共查询到18条相似文献,搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
温度对桃蚜和马铃薯长管蚜实验种群生命表参数的影响 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
【目的】桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)和马铃薯长管蚜Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas)是2种主要的马铃薯害虫。本研究旨在明确温度对这两种马铃薯蚜虫生长发育、存活、繁殖及种群增长的影响。【方法】在室内测定了5个温度(10, 15, 20, 25和30℃)下桃蚜和马铃薯长管蚜的生长发育、存活和繁殖指标,并组建了4个恒温条件下(10,15,20和25℃)的实验种群生命表。【结果】在10~25℃范围内,2种蚜虫的若蚜期、世代历期、成蚜寿命和产蚜期等均随温度的升高而缩短,而30℃高温抑制了其发育、存活和繁殖。2种蚜虫的平均世代历期(T)随温度的升高而缩短,桃蚜和马铃薯长管蚜分别从10℃的30.08 d和35.35 d缩短至25℃的14.28 d和12.95 d。桃蚜的净增殖率(R0)在15℃时最高(86.00),其次为20℃(73.75),再次为25℃(62.49),最低为10℃(51.00);马铃薯长管蚜的R0在15℃最高(58.97),其次为10℃(51.98),再次为20℃(48.94),最低为25℃(12.36)。桃蚜的内禀增长率(rm)随温度的升高而增大,从最小10℃的0.1307增大到25℃的0.2896;马铃薯长管蚜的rm在20℃时最大(0.2182),其次为25℃(0.1942),再次为15℃(0.1485),最小为10℃(0.1118)。在相同的温度下,桃蚜的发育速率、净增殖率和内禀增长率均高于马铃薯长管蚜。【结论】温度对2种马铃薯蚜虫的生长发育、存活、繁殖及种群增长有显著的影响,桃蚜在马铃薯上的种群增长能力强于马铃薯长管蚜。这一结果为马铃薯蚜虫预测模型的建立奠定了必要的基础,并解释了桃蚜在马铃薯上发生数量多于马铃薯长管蚜的原因。 相似文献
2.
3.
麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius),麦二叉蚜Schizaphis graminum (Rondani)和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus)虽然都取食小麦,但其取食部位、传毒能力均有差异。利用EPG研究了3种麦蚜在同一寄主植物上的取食行为,结果显示:(1)禾谷缢管蚜在取食过程中G波出现的时间最早,G波总的持续时间和每次刺探G波的平均持续时间都明显长于麦长管蚜和麦二叉蚜。麦长管蚜第1次E1波的时间、E1波总的持续时间和每次刺探E1波的平均持续时间都明显比麦二叉蚜和禾谷缢管蚜要长。麦二叉蚜E2波总的持续时间和每次刺探E2波的平均持续时间都明显长于麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜。表明3种蚜虫各自拥有不同取食策略。禾谷缢管蚜比其它两种蚜虫需要更多的水分和无机盐,麦长管蚜通过分泌大量唾液增大对食物的利用率,麦二叉蚜通过增加韧皮部取食时间以满足对营养的需要。(2)刺探过程中麦二叉蚜pd波出现的次数为(51.97±7.82)次,高于麦长管蚜的(44.73±4.52)次和禾谷缢管蚜的(32.99±4.22)次。麦二叉蚜pd波Ⅱ-2和Ⅱ-3亚波的时间最长,禾谷缢管蚜最短,三者之间差异达显著水平。表明与其它两种麦蚜相比,麦二叉蚜在取食过程中口针与细胞间的接触频率更高,与细胞内获毒和传毒相关的Ⅱ-3波和Ⅱ-2波持续时间更长,增加了获毒和传毒的几率,是其传毒能力最强的机理。 相似文献
4.
UV-B胁迫小麦上麦长管蚜的生命表参数和取食行为 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
【目的】为明确UV-B胁迫小麦对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fabricius)种群生命表参数和取食行为的影响。【方法】采用特定年龄生命表方法和刺探电位图谱(EPG)技术, 研究了不同强度UV-B胁迫处理小麦对麦长管蚜生命表参数和取食行为的影响。【结果】生命表结果表明, 取食高强度(0.75 mW/cm2) UV-B辐射小麦后, 麦长管蚜种群内禀增长率rm、 净增殖率R0、 繁殖力F下降, 平均世代周期T缩短, 且差异显著(P<0.05); 取食低强度(0.2 mW/cm2)UV-B辐射小麦后, 麦长管蚜种群生命表参数与对照组(正常光照处理小麦饲喂的蚜虫种群)无显著差异(P>0.05)。刺探电位图谱结果显示, 高强度UV-B处理组np波(即非取食)数量显著增加, pd波(刺探波)首次出现的时间延迟, 表明紫外处理小麦干扰了蚜虫的在叶表面的正常刺探活动, 延长了搜索和刺探时间; C波持续时间显著延长, 反映取食难度加大, 有效取食时间缩短, 从而影响种群生命表参数; 而低强度UV-B处理组小麦对蚜虫取食行为影响与对照组差异不显著, 但pd波首次出现时间显著延长。【结论】高强度UV-B胁迫小麦会严重影响麦长管蚜的生长发育、 繁殖与取食行为。 相似文献
5.
禾谷缢管蚜在三个小麦品种上取食行为的EPG比较 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
应用刺探电位图谱(EPG)技术对禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi在不同小麦品种(Ww2730、小偃22和Batis)苗期的取食行为进行了比较研究。结果表明:在小偃22上蚜虫开始取食的第1次刺探时间最晚,且持续时间最短;在Ww2730上取食受到机械阻力的个体最多,且出现F波的几率和持续时间最长;两品种上蚜虫在木质部主动摄取汁液(G波)花费的时间最长。 在Batis上,蚜虫口针第1次到达韧皮部时需要分泌较多水溶性唾液(E1波),但随后只需分泌较少的水溶性唾液就可以成功取食,而且被动吸食韧皮部汁液的时间(E2波)最长。蚜虫口针在到达小偃22韧皮部取食之前,出现多次的口针试探、回撤,并且多次、多量分泌水溶性唾液(E1波);虽然蚜虫在小偃22上口针最先到达韧皮部,但被动吸食韧皮部汁液的时间(E2波)最短。由此得出结论:小偃22表皮部、韧皮部存在阻碍禾谷缢管蚜取食的物理和生化因素; 禾谷缢管蚜在Ww2730取食遇到更多的是细胞间机械阻力; Batis是较感蚜的品种。 相似文献
6.
在加倍CO2浓度(0.7 mL/L)的人工气候箱中培养小麦感蚜品种(铭贤169)和抗蚜品种(KOK1679)幼苗30d,正常CO2浓度(0.35 mL/L)处理为对照.应用刺探电位图谱(EPG)技术对麦长管蚜Sitobion avenae (Fab.),在苗期小麦上的取食行为进行了比较研究.结果表明:蚜虫在加倍CO2浓度下生长的2个小麦品种上的取食过程中,电势降落次数(pd波个数)显著增加,刺探总时间(C波总时间)显著延长,首次出现在小麦韧皮部取食的时间(E2)显著滞后,被动取食持续时间(E2波的总时间)显著拉长.因此,加倍CO2浓度可能通过影响小麦而对麦长管蚜的取食行为产生了明显的间接影响. 相似文献
7.
麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜对小麦植株挥发物及蚜害诱导挥发物的行为反应 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
用四臂嗅觉计测定了麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae和禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi对小麦植株挥发物及麦蚜取食诱导挥发物的行为反应,揭示了2种麦蚜的嗅觉及小麦植株的诱导防御反应特点.在所选的13种小麦植株挥发物及蚜害诱导挥发物组分中,6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮、6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-醇和水杨酸甲酯对这2种蚜虫表现出强的驱拒作用;反-2-己烯醛对麦长管蚜的有翅和无翅蚜的吸引作用最强;反-2-己烯醇对禾谷缢管蚜的无翅蚜吸引作用最强,反-3-己酰醋酸酯对禾谷缢管蚜有翅蚜的吸引作用最强.说明麦蚜取食能诱导小麦植株的防御反应,麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜及其不同蚜型间嗅觉反应的特点不同. 相似文献
8.
为了探索重金属锌长期胁迫对麦长管蚜(Sitobion avenae)取食行为的变化影响,在模拟自然的实验室条件下,用不同浓度Zn~(2+)溶液浇灌土壤,通过土壤-小麦-蚜虫体系连续处理麦长管蚜15代,用EPG(刺探电位技术)对第1、5、10、15代成蚜的取食行为进行了监测。结果表明,第1代和第5代时,200 mg/kg的Zn~(2+)处理后np波和C波的总持续时间和数量显著低于对照,800mg/kg的Zn~(2+)使其显著增加。到第15代,高剂量的Zn~(2+)处理后np波和C波的总持续时间和数量均显著高于对照。涉及分泌唾液的E1波持续时间及涉及被动取食营养的E2波出现次数并未受到低剂量Zn~(2+)的显著影响,但高剂量的Zn~(2+)处理后单独E1波、伴随稳定E2的E1波总持续时间及E2波的数量均显著降低。麦长管蚜的取食行为会受到重金属锌的影响并且会在高剂量Zn~(2+)的胁迫条件下产生积累效应,而低剂量的Zn~(2+)则促进麦长管蚜对小麦的取食行为。针对重金属而言,此效应发生改变的关键浓度为400 mg/kg,蚜虫取食行为发生改变的关键世代为第5代和第10代。 相似文献
9.
从形态学角度研究了蚜科Aphididae长管蚜亚科Macrosiphidinae戏蚜Sportaphis sporta Zhang和扁蓄蓼蚜Polygonaphis aciculansucta Zhang的分类地位。结果表明:戏蚜为静细长蚜Tenuilongiaphis stata Zhang and Zhong的同物异名,扁蓄蓼蚜为扁蓄童盾蚜Aspidaphis adjuvas (Walker)的同物异名; 戏蚜属Sportaphis Zhang为细长蚜属Tenuilongiaphis Zhang的同物异名,蓼蚜属Polygonaphis Zhang为盾蚜属Aspidaphis Gillette的同物异名。研究标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆、美国伊利诺伊大学 Illinois Natural History Survey(INHS)和法国自然历史博物馆(NHMF)。 相似文献
10.
温度对麦无网长管蚜实验种群生长的影响 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
本文根据作者一年来的饲养研究工作,重点分析了在自然变温条件下温度对麦无网长管蚜的发育速率、存活率和内禀增长能力的影响,推算了麦无网长管蚜各发育阶段的发育起点和有效积温,组建了不同温度下麦无网长管蚜实验种群生命表和繁殖特征生命表。 相似文献
11.
Viral diseases non-persistently transmitted by aphids are of great economic importance in several annual crops. Transmission efficiency of these non-persistent phytoviruses is dependant on vector efficiency (i.e. vector intrinsic ability to transmit the virus) but also on the vector activity that implies the early steps of aphid host plant selection process (i.e. brief intracellular stylet punctures after landing) and to their interplant movement ability. In Europe, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas 1878) is considered as one of the most serious virus vectors on potato (Solanum tuberosum L. 1753). Nevertheless, several alate aphid species that do not colonise potato plants are trapped in potato crops. Therefore, we investigated, through laboratory experiments, vector activity of one potato colonising aphid, M. euphorbiae, and two non-colonising potato aphids, the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L. 1758) and the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris 1776). A settling experiment was used to evaluate dispersal activity, and the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was used to investigate probing activity on potato plants. Results showed that M. euphorbiae exhibited a better vector activity than other two aphid species in terms of landing and probing. By contrast, interplant movements were only recorded on non-colonising aphids, suggesting a better vector activity than M. euphorbiae in terms of locomotive behaviour. These data confirm the involvement of A. pisum and R. padi in the spread of non-persistent viruses. 相似文献
12.
棉蚜获得黄瓜花叶病毒的行为与取食过程的关系 总被引:10,自引:4,他引:10
利用刺吸电位(EPG)及其即时中断技术研究了棉蚜Aphis gossypii传播黄瓜花叶病毒(CMV)的机理,分析电势落差波(pd)及其亚波形在棉蚜获得CMV的取食行为过程中的作用。结果表明:棉蚜的获毒需要pd波的发生,它的获毒效率与穿刺病株细胞膜的次数呈正相关。证明了这种行为是一种细胞内行为。对植物细胞内穿刺产生的电位落差(pd)波亚波形分析的结果显示,棉蚜的获毒发生在pd波的Ⅱ-3阶段,与棉蚜主动吸食植物细胞汁液的活动相关, 这支持了蚜虫获毒的 “吸入假说”。 相似文献
13.
水稻施硅对白背飞虱刺吸和寄主选择行为的影响 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
【目的】硅可增强植物对多种植食性昆虫的抗性。本研究旨在了解硅处理对水稻叶鞘硅化程度及其对白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera刺吸和寄主选择行为的影响,以明确施硅增强水稻对白背飞虱的抗性的部分机制。【方法】采用扫描电镜观察施硅水稻的叶鞘硅化程度;利用刺吸电位技术记录白背飞虱若虫刺吸行为;采用笼罩法测定白背飞虱雌成虫栖息和产卵选择性。【结果】与不施硅的对照相比,硅处理(0.16和0.32 g SiO2/kg土壤)增加了水稻叶鞘硅细胞的数量,延长了白背飞虱若虫刺吸行为中非刺探波和路径波的总时间,缩短了取食韧皮部汁液的时间。在选择性测定中,与对照组相比,白背飞虱雌成虫对0.16和0.32 g SiO2/kg土壤处理的水稻的栖息率分别降低48.0%和67.4%,在其上的产卵量分别降低34.8%和46.1%。【结论】施硅增加水稻对白背飞虱的排驱性,阻碍白背飞虱的刺吸行为,因此有助于增强水稻对白背飞虱的抗性。 相似文献
14.
Hai‐Bin Yuan Jin‐Hua Li Yong‐Qiang Liu Li Cui Yan‐Hui Lu Xiao‐Yong Xu Zhong Li Kong‐Ming Wu Nicolas Desneux 《Insect Science》2017,24(5):743-752
Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a key pest in cotton crops, notably owing to its increasing resistance to commonly used pesticides. Such resistance prompts for the development of integrated pest management (IPM) programs that include novel pesticides being effective against the aphid. In the present study, we assessed lethal and sublethal effects of cycloxaprid, a novel chiral neonicotinoid pesticide developed in China, on A. gossypii. The lethal concentration at 50% (LC50) value of cycloxaprid on A. gossypii was estimated, using the dipping method, at 7.73 mg/L. The impact of a sublethal concentration (LC10) and a lethal concentration (LC40) of cycloxaprid on A. gossypii population growth and feeding behavior (using electrical penetration graph technique [EPG]), and its transgenerational effect were further assessed. Adult longevity and fecundity significantly decreased after exposure to LC40 or LC10 of cycloxaprid. Cycloxaprid with sublethal concentrations (especially LC40) had negative effects on phloem ingestion by A. gossypii. Additionally, the offspring of the adults exposed to LC40 of cycloxaprid had shorter nymphal development duration and adult longevity than the control, and those from LC10 and LC40 treatments had lower adult fecundity and net productive rate. We demonstrated that cycloxaprid is a pesticide showing both lethal and sublethal activities, and transgenerational effects on A. gossypii; it may be useful for implementation in IPM programs against this aphid pest. 相似文献
15.
Video recording and electrical penetration graph techniques are used simultaneously to investigate host acceptance (in terms of reproduction) and probing activities of autumn migrants (gynoparae) of the bird cherry‐oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) on detached leaves and on leaves on intact plants of the winter host, bird cherry Prunus padus. There are no significant differences between the times taken to first parturition or the number of nymphs produced over a 6‐ or 18‐h period on intact plants or detached leaves. Stylet probing activities (i.e. total probe duration, xylem ingestion, the time to first phloem contact and phloem salivation) are also similar in the two situations. 相似文献
16.
Godshen R. Pallipparambil John C. Reese Carlos A. Avila Joe M. Louis Fiona L. Goggin 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》2010,135(3):295-307
The Mi‐1.2 gene in tomato, Solanum lycopersicum L. (Solanaceae), confers resistance against several herbivores, including the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aphididae) and the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae). Previous studies on the tissue localization of resistance have given varying results; whitefly resistance was attributed to factors localized in the mesophyll or epidermis, whereas aphid resistance was attributed to factors localized in the phloem. Our study utilizes the direct current electrical penetration graph (DC‐EPG) technique to compare aphid feeding behavior on resistant (Mi‐1.2+) and susceptible (Mi‐1.2?) tomato plants. This study also compares the impact of resistance on the feeding behavior of two aphid clones that vary in their virulence, or their ability to survive and reproduce on resistant plants. Previous work had shown that the avirulent WU11 clone is almost completely inhibited by resistance, whereas the semi‐virulent WU12 clone can colonize resistant hosts. Here, DC‐EPG analysis shows that both aphid clones take longer to initiate cell sampling and to establish a confirmed sieve element phase on resistant plants than on susceptible hosts, and have shorter ingestion periods on resistant plants. However, the magnitude of these deterrent effects is far less for the semi‐virulent clone than for the avirulent aphids. In particular, the WU12 clone is less sensitive to factors that limit sieve element ingestion, showing shorter non‐probe duration and rapidly establishing sustained phloem ingestion on resistant plants when compared to the WU11 clone. We conclude that, in addition to previously described factors in the phloem that inhibit ingestion, Mi‐mediated aphid resistance also involves factors (possibly in the mesophyll and/or epidermis) that delay initiation of phloem salivation, and that act in the intercellular spaces to deter the first cell sampling. Furthermore, the relative effectiveness of these components of resistance differs among insect populations. 相似文献
17.
The active ingestion of xylem sap by aphids is hypothesised to be an important mechanism for rehydration. When starved bird cherry-oat aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi) were allowed to feed on wheat (Triticum aestivum) treated with a sublethal dose of the xylem-mobile neonicotinoid thiamethoxam, analysis of feeding behaviours using the electrical penetration graph revealed a reduction in xylem feeding that was reversed on removal of the toxin. To test the importance of xylem-feeding behaviour as a rehydration mechanism, the effects of the sublethal dose of thiamethoxam on aphid water content, honeydew excretion, growth and fecundity were investigated. Body water contents of starved R. padi feeding on wheat treated with thiamethoxam were significantly reduced compared to aphids feeding on wheat treated with distilled water (74.5 ± 0.23 and 75.6 ± 0.18%, respectively). In addition, the sublethal dose of thiamethoxam had detrimental effects on aphid performance. At reproductive maturity, aphids that had been born on wheat treated with thiamethoxam were significantly smaller (as measured by body plan area; 1.07 ± 0.03 mm2), lighter (0.31 ± 0.04 mg) and less fecund (2.85 ± 0.36 nymphs/day) than aphids born on wheat treated with distilled water (1.87 ± 0.02 mm2, 0.72 ± 0.03 mg, 11.28 ± 0.58 nymphs/day, respectively). Regardless of whether the observed impairment of xylem feeding is due to a neurotoxic or an antifeedant effect, these results have important implications for commercial crop protection as the behaviour-modifying effects of the sublethal dose of thiamethoxam may change the efficacy of this pesticide throughout the growing season. 相似文献
18.
The architecture and action of quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributing to plant resistance mechanisms against aphids, the largest group of phloem-feeding insects, are not well understood. Comparative mapping of several components of resistance to the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) was undertaken in Prunus davidiana, a wild species related to peach. An interspecific F(1) population of Prunus persica var. Summergrand × P. davidiana clone P1908 was scored for resistance (aphid colony development and foliar damage) and 17 aphid feeding behaviour traits monitored by means of the electrical penetration graph technique. Seven resistance QTLs were detected, individually explaining 6.1-43.1% of the phenotypic variation. Consistency was shown over several trials. Nine QTLs affecting aphid feeding behaviour were identified. All resistance QTLs except one co-located with QTLs underlying aphid feeding behaviour. A P. davidiana resistance allele at the major QTL was associated with drastic reductions in phloem sap ingestion by aphids, suggesting a phloem-based resistance mechanism. Resistance was also positively correlated with aphid salivation into sieve elements, suggesting an insect response to restore the appropriate conditions for ingestion after phloem occlusion. No significant QTL was found for traits characterising aphid mouthpart activity in plant tissues other than phloem vessels. Two QTLs with effects on aphid feeding behaviour but without effect on resistance were identified. SSR markers linked to the main QTLs involved in resistance are of potential use in marker-assisted selection for aphid resistance. Linking our results with the recent sequencing of the peach genome may help clarify the physiological resistance mechanisms. 相似文献