中国猫蛛属三新种(蜘蛛目,猫蛛科)

记述了中国湖南省猫蛛科Oxyopidae猫蛛属Oxyopes 3新种：环缘猫蛛Oxyopes annularis sp.nov.,弓缘猫蛛Oxy-opes arcuatus sp.nov.和带缘猫蛛Oxyopes balteiformis sp.nov.3新种的主要鉴别特征。环缘猫蛛,新种Oxyopes annularis sp．nov．与条纹猫蛛Oxyopes striagntus Song,1991相似,但新种腹部细长,末端特别尖细;外雌器角质化后缘拱起较宽长,呈半圆形,其前缘正中尚有两个小疣突,后者角质化后缘拱起较窄短,呈蛇头状,正中没有成对小疣突。弓形猫蛛,新种Oxyopes arcuatus sp．nov．与尖峰猫蛛Oxyopes jianfeng Song,1991相似,但新种外雌器角质化后缘弯曲呈弓形,近乎半圆,后者条状,近乎平直,仅两侧端稍有弯曲;纳精囊较大,交媾管远端细,弯曲呈圆圈,近端变粗呈漏斗形,后者交媾管粗细均匀,远端平直折向近端。不呈漏斗状。带缘猫蛛,新种Oxyopes balteiformis sp．nov．与细纹猫蛛Oxyopes macilentus L.Koch,1878相似,但新种外雌器角质化后缘呈横向带状,较宽,正中无任何突起结构,后者角质化后缘腹面正中有一个三角形突起,背面观在阴门正中有一个“T”形脊。     

一种新杀虫剂对储粮害虫和作物害虫的杀虫效果

测定以植物提取物异硫氰酸酯为主要成分而复配的宏劲杀虫剂对玉米象Sitophilus zeamais(Motschulsky)、赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum(Herbst)和谷蠹Rhizopertha dominica(Fabricius)3种重要储粮害虫的熏蒸效果及其对菜青虫Pieris rapae(L.)、红蜘蛛Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)的杀虫效果。结果表明,宏劲杀虫剂48h对玉米象、赤拟谷盗和谷蠹的LC50分别是0.016,0.009和0.009μL/mL,均明显低于常规熏蒸剂磷化铝的要求处理剂量;对菜青虫和红蜘蛛的LC50分别是0.0159和1.3738mg/mL,其防效均优于对照药剂3%阿菊乳油和3%新型水分散性颗粒剂。     

中国猫蛛属一新种(蜘蛛目:猫蛛科)

记述中国湖南省猫蛛科Oxyopidac猫蛛属Oxyopes 1新种：壶瓶猫蛛Oxyopes hupingensis sp.nov.。新种不同于本属内其它种。新种与Oxyppes daksina Sherriffs,1955略相似,两者的纳精囊都处于外雌器的中线位置上,但新种在如下几方面不同于后者：交媾腔大,葫芦状;纳精囊从内向外,从后向前扭曲成“U”形;两纳精囊彼此靠近。模式标本保存于湖南师范大学生命科学学院。文中量度单位为mm。     

浙江猫蛛科一新种：蜘蛛目

在浙江三门发现猫蛛科一新种,暂归人哈猫蛛属,定名为三门哈猫蛛Hamataliwa sanmenensis sp.nov.本新种与三突哈猫蛛H.tricuspidata相近似,但有明显区别。本属为我国新纪录属。     

山东菏泽曹州牡丹园捕食性天敌资源初探

1996和1999年,在山东菏泽曹州牡丹园对牡丹害虫捕食性天敌进行了系统调查,经鉴定查明：捕食性天敌计60种,隶属于6目16科39属。其中草间小黑蛛、斜纹花蟹蛛、条纹蝇虎、星豹蛛、黑色蚁蛛、多异瓢虫、二星瓢虫、丽草蛉和黑带食蚜蝇为优势种。研究了主要天敌种群的发生与消长。蜘蛛类于2月下旬开始活动,8、9月份为发生盛期,10月份以后数量逐渐下降;瓢虫类于3月下旬始见成虫活动,6月种群数量开始迅速增加,7—8月达到高峰,9月中下旬迅速下降。不同时期、不同牡丹株龄,蜘蛛的种类、数量明显不同。     

Microcosm studies on control of aphids by generalist arthropod predators: Effects of alternative prey

Generalist predators are potential controlagents of aphids in cereal fields. Becauseaphids are low-quality prey for most generalistpredators, the availability of alternativehigh-quality prey may influence theinteractions between aphids and their predatorsby reducing the predation rate due to loweredpreference for aphids. We analysed this bytesting the ability of six generalist predators(the spiders Erigone atra (Bl.), Clubiona lutescens (Westr.)/reclusaO.P.-C., Pachygnatha degeeri Sundevall,Pardosa prativaga (L.Koch), the carabidbeetle Bembidion lampros (Herbst), andthe harvestman Oligolophus tridens (C.L.Koch)) to suppress Rhopalosiphum padi(Linné) populations in the presence orabsence of alternative prey types (fruit fliesDrosophila melanogaster (Meigen) or thecollembolan Tomocerus bidentatus(Folsom)). Experiments of 10 days duration werecarried out in a microcosm set-up. Withoutalternative prey all predators except B.lampros were able to reduce aphid populationdevelopment significantly relative topredator-free controls. The harvest spider O. tridens was the most efficient predator(<90% reduction). Presence of alternativeprey (fruit flies) had a significant negativeeffect on aphid limitation by P. prativagaand a weak positive effect in B. lampros, but did not influence the ability to reduce aphids in E. atra, Clubiona, P. degeeri and O. tridens. In addition, 24-hours' consumption experiments with adult P. degeeri and subadult C. lutescens/reclusa, using R. padi and D. melanogaster as prey types, showed markedly lower consumption rates of aphid than of fruit fly prey. The microcosm arrangement is a simple way to partly simulate the habitat complexity of an agricultural field under laboratory conditions and proved to be a useful tool for investigating complex predator-prey interactions.     

The impact of aphicide drenches on Micromus tasmaniae (Walker) (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae) and the implications for pest control in lettuce crops

Abstract  The recent arrival of lettuce aphid ( Nasonovia ribis-nigri (Mosley) ) in Australia has resulted in a pesticide-based protection program based upon seedling drenches of imidacloprid being promoted by many advisory agencies and accepted by growers as the only option available. This has caused concern about potential for incompatibility with existing integrated pest management programs for other pests in lettuce. Two neonicotinoid insecticides, imidacloprid (Confidor 200SC) and thiamethoxam (Actara), were applied to lettuce seedlings by drenching. A model aphid ( Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) ), used because N. ribis-nigri was not present in mainland Australia at that time, was periodically released onto the seedlings over 10 weeks. The effects of imidacloprid and thiamethoxam on larvae of predatory brown lacewings ( Micromus tasmaniae (Walker) ) which fed on the aphids were measured over 10 weeks by bioassay. Imidacloprid applied at a rate of 11 mL active ingredient (ai) per 1000 seedlings and thiamethoxam applied at 0.5 g ai per 1000 seedlings were highly toxic to M. tasmaniae that consumed aphids from the seedlings for up to 4 weeks after application. A 1/10 rate of imidacloprid (1.1 mL ai per 1000 seedlings) caused moderate toxicity for 3 weeks, and was then harmless to M. tasmaniae . Thiamethoxam and the high rate of imidacloprid caused almost complete mortality of aphids for about 6 weeks after application, and the low rate of imidacloprid displayed similarly high activity for about 3 weeks.     

Growth, development, and survival of a generalist predator fed single- and mixed-species diets of different quality

It is often assumed that prey species consumed by generalist predators are largely, though not entirely, equivalent in terms of their value to the predators. In contrast to this expectation, laboratory feeding experiments uncovered distinctly varied developmental responses of a generalist predator, the wolf spider Schizocosa, to different experimental diets. Naive Schizocosa attacked and fed upon all the prey species offered; however, highly divergent patterns of survival, development, and growth of Schizocosa spiderlings reared on different single-prey diets revealed a wide spectrum of prey qualities. Spiderlings fed the collembolan Tomocerus bidentatus sustained the highest overall rates of survival, growth, and development. Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) were intermediate-quality prey: spiders fed Drosophila initially exhibited rates of survival, growth, and development equal to those of spiders on a diet of T. bidentatus, but after about 3 months, rates declined markedly. Fungus gnats (Sciaridae; Bradysia sp.) and conspecfic spiderlings are low-quality prey for Schizocosa: a sole diet of either of these prey types resulted in positive but markedly submaximal rates of growth, retarded rates of development, and survival rates much lower than that supported by a diet of Drosophila. Worst were the collembolans Folsomia candida and Isotoma trispinata, and the aphid Aphis nerii: spiderlings fed solely one of these species did not grow and died without molting. A. nerii is classified as poor quality because survival was no better than that of starved controls. F. candida and I. trispinata were toxic: survival of Schizocosa hatchlings fed these collembolans was lower than that of starved controls. A mixed diet of T. bidentatus and fruit flies yielded positive synergistic effects with respect to growth, but development and rate of survival were similar to those of spiders on a sole diet of T. bidentatus. Including toxic prey did not produce a better diet, while inclusion of toxic prey with prey of higher quality created diets that were no better than the toxic prey alone. The results of these experiments suggest that prey species that are similar in morphology and behavior, and that are initially killed and consumed, may differ dramatically in their suitability as food for generalist arthropod predators. Received: 29 July 1998 / Accepted: 1 February 1999     

Behavioral and ecophysiological responses of a generalist predator to single- and mixed-species diets of different quality

Prey of different quality can be distinguished by their effects on fitness parameters (e.g., survival, growth, development) of the predator. This paper describes a series of experiments with wolf spiders, Schizocosa sp., designed to analyze the behavioral and physiological mechanisms by which these effects are brought about. Schizocosa responded to prey of inferior quality by developing an aversion. The number of prey encounters needed for the aversion to develop depended on the prey type and the quality of alternative prey available. As expected, fewer low-quality prey were accepted if prey of higher quality were available; however, acceptance was also reduced if alternative prey were of even lower quality. An aversion disappeared within a few hours to about 1 day. Consumption by Schizocosa of even small amounts of some “toxic” prey species reduced growth by inhibiting feeding rate and impairing utilization of food derived from prey of higher quality. These results have implications for understanding the interactions of generalist predators in community food webs. Received: 29 July 1998 / Accepted: 1 February 1999     

三种杀虫剂对几种昆虫天敌的毒力测定

为了明确几种常用杀虫剂对捕食性天敌（异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis Pallas、东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri Poppius、智利小植绥螨Phytoseiulus persimilis）和寄生性天敌（松毛虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura、丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan、中红侧沟茧蜂Microplitis mediator Haliday）的影响,在室内采用标准生物测定方法测定了阿维菌素、吡虫啉和噻嗪酮对以上昆虫天敌的毒力。结果表明：三种杀虫剂对六种供试天敌的毒力大小表现出相似趋势,即阿维菌素 > 吡虫啉 > 噻嗪酮;三种药剂对寄生性天敌的毒力均显著高于捕食性天敌。因此在害虫综合治理中应尽量选用对天敌昆虫相对安全的昆虫生长调节剂类的噻嗪酮,以起到保护天敌的作用。     

防治新入侵害虫蜂巢小甲虫杀虫剂的室内筛选

蜂巢小甲虫Aethina tumida是一种新入侵为害蜜蜂蜂巢的危险性害虫,筛选出具有较高毒力水平的化学药剂防治该虫迫在眉睫。本文采用浸渍法测定了10种杀虫剂对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫的毒力。试验结果表明,10 mg/L高效氯氰菊酯、啶虫脒和功夫菊酯在24 h内对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫的致死率达到36.67%、33.33%和29.39%,而10 mg/L高效氯氰菊酯和功夫菊酯在48 h对蜂巢小甲虫幼虫的致死率均达到100%。啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯和功夫菊酯在24 h的LC50分别为10.47 mg/L、16.94 mg/L和19.1 mg/L。其它受试的杀虫剂如多杀菌素、氟虫腈、氟啶脲、虫酰肼、敌百虫、阿维菌素和甲维盐的触杀致死率相对较低。筛选结果显示,啶虫脒、高效氯氰菊酯和功夫菊酯可作为目前防治蜂巢小甲虫的的重要参考防治药剂。