大豆田间节肢动物群落调查取样方法的比较研究

[目的]为明确不同取样方法对分析农田节肢动物群落结构特征的影响.[方法]以大豆田间节肢动物群落为对象,采用网捕(WB)、吸虫机(XC)、定点定株(DD)、黄盘(HP)诱集和陷阱杯(XJ)诱集5种取样方法进行大豆田间节肢动物群落调查,并通过比较不同取样方法所得样本进行节肢动物群落结构特征分析结果的差异性,明确不同取样方法的优劣与可替代性.[结果]WB法采集到的类群最多,且与XC法无显著差异,DD法采集到的类群最少.从采集各目的科数、物种数和个体数看,WB法和XC法可采集大多数昆虫,DD法采集缨翅目昆虫最多,HP法采集膜翅目、双翅目、鞘翅目、跳虫目和蜱螨目种类较多,XJ法采集直翅目、膜翅目、鞘翅目和跳虫目昆虫较多.群落结构特征分析结果显示,WB法和XC机法相似性为0.75,效果相当,而其它方法之间相似性均小于0.42,相互间差异较大.在农田节肢动物群落调查时,采用WB+DD、WB+HP、WB+XJ 2种方法组合与WB+XC+DD+HP+XJ 5种方法组合获得的取样相似度均大于0.75的群落特征指标,选用WB+DD+HP、WB+DD+XJ和WB+HP+XJ 3种含有WB的方法组合与WB+XC+DD+ HP+XJ 5种方法组合获得的取样相似度均大于0.85的群落特征指标.[结论]正确选择或组合不同取样法进行群落调查可在有效提高群落生态研究的质量的同时减少调查工作量,在实际研究工作中,可根据群落对象特点和所关心的主要群落生态指标对调查取样方法进行合理选择.     

Comparison of benthic macroinvertebrate communities by two methods: Kick- and U-net sampling

The assessment of benthic invertebrate community condition is an integral component of freshwater biomonitoring and water quality determination. Several sampling devices have been developed to collect benthic macroinvertebrates, including qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative methods. In this study, we compared several benthic macroinvertebrate metrics and community assemblage measures calculated from data obtained from two sampling methods, namely the Kick- and U-net sampling devices. We reasoned that if the two methods produced similar values for benthic metrics and community composition, then samples collected by these methods should be able to be combined to build larger data sets for use in regional bioassessment analyses. No statistical differences between Kick- and U-net methods were found among standard benthic macroinvertebrate metrics, except for Kick-nets collecting more Chironomidae. Invertebrate assemblages were very similar between collection methods, although slightly greater taxonomic richness was found in U-net samples. Bray–Curtis similarity was typically >75% between methods within a stream, while classification strength-sampling-method comparability, an approach for analyzing differences in similarity between groups, indicated invertebrate assemblage similarity between collection methods was virtually identical at approximately 100%. Since these two methods produce similar results, we conclude that benthic macroinvertebrate data collected by these methods can be combined for data analysis and bioassessments with the caveat that mesh size of the sample nets is similar. In addition, if the primary study objective is to assess macroinvertebrate biodiversity, then the U-net sampling device may be more appropriate, despite the slightly greater time needed to complete field sample collection, as it tended to collect a greater diversity of species.     

Comparative analysis of ACTH and corticosterone sampling methods in rats

A frequently debated question for studies involving the measurement of stress hormones in rodents is the optimal method for collecting blood with minimal stress to the animal. Some investigators prefer the implantation of indwelling catheters to allow for frequent sampling. Others argue that the implantation of a catheter creates a chronic stress to the animal that confounds stress hormone measures and therefore rely on tail vein sampling. Moreover, some investigators measure hormones in trunk blood samples obtained after anesthesia, a practice that may itself raise hormone levels. To address these controversies, we 1) compared plasma ACTH and corticosterone (Cort) concentrations in pre- and poststress rat blood samples obtained via previously implanted vena cava catheters, tail vein nicks, or clipping the tip off the tail and 2) compared plasma ACTH and Cort in rat blood samples obtained by decapitation with and without anesthesia. Rats sampled via indwelling catheters displayed lower prestress ACTH levels than those sampled by tail vein nick if the time to acquire samples was not limited; however, elevated basal ACTH was not observed in samples obtained by tail clip or tail nick when the samples were obtained within 3 min. Baseline Cort levels were similar in all groups. After restraint stress, the profile of the plasma ACTH and Cort responses was not affected by sampling method. Decapitation with prior administration of CO2 or pentobarbital sodium increased plasma ACTH levels approximately 13- and 2-fold, respectively, when compared with decapitation without anesthesia. These data indicate that tail vein nicking, tail clipping, or indwelling venous catheters can be used for obtaining plasma for ACTH and Cort during acute stress studies without confounding the measurements. However, the elevation in basal ACTH seen in the tail vein nick group at baseline suggests that sampling needs to be completed rapidly (<3 min) to avoid the initiation of the pituitary stress response. Death by CO2 and pentobarbital sodium injection before trunk blood collection cause significant stress to animals, as reflected in the elevated plasma ACTH levels. These results support the use of either chronic vascular cannulas or sampling from a tail vein. However, collection of blood under pentobarbital sodium or CO2 anesthesia is likely to confound the results of stress studies when ACTH is an important endpoint.     

Inter- and intrafamilial heterogeneity: effective sampling strategies and comparison of analysis methods.

Heterogeneity, both inter- and intrafamilial, represents a serious problem in linkage studies of common complex diseases. In this study we simulated different scenarios with families who phenotypically have identical diseases but who genotypically have two different forms of the disease (both forms genetic). We examined the proportion of families displaying intrafamilial heterogeneity, as a function of mode of inheritance, gene frequency, penetrance, and sampling strategies. Furthermore, we compared two different ways of analyzing linkage in these data sets: a two-locus (2L) analysis versus a one-locus (SL) analysis combined with an admixture test. Data were simulated with tight linkage between one disease locus and a marker locus; the other disease locus was not linked to a marker. Our findings are as follows: (1) In contrast to what has been proposed elsewhere to minimize heterogeneity, sampling only "high-density" pedigrees will increase the proportion of families with intrafamilial heterogeneity, especially when the two forms are relatively close in frequency. (2) When one form is dominant and one is recessive, this sampling strategy will greatly decrease the proportions of families with a recessive form and may therefore make it more difficult to detect linkage to the recessive form. (3) An SL analysis combined with an admixture test achieves about the same lod scores and estimate of the recombination fraction as does a 2L analysis. Also, a 2L analysis of a sample of families with intrafamilial heterogeneity does not perform significantly better than an SL analysis. (4) Bilineal pedigrees have little effect on the mean maximum lod score and mean maximum recombination fraction, and therefore there is little danger that including these families will lead to a false exclusion of linkage.     

害虫防治决策的复序贯分析方法及抽样技术研究

复序贯抽样决策技术实际应用的受限 ,原因在于截止限序贯抽样模型的缺乏。本文在检验昆虫种群空间格局回归模型的基础上 ,推导出了目前国内常用检验回归模型的截止限序贯抽样模型 ,并将其运用于复序贯分析决策过程中。实例分析表明 ,对于同一种生物种群 ,在一定的精度 (D)和置信水平(tα)要求下 ,复序贯抽样决策技术可以大幅度地节约抽样成本     

Functional differentiation in bryozoan colonies: a proteomic analysis

Bryozoans are typical modular organisms. They consist of repetitive structural units, the zooids. Bryozoan colonies grow by zooidal budding, with the distribution pattern of the budding loci underlying the diversity of colony forms. Budding is usually restricted to the colony periphery, where a “growing edge” or local terminal growth zones are formed. Non-budding parts of the colony can be functionally subdivided, too. In many species colonies consist of regular, often repetitive zones of feeding and non-feeding modules, associated with a periodical degeneration and regeneration of the polypide retractile tentacle crown with a gut and the accompanying musculature. The mechanisms of functional differentiation in bryozoan colonies are unknown. Presumably, budding and/or polypide recycling are induced or inhibited by certain determinants of functional specialization in different colony parts. An effective tool of their identification is the comparison of proteomes in functionally different zones. Here we report the results of proteomic analysis of three bryozoan species from the White Sea with a different colony form: Flustrellidra hispida, Terminoflustra membranaceotruncata and Securiflustra securifrons. Using differential two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), we compared proteomes of the growing edge, the zone with polypides and the zone without polypides. We assessed the general level of differences between the zones and revealed proteins whose relative abundance changed gradually along the proximal-distal colony axis. These proteins might be involved in the determination of the functional differentiation of the colony.     

Comparison of two biological aerosol sampling methods.

Two biological aerosol samplers, the Andersen two-stage microbial impactor and the May three-stage glass impinger, were examined to determine the benefits and effectiveness of the May sampler compared with the Andersen sampler, one of the most widely accepted samplers. Side-by-side samples were collected during simulated wastewater spray irrigation dispersion studies. Escherichia coli colony counts and air concentrations were statistically treated to determine the dependability of the May results with respect to the Andersen results. After data pairs containing potentially overloaded Andersen counts were eliminated, a linear regression of the remaining data was performed. It indicates that although the May sampler reports 82% of the Andersen sampler value, the correlation between the two samplers is good with an r2 value of 0.84. This comparison indicates that although there are differences between the two samplers, they do give comparable results and that when both are used in a sampling program, they tend to complement each other.     

景观统计与景观抽样调查方法

研究大尺度景观时,采用低分辨率遥感数据往往会出现“可塑性面积单元问题”,而尺度推演技术也很难保证其结果的可靠性。借鉴统计学基本原理和方法研究景观生态现象的景观统计与抽样调查技术是解决上述问题的一种好的思路与方法,它可使研究者在资源有限的条件下对大尺度景观进行较为精确的研究。本文介绍了景观统计的基本概念,对景观抽样调查和统计推断原理与方法进行了重点讨论,并总结了景观统计的应用范围和应用难点,展望了景观统计的学科发展前景。     

Structure of bryozoan communities in an Antarctic glacial fjord (Admiralty Bay,South Shetlands)

Bryozoans are among the most important groups of the Southern Ocean benthic macrofauna, both in terms of species richness and abundance. However, there is a considerable lack of ecological research focused on their distribution patterns and species richness on smaller scale, especially in the soft bottom habitats of Antarctic glacial fjords. The aim of this study was to describe those patterns in the Admiralty Bay. Forty-nine Van Veen grab samples were collected at the depth range from 15 to 265 m, in the summer season of 1979/1980, at three sites distributed along the main axis of the fjord. Among 53 identified species of bryozoans, 32 were recorded in the Admiralty Bay for the first time. The most common and abundant species were Himantozoum antarcticum, Inversiula nutrix and Nematoflustra flagellata. Genera such as Arachnopusia, Cellarinella and Osthimosia were the most speciose taxa. It was demonstrated that depth was important for the distribution of the bryozoans. More than half of the recorded species were found only below 70 m. An influence of glacial disturbance was reflected in the dominance structure of colony growth-forms. The inner region of the fjord was dominated almost entirely by encrusting species, while the diversity of bryozoan growth-forms in less disturbed areas was much higher. In those sites the highest percentage of branched, tuft like species represented by buguliform and flustriform zoaria was observed.     

Fungal diversity in ectomycorrhizal communities: sampling effort and species detection

A number of recent review articles on ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal community diversity have highlighted the unprecedented increase in the number of publications on this ecologically important but neglected area. The general features of these species-rich, highly dynamic and complex communities have been comprehensively covered but one aspect crucial to our assessment of diversity, namely the sampling of ECM communities has received less attention. This is a complex issue with two principal components, the physical sampling strategy employed and the life cycle traits of the ECM fungi being examined. Combined, these two components provide the image that we perceive as ECM diversity. This contribution will focus primarily on the former of these components using a recent study from a pine forest in central Sweden to highlight some sampling problems and also to discuss some features common to ECM communities. The two commonly used elements of diversity, species richness and community evenness, present rather different problems in the assessment of ECM diversity. The applicability of using current measures of abundance (number or percentage of root tips colonised) to determine community evenness is discussed in relation to our lack of knowledge on the size of individual genets of ECM fungi. The inherent structure of most ECM communities, with a few common species and a large number of rare species, severely limits our ability to accurately assess species richness. A discussion of theoretical detection limits is included that demonstrates the importance of the sampling effort (no. of samples or tips) involved in assessing species richness. Species area abundance plots are also discussed in this context. It is suggested that sampling strategy (bulk samples versus multiple collections of single tips) may have important consequences when sampling from communities where root tip densities differ. Finally, the need for studies of the spatial distribution of ECM on roots in relation to small-scale soil heterogeneity and of the temporal aspects of ECM community dynamics is raised.     

Composition and dynamics of communities of orthopteran insects (orthoptera) in southwestern Tajikistan. II. Hillside communities

The formation of orthopteran communities in the mountains of southwestern Tajikistan is described, with their seasonal dynamics characterized on the basis of counts. It is shown that the dominance structure changes with altitude. The valleys and slopes of different altitudinal belts play an important role in the formation of communities of orthopteran insects.     

Flow DNA analysis in human lung cancer: potentiality and limitations due to sampling methods

Flow DNA analysis was performed on samples from 71 surgically removed lung cancers and from 145 patients undergoing bronchoscopy. Abnormal DNA stem lines, characterized by their DNA index (DI), were frequently observed in operated lung carcinomas (87%). Two or three abnormal DNA stem lines were discovered simultaneously in 10% of the samples. The mean DI of all abnormal tumor stem lines was lowest for rare tumor cell types and highest for adenocarcinomas. Intermediate mean DI values were found for epidermoid and small cell carcinomas, which were among the most proliferative tumors. The high rate of false negative results suggests poor diagnostic reliability of flow DNA analysis on bronchoscopic samples. However, the method appears to provide a promising objective tool capable of evaluating tumor behavior and prognosis.     

Studies on obtaining meiotic chromosomes for analysis in the bull. II. Direct and culture methods

Testicular tissue was obtained by biopsy or by aspiration following castration or slaughter from 32 healthy bulls, 12 to 16 mos of age, using a 20G 2″, 19G 1 1/2″, 18G 1 1/2″ or 16G 1 1/2″ needle attached to a 20 ml syringe. Meiotic preparations were made by processing the tissue directly and/or after 24 hrs in culture. The tissue culture medium consisted of minimum essential medium (Eagle) supplemented with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum, 4 mM L-glutamine, 20 μg/ml follicular stimulating hormone, 40 i.u./ml human chorionic gonadotrophin, 5 μg/ml testosterone and 25 mM HEPES buffer. The pH was adjusted to 7.0. Culture conditions were: cell concentration approximately 100 cells/ml; incubation temperature 31°C, and atmosphere 5% CO₂, 95% air. Satisfactory preparations were obtained from only 40% of biopsies processed directly, but from 57% of biopsies cultured for 24 hrs. With the procedure that was finally developed using a 16G 1 1/2″ needle enveloped in a sterile plastic bag, 87% of biopsies cultured for 24 hrs gave preparations suitable for meiotic analysis.     

The study of macrofungal communities: defining adequate sampling units by means of cluster analysis

A fungus-biotope and a cluster analysis of macrofungal communities were done across a sequence of four forest associations in the Laurentide Mountains of Québec. Comparison between different scales of sampling indicated that the cohesion and individuality of macrofungal clusters tend to increase from the whole mycoflora of a site toward trophic group and niche group levels. At this latter level, the reliability of defined communities is however highly limited by the low species richness and low constancy of their species. Four sampling units of fungi on the forest floor, were defined: ectomycorrhizal, humicolous, folicolous-muscicolous and lignicolous. This division further contributes to define the natural assemblages of fungi within the biocoenose.Abbreviations MF= mycoflora - NG= niche group - TG= trophic group     

Phytoplankton communities and antecedent conditions: high resolution sampling in Esthwaite Water

1. The succession of a phytoplankton community was investigated through an intensive period of sampling and related to physical, chemical and biological conditions sampled at an equal, or higher, temporal resolution. 2. Phytoplankton samples were taken on a weekly basis from June to September 2004 and analysed for diversity, species composition, and contribution of different functional groups to total biomass. Physical and chemical data were collected on the sampling days, and physical environmental factors were also logged continuously throughout the period by automatic measuring stations. This continuous logging allowed community structure to be compared with physical data averaged over periods from a day to a week before each sampling date. 3. The Schmidt stability of the lake, a measure of the strength of stratification calculated from thermal data, showed a negative correlation with phytoplankton species diversity. This is consistent with the hypothesis that mixing was preventing exclusion by species that would otherwise dominate in stratified conditions. 4. At a functional level, stress tolerant (S‐type) species dominated during the stratified summer conditions, with small, colonising species (C types) and ruderal, disturbance tolerant species (R types) contributing little to the overall biomass. Of the stress tolerant species, the faster growing (S_C) phytoplankters were significantly favoured by more stable, stratified conditions and higher solar radiation. Increased abundance of this group resulted in decreased species diversity. Correlations were generally strongest when using the 6‐ to 7‐day averaged physical data, stressing the importance of continuous measurements of these drivers in phytoplankton studies.     

Comparison of macroinvertebrate sampling methods in Europe

The aim of this study was to describe in detail the national macroinvertebrate sampling methods used and to compare them with a common standard, the STAR-AQEM sampling method. Information on national methods and field data were collected from 11 countries (Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Sweden, and UK). The sampling included 22 stream types situated in 11 different Ecoregions. Within each country samples were taken in spring and one additional season (summer or autumn) using both the national method and the STAR-AQEM method. A single anthropogenic stressor was also defined for each stream type sampled within the project, with the three main stressor types being organic pollution (including eutrophication), toxic pollution and habitat degradation. In addition, not impacted reference sites were sampled in each country. A common set of metrics was calculated and compared between the methods. The majority of national methods employed had many features in common. Most of the 12 metrics analysed using the values derived from the STAR-AQEM method and the various national methods correlated significantly, and positively to each other. There was no clear pattern with respect to the differences between metric results obtained using STAR-AQEM and national methods. For some metrics, number of EPT-taxa and families, the value obtained was higher when using the majority of national methods when compared to the STAR-AQEM method. Variability in metric results between methods could not be explained from differences in sampling effort. Sorting in the field and sub-sampling appeared to affect e.g., number of taxa found negatively. The results of the present study supports that inter-calibration in Europe can be undertaken using samples collected with the existing national methods.