves. In species of Manglietia the leaves have sclerified spongy mesophyll and either sclerified epidermis or hypodermis. In Talauma , sclerification affects the vein sheath and terminal cells of veinlets, with a specialized thick marginal vein in the Asian taxa but not in the American ones. Liriodendron and the magnolias native to the north temperate zone have only minimal sclerification, which usually is confined to the vein sheath of the midrib and the main lateral veins, and as idioblastic sclereids in the petiole and the midrib near the base of the blade. The two largest genera Magnolia and Michelia are heterogeneous and include species which vary as to their combinations of sclerified elements among the four possible types.     

Inception of the Modern Public Health System in China and Perspectives for Effective Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases: In Commemoration of the 140th Anniversary of the Birth of the Plague Fighter Dr. Wu Lien-Teh

In this article, we systematically review Dr. Wu Lien-Teh's academic achievements and outstanding contributions in the prevention and control of the plague epidemic in northeast China and introduce the development of the earliest public health epidemic prevention system in China in order to commemorate the 140th anniversary of Dr. Wu Lien-Teh's birth. We hope that this article will provide insights into the effective prevention and control of emerging infectious diseases as well as the current worldwide pandemic of COVID-19, facilitating the improvement and development of public health systems in China and around the globe.     

Evolutionary expansion of the Monogenea

The evolutionary expansion of the monogeneans has taken place in parallel with the diversification of the fish-like vertebrates. In this article the main trends in monogenean evolution are traced from a hypothetical skin-parasitic ancestor on early vertebrates. Special consideration is given to the following topics: early divergence between skin feeders and blood feeders; diversification and specialization of the haptor for attachment to skin; transfer from host to host, viviparity and the success of the gyrodactylids; predation on skin parasites and camouflage; colonization of the buccal and branchial cavities; diversification and specialization of the haptor for attachment to the gills; phoresy in gill parasites; the development of endoparasitism and the origin of the cestodes; the success of dactylogyroidean gill parasites; the uniqueness of the polyopisthocotyleans; ovoviviparity and the colonization of the tetrapods. Host specificity has been the guiding force of coevolution between monogeneans and their vertebrate hosts, but the establishment of monogeneans on unrelated hosts sharing the same environment (host-switching) may have been underestimated. Host-switching has provided significant opportunities for evolutionary change of direction and is probably responsible for the establishment of monogeneans on cephalopod molluscs, on the hippopotamus and possibly on chelonians. There are indications that host-switching may be more common in monogeneans that spread by direct transfer of adults/juveniles from host to host. A limitation on the further expansion of monogeneans is the need for water for the dispersal of the infective larva (oncomiracidium).     

Early embryonic development of the mayfly Ephemera japonica McLachlan (Insecta: Ephemeroptera,Ephemeridae)

In the newly laid egg of the mayfly Ephemera japonica, an egg nucleus (oocyte nucleus) at metaphase of the first maturation division is in the polar plasm at the mid-ventral side of the egg, and a male pronucleus lies in the periplasm beneath a micropyle situated just opposite the polar plasm or at the mid-dorsal side of egg. The maturation divisions are typical. An extensive and circuitous migration of the male pronucleus is involved in the fertilization process: it first moves anteriad in the periplasm from beneath the micropyle to the anterior pole of the egg and then turns posteriad in the yolk along the egg's long axis to the site of syngamy, near the center of the egg. Cleavage is superficial. The successive eight cleavages, of which the first five are synchronized, result in the formation of the blastoderm, and about ten primary yolk cells remain behind in the yolk. Even in the newly formed blastoderm, the thick embryonic posterior half and the thin extraembryonic anterior half areas are distinguished: the former cells are concentrated at the posterior pole of the egg to form the germ disc, and the latter cells become more flattened, forming serosa. Time-lapse VTR observations reveal a yolk stream that is in accord with the migration of the male pronucleus in time and direction. The yolk stream is also generated in activated unfertilized eggs, and it is probable that the migration of the male pronucleus in association with the fertilization may be directed by the yolk stream. J. Morphol. 238:327–335, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Madonna dell'Arma (San Remo, Italie) : expression locale de la végétation ligure au cours du Paléolithique moyen

Pollen analysis of Madonna dell’Arma cave inside part (Liguria, Italy) allowed us to reconstitute, at local scale, the Ligurian coastal vegetation between the end of the last interglacial period and the beginning of the pleniglacial. This transition period shows an important representation of arboreal cover and a persistence of thermophilous elements that allowed us to considerate the western Liguria as a periglacial refuge. During the end of the last interglacial, xerophytic, halophytic herbs and shrubs taken over from a Mediterranean pre-forest unit in the first slopes constituted the coastal zone. The nearness of Argentina torrent and the Armea influenced, in the coast, the existence of marshy zones colonized by hygrophilous trees. In the Ligurian lowlands spread out sclerophyllous and mesophilous forests according to altitude. The beginning of the pleniglacial is indicated in the sequence by increases of Pinus, Cupressaceae and Artemisia in the context of a decline in the thermophilous components. This picture of vegetation has become integrated into the multidisciplinary studies of the site and contributed to the elaboration of palaeoclimatic hypothesis similar as those revealed by the fauna.