14-3-3参与apelin-13促进大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖ERK1/2信号途径研究

本室以前已经报道了G蛋白偶联受体APJ的内源性配体多肽,apelin-13,通过激活ERK1/2促进大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖.本文研究14-3-3信号蛋白是否参与apelin-13促进大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖ERK1/2信号途径,探讨apelin/APJ系统的细胞信号转导机制.组织贴块法培养大鼠胸主动脉VSMCs;Western blotting方法检测14-3-3、pRaf-1、Raf-1、pERK1/2、ERK1/2、cyclinD1、cyclinE的表达;MTT方法观察14-3-3抑制剂Difopein对VSMCs的增殖作用;免疫共沉淀方法检测14-3-3和Raf-1蛋白复合物的形成.Western blotting方法结果显示,apelin-13(0、0.5、1、2、4μmol/L)浓度依赖性刺激大鼠VSMCs 14-3-3表达、Raf-1和ERK1/2磷酸化,以2μmol/L最为明显;2μmol/L apelin-13时间依赖性刺激大鼠VSMCs 14-3-3表达、Raf-1和ERK1/2磷酸化,在4 h增加最为显著;14-3-3蛋白抑制剂Difopein明显抑制apelin-13诱导的Raf-1磷酸化、ERK1/2磷酸化、cyclinD1及cyclinE表达;免疫共沉淀方法发现apelin-13诱导14-3-3与Raf-1结合增加,而Difopein明显抑制两者结合;MTT法显示Difopein明显抑制apelin-13诱导的血管平滑肌细胞增殖.上述结果表明,Apelin-13通过14-3-3/Raf-1复合物-ERK1/2信号转导通路促进大鼠血管平滑肌细胞增殖.     

ERK1/2在三倍体湘云鲫组织及胚胎中的表达分析

在细胞信号网络中丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(mitogen-activated protein kinase,MAPK)信号传递途径起着极为重要的作用,控制着细胞多种生理过程,如细胞生长、发育、分裂、死亡等.ERK是MAPK家族重要的成员,通过检测三倍体湘云鲫胚胎和成体组织中ERK1/2的表达情况,初步研究ERK在鱼类发育中的作用.蛋白免疫杂交结果显示ERK1/2在三倍体湘云鲫的胚胎发育各个时期和组织中均有较高的表达,该结果表明ERK在鱼类发育的过程中发挥重要的作用.     

大鼠内侧前额叶皮质内ERK1/2 活化参与脊髓损伤后抑郁情绪

目的:观察细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)的活化在脊髓损伤引起抑郁中的作用。方法:应用Western blot和行为药理学方法,观察脊髓损伤后(SCI)大鼠内侧前额叶皮质内(mPFC)ERK1/2及磷酸化-ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)的表达情况及ERK1/2磷酸化抑制剂U0126对抑郁样行为的影响。结果:脊髓损伤后的第2天到第8周,SCI模型大鼠的BBB评分均显著低于假手术组,差异具有统计学意义(p0.05)。脊髓损伤后8周-12周,SCI模型大鼠强迫游泳不动时间与假手术组相比明显缩短,mPFC内pERK1/2蛋白表达水平明显升高,总ERK 1/2的蛋白水平则未见组间差异,而给予U0126的大鼠的不动时间与给药之前相比明显延长增加,mPFC内pERK1/2蛋白表达水平较SCI模型大鼠明显降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:内侧前额叶皮质内ERK1/2的激活参与了脊髓损伤后引起的突触可塑性,在相关的抑郁样行为的产生中发挥了重要的作用。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ上调自发性高血压大鼠和Wistar-Kyoto大鼠血管平滑肌细胞外信号调节激酶的信号转导

本文研究血管紧张素Ⅱ(angiotensin Ⅱ,Ang Ⅱ)对自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rat,SHR)和Wistar- Kyoto(WKY)大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(vascular smooth muscle cells．VSMCs)细胞外信号调节激酶(extracellular signal-regulated pro- tein kinases,ERKs)信号途径的影响。体外培养SHR和WKY大鼠的VSMCs,先在培养基中加入终浓度为1×105mmol／L 的缬沙坦或1×105mmol／L的PD98059或不加药物,再给予1×107mmol／L的Ang Ⅱ刺激24 h后收集细胞,以无血清培养基 培养的VSMCs作对照。用免疫沉淀法测定ERK活性;用Western-blot方法检测总ERK(total ERK,t-ERK)、磷酸化ERK (phosphorylated-ERK,p-ERK)及丝裂素活化蛋白激酶磷酸酶-1(mitogen-activated protem kinases phosphatase-1,MKP-1)水 平;用RT-PCR法半定量测定MKP-1 mRNA的含量。结果显示:(1)SHR和WKY大鼠Ang Ⅱ刺激组VSMCs中ERK活 性、p-ERK、MKP-1及MKP-1 mRNA水平均明显高于对照组(P<0．05);SHR和WKY大鼠Ang Ⅱ+缬沙坦组和Ang Ⅱ +PD98059组的上述指标与对照组比较均无显著性差异。(2)SHR大鼠VSMCs中ERK活性、P-ERK、MKP-1及MKP-1 mRNA均显著高于相同干预的WKY大鼠(P<0．01)。(3)SHR和WKY大鼠之间以及对照组、Ang Ⅱ刺激组、Ang Ⅱ+缬沙 坦组和Ang Ⅱ+PD98059组间VSMCs中t-ERK水平均无显著性差异。以上结果表明,Ang Ⅱ可能主要通过其1型(Ang Ⅱ type 1,AT)受体激活SHR和WKY大鼠VSMCs中ERK途径,增加ERK活性和p-ERK蛋白水平,继而引起MKP-1及 MKP-1 mRNA水平升高。     

去卵巢大鼠海马CA1／CA2区ERK1／2的基础活性和诱导活性降低

目的：观察去卵巢大鼠空间学习记忆能力的变化与海马中胞外信号调节激酶1／2（ERK1／2）通路的关系。方法：雌性sD大鼠随机分为假手术组和去卵巢组,饲养4个月后采用Morris水迷宫测试空间学习记忆能力,于测试前将各组组内又分为训练组和非训练组,训练组用于测定经学习记忆训练诱发的ERK1／2的诱导活性,非训练组用于测定未经学习记忆训练时的ERK1／2的基础活性,Western blot方法检测海马CA1／CA2区p-ERK1／2蛋白及Raf激酶抑制蛋白（RKIP）的变化。结果：①与假手术组比较,去卵巢组大鼠的空间学习记忆能力明显下降（P〈0．05）。②各组中的训练大鼠p-ERK1／2蛋白水平明显高于非训练大鼠（P〈0．05）。③去卵巢组训练及非训练大鼠的p-ERK1／2蛋白水平均相应低于假手术组训练及非训练大鼠（P〈0．05）。④去卵巢组RKIP蛋白表达水平明显高于假手术组（P〈0．05）。结论：雌激素缺乏大鼠的空间学习记忆能力下降与海马CA1／CA2区ERK1／2通路的基础和诱导活性降低以及该通路的抑制蛋白RKIP的表达增加有关。     

ERK1/2信号通路活化对Tamoxifen所致胶质瘤细胞凋亡的影响

为了探讨ERK1/2信号通路在他莫昔芬(tamoxifen, TAM)所致胶质瘤细胞凋亡中的作用,以C6和U87MG胶质瘤细胞为研究对象,经TAM处理后,采用MTT法检测细胞的存活率;倒置显微镜和DAPI染色观察细胞的形态;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡; Western-blot法检测细胞内ERK1/2磷酸化水平。最后应用ERK1/2抑制剂(PD98059)与TAM共同作用,观察其对胶质瘤细胞内ERK1/2磷酸化水平和细胞凋亡的影响。实验结果显示:TAM可呈浓度和时间依赖性地抑制胶质瘤细胞生长; TAM处理组的细胞凋亡明显增加且呈浓度依赖性;TAM能增加细胞内ERK1/2磷酸化水平;以PD98059阻断ERK1/2的激活,能增强TAM诱导细胞凋亡的作用。实验结果表明TAM能够抑制胶质瘤细胞生长和促进其细胞凋亡, ERK1/2信号通路的激活参与调控TAM所致胶质瘤细胞凋亡。     

急性恐惧应激对大鼠行为、激素水平及脑Erk1/2活化表达的影响

目的:探讨急性恐惧应激对大鼠情感行为、激素水平及不同脑区Erk1/2活化表达的影响。方法:采用足电击 白噪声刺激方式建立急性恐惧应激大鼠模型,观察其情感行为的改变;放射免疫法及荧光分光光度法检测血浆和脑组织激素水平;Westernblot检测Erk1/2的活化表达。结果:应激后大鼠旷场活动性降低、拒俘反应性增加、惊吓反应增强(P<0.01);血浆及脑组织去甲肾上腺素、5-羟色胺、皮质醇水平增高,而肾上腺髓质素水平降低(P<0.01);海马、纹状体、前额皮质、小脑等脑区磷酸化Erk1/2蛋白的表达均显著增高(P<0.01)。结论:急性恐惧应激可以显著影响大鼠的情感行为和激素水平,Erk1/2蛋白磷酸化水平的增高可能参与了急性恐惧应激所致的情感行为异常。     

高表达和敲减adipophilin对细胞内ERK1/2活性、PPARγ表达和细胞内脂质蓄积的影响

本课题组以前的研究表明,adipophilin通过ERK1/2-PPARγ信号转导通路促进细胞内的脂质蓄积.为了研究高表达和敲减adipophilin是否影响RAW264.7细胞内ERK1/2的活性、PPARγ的表达以及细胞内的脂质蓄积,从而进一步证实这一通路,阐明adipophilin促进泡沫细胞形成的机制.重组pQCXIP-HA-Adipophilin和pSuper-retro-adipophilin siRNA逆转录病毒载体经酶切检测证实,并用SofastTM介导转染到包装细胞PA317中,经培养后释放逆转录病毒.将收集的逆转录病毒感染RAW264.7细胞,经嘌呤霉素筛选后获得稳定高表达和敲减adipophilin的细胞系.用50 mg/L的氧化低密度脂蛋白处理细胞24 h后,用油红O染色法和高效液相色谱法测定细胞内的脂质蓄积情况,用半定量RT-PCR和蛋白质印迹分别检测adipophilin和PPARγ的mRNA和蛋白质的表达,用蛋白质印迹对与动脉粥样硬化发病有关的ERK1/2及其磷酸化进行检测.酶切结果表明,pQCXIP-HA-Adipophilin和pSuper-retro-adipophilin siRNA重组逆转录病毒载体构建成功.在荷脂情况下,pQCXIP-HA-Adipophilin转染的细胞能明显增加细胞内的脂质蓄积,但使PPARγ的表达和ERK1/2的磷酸化下调,这些作用可被adipophilin siRNA逆转.结果表明,adipophilin与泡沫细胞的形成有关,adipophilin可能是通过ERK1/2-PPARγ途径促进细胞内的脂质蓄积.     

ERK1/2通路参与15-羟二十碳四烯酸收缩缺氧大鼠肺动脉的过程

缺氧诱导的15-羟二十碳四烯酸（15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid,15-HETE）是引起肺动脉收缩的重要介导因子。15-HETE引起肺动脉收缩的信号转导途径尚不清楚。本研究旨在确定细胞外信号调节激酶1／2（extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1／2,ERK1／2）信号转导通路是否参与15-HETE收缩缺氧火鼠肺动脉的过程。采用组织浴槽肺动脉环张力检测、蛋白质免疫印迹Western blot）和免疫细胞化学方法。制备缺氧大鼠动物模型,成年雄性Wistar大鼠在低氧环境下（吸入氧分数为0．12）正常喂养9d。显微分离直径1-1．5mm肺动脉,剪成长为3mm的动脉环,进行血管张力检测。用ERK1／2上游激酶（MEK）抑制剂PD98059抑制ERK1／2活性。结果显示,PD98059可明显抑制15-HETE对缺氧大鼠肺动脉环的收缩作用。在去除内皮的肺动脉环,PD98059仍叮明显降低15-HETE的缩血管作用。Western blot和免疫细胞化学结果都显示,15-HETE能促进ERK1／2磷酸化。由此表明ERK1／2信号转导通路参与15-HETE收缩缺氧大鼠肺动脉的过程。     

Aurora-A激酶对急性胰腺炎大鼠肺脏损伤的修复作用研究

摘要 目的：探讨与研究Aurora-A激酶对急性胰腺炎大鼠肺脏损伤的修复作用。方法：36只雄性SD大鼠均分为三组：对照组、模型组与Aurora-A组。对照组进行假手术操作,模型组建立急性胰腺炎模型后给予注射等量生理盐水治疗,Aurora-A组建立急性胰腺炎模型后给予阴茎背静脉注射鼠Aurora-A类因子-MLN8054 10 mg/kg治疗,记录大鼠肺脏损伤的修复情况。结果：造模过程中无大鼠死亡情况发生,模型组与Aurora-A组造模后2 w与4 w的肺组织病理评分、血清中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(neutrophil elastase,NE)与髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)含量、肺组织W/D、肺组织蛋白激酶B(AKT)、细胞外信号调节激酶1(ERK1)蛋白相对表达水平都高于对照组(P<0.05),Aurora-A组少于模型组(P<0.05)。结论：Aurora-A激酶在急性胰腺炎大鼠的应用能抑制Akt/ERK信号通路激活,减少血清NE与MPO的表达,从而促进肺脏损伤修复。     

Apelin-13 induces ERK1/2 but not p38 MAPK activation through coupling of the human apelin receptor to the Gi2 pathway

Apelin signaling to the family of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as extracellular-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and p38 MAPK, through the coupling of apelin receptor (APJ) to G-protein, mediates important pathophysiological responses. Although apelin fragments have been reported to induce ERK1/2 activation through G_i-protein, the intracellular pathways by which APJ activates these MAPKs are only partially understood. Here, using stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells overexpressing human APJ (HEK293-apelinR), we showed that apelin-13 signaling leads to ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways through APJ activation. It was found in HEK293-apelinR cells that ERK1/2 activation was initiated by apelin-13 at 5 min, with the peak of activation occurring at 15 min, and a return to the basal level within 60 min. The activation of ERK1/2 appeared to be dose-dependent with a significant activation being observed at 10 nM apelin-13 and maximal activation at 100 nM. However, phosphorylated-p38 MAPK was not detected in HEK293-apelinR cells treated with apelin-13. We also shown that the apelin-13-induced ERK1/2 activation requires a coupling with pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein, and that overexpression of dominant-negative G_i2 completely inhibits the apelin-13-induced ERK1/2 activation. In addition, treatment with apelin-13 resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production. It is therefore suggested that apelin-13 activates ERK1/2 but not p38 MAPK, which involves the coupling of APJ to the G_i2 cascade. In conclusion, the ERK1/ 2, but not p38 MAPKpathway is activated by apelin-13 through coupling of human APJ to G_i2-protein, which contributes to cellular responses.     

ERK1/2 mediates lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and autophagy induced by apelin-13

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of apelin in the cell proliferation and autophagy of lung adenocarcin- oma. The over-expression of APJ in lung adenocarcinoma was detected by immunohistochemistry, while plasma apelin level in lung cancer patients was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Our findings revealed that apelin-13 significantly increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, the expression of cyclin D1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3A/B （LC3A/B）, and beclinl, and con- fwmed that apelin-13 promoted A549 cell proliferation and induced A549 cell autophagy via ERK1/2 signaling. More- over, there are pores on the surface of human lung adeno- carcinoma cell line A549 and apelin-13 causes cell surface smooth and glossy as observed under atomic force micros- copy. These results suggested that ERK1/2 signaling pathway mediates apelin-13-induced lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and autophagy. Under our experimental condition, autophagy associated with 3-methyladenine was not involved in cell proliferation.     

ERK1/2和p-ERK1/2在肺癌组织中的表达及意义

目的研究细胞外信号调节激酶1/2（extracellular regulated kinase 1/2,ERK1/2）及其磷酸化状态（p-ERK1/2）在不同分化程度肺癌中的表达情况,探讨二者与肺癌侵袭、转移的关系。方法采用免疫组化（Envision）法,检测79例肺癌组织及l2例癌旁正常肺组织中ERK1/2和p-ERK1/2的表达。结果ERK1/2在高、中、低分化组表达率分别为13.6%,39.4%,66.7%,p-ERK1/2在高、中、低分化组表达率分别14.3%,27.3%,79.2%（P〈0.05）;无淋巴结转移者阳性率为20%,有淋巴结转移者阳性率为50.1%（P〈0.05）。ERK1/2和p-ERK1/2的表达在不同年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、肿瘤病理类型无显著性差异,而与分化程度有关,其中p-ERK1/2的表达还与有无淋巴结转移有关。结论ERK1/2和p-ERK1/2在肺癌组织中高表达且与分化程度有关。     

双歧杆菌对腹腔巨噬细胞ERK1/2蛋白激酶通道的影响

目的探讨双歧杆菌对巨噬细胞。ERK1／2蛋白激酶通道的调控。方法收集SD大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,提取细胞浆蛋白及核蛋白,采用Western印迹分析双歧杆菌对巨噬细胞ERK蛋白激酶水平的影响。结果双歧杆菌呈浓度依赖性诱导巨噬细胞ERK1／2的活化。10^3／ml的双歧杆菌即可增加ERK1／2磷酸化。用10^3／ml的双歧杆菌刺激巨噬细胞,ERK1／2磷酸化30min达到高峰。特异性ERK蛋白激酶抑制剂PD98059能显著降低双歧杆菌诱导的巨噬细胞ERK1／2的活化。结论双歧杆菌可以通过ERK蛋白激酶通道调控巨噬细胞。     

P38和ERK1/2在肝细胞癌中的表达及意义

目的探讨p38（mitogen-activated protein kinase p38,p38）和细胞外信号调节激酶1/2（extracellular reg-ulated kinase 1/2,ERK1/2）在不同分化程度肝细胞癌（human hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC）中的表达情况,以及两者的相关性。方法通过免疫组化（Envision）法,检测52例肝癌组织及l0例癌旁正常肝脏组织中p38和ERK1/2的表达。结果：p38和ERK1/2在肝癌组织中均有表达,与正常组比较差异有显著性,且阳性率的高低与其分化程度有关,p38在肝癌组织中的表达随分化程度的增高阳性率降低（P〈0.05）;ERK1/2在中、低分化的肝癌组织分别与高分化相比差异具有显著性（P〈0.05）。但低分化与中分化的肝癌组织比较虽也有差异但无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。癌组织中p38和ERK1/2的表达呈中度正相关（r=0.703,P〈0.05）。结论HCC中,p38和ERK1/2表达和活性增加,且存在一定的相关性。     

Upregulation of Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling and ERK5 in the brain of autistic subjects

Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction, verbal communication and repetitive behaviors. A number of studies have shown that the Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) signaling pathway plays important roles in the genesis of neural progenitors, learning and memory. Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 and ERK5 have also been shown to have death-promoting apoptotic roles in neural cells. Recent studies have shown a possible association between neural cell death and autism. In addition, two recent studies reported that a deletion of a locus on chromosome 16, which included the mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) gene that encodes ERK1, is associated with autism. Most recently, our laboratory detected that Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling activities were significantly enhanced in the brain of BTBR mice that model autism, as they exhibit many autism-like behaviors. We thus hypothesized that Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling and ERK5 could be abnormally regulated in the brain of autistic subjects. In this study, we show that the expression of Ras protein was significantly elevated in the frontal cortex of autistic subjects. C-Raf phosphorylation was increased in the frontal cortex, while both C-Raf and A-Raf activities were enhanced in the cerebellum of autistic subjects. We also detected that both the protein expression and activities of ERK1/2 were significantly upregulated in the frontal cortex of autistic subjects, but not in the cerebellum. Furthermore, we showed that ERK5 protein expression is upregulated in both frontal cortex and cerebellum of autistic subjects. These results suggest that the upregulation of Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling and ERK5 activities mainly found in the frontal cortex of autistic subjects may be critically involved in the pathogenesis of autism.     

有氧运动对2型糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌ERK1/2活性的影响

目的：观察有氧运动对2型糖尿病大鼠骨骼肌细胞外信号调节激酶（ERK1/2）活性的影响,探讨有氧运动对2型糖尿病的预防和调控机制。方法：将75只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组（CON）、糖尿病对照1组（DC1）、糖尿病运动1组（DE1）、糖尿病对照2组（DC2）、糖尿病运动2组（DE2）5组（n=15）。正常对照组用普通饲料喂养,糖尿病组用高脂高糖配方饲料喂养。经过8周高脂高糖喂养后,糖尿病2组大鼠腹腔内注射链脲佐菌素（STZ）,诱发2型糖尿病;糖尿病运动1组游泳的最后1周初和糖尿病对照1组同时注射STZ,注射剂量为35 mg/kg,3 d后尾部取血测血糖≥ 16.7 mmol/L为造模成功。运动干预8周后,测定大鼠血清胰岛素、骨骼肌中ERK1/2蛋白表达等指标。结果：①与正常对照组比较,糖尿病各对照组血液中总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、游离脂肪酸（FFA）显著升高（P<0.05,P<0.01）,空腹血糖（FBG）、胰岛素（FIN）含量和胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）显著升高（P<0.01）,ERK1/2磷酸化的蛋白表达显著下降（P<0.05）,糖尿病对照2组ERK1/2蛋白含量显著下降（P<0.05）;②8周游泳运动后,与糖尿病对照组比较,糖尿病运动组血液中TC、TG、FFA、LDL-C显著下降（P<0.05）,FBG、FIN、HOMA-IR显著下降（P<0.05,P<0.01）,ERK1/2磷酸化蛋白表达显著升高（P<0.05）。结论：长时间有氧运动,增加了骨骼肌ERK1/2磷酸化水平,改善了2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗的状况,降低血糖。这可能是改善糖代谢紊乱,提高胰岛素敏感性的机制之一。