小麦农家品种大籽糙抗条锈性的遗传分析

以抗条锈病的农家品种大籽糙作父本、感病品种铭贤169作母本杂交获得F1代杂交种,F1代植株自交获得F2代种子,F1代植株与铭贤169回交获得 BC1代种子。在人工控制条件下,用我国小麦条锈菌优势小种条中28号和条中32号,分别对F1、F2、BC1代及其亲本的幼苗进行人工接种,研究了它们的抗性表现和杂交后代中抗条锈性的分离情况。结果表明,大籽糙对条中32号小种的抗性由一对隐性基因控制;对条中28号小种的抗性由一对显性基因和一对隐性基因的互补作用控制。 Abstract:Dazicao,a native wheat variety with stripe rust resistance from Henan,China,was crossed with susceptible cultivar Mingxian 169 as the female parent.The F1 progeny was selfed to produce F2 progeny and backcrossed with Mingxian 169 to produce BC1 progeny.In air-conditioned greenhouse,seedlings of the F1,F2,BC1 progenies and their parents were inoculated with the prevalent races CY28 and CY32 of Puccinia striiformis respectively.The phenotypes of the F1,F2 and BC1 plants were analyzed for resistance to the two races.The results indicated that the resistance in the Dazicao to race CY32 was controlled by one recessive gene,and the resistance to race CY28 by complementary action of one dominant gene and one recessive gene.     

低聚糖提高小麦的抗病性及其应用于防治小麦赤霉病的研究

霉菌丝细胞壁和小麦细胞壁低聚糖片断在小麦黄化苗中能有效地诱导小麦抗毒素积累,经诱导产生的小麦抗毒素对小麦霉菌有明显的抑菌作用。采用同样的低聚糖片断处理大田小麦,能明显提高感病小麦品种绵阳１１号和宁麦６号对小麦赤霉病的抗病能力。用不同浓度的低聚糖片断处理麦穗,２ｕｇ／ｍｌ赤霉菌壁低聚糖是适宜的浓度,能使宁麦６号的病穗率减少４４．９％,使绵阳１１号减少２６．９％。２０ｕｇ／ｍｌ小麦细胞壁低聚糖喷洒宁麦     

条锈菌诱导的抗锈小麦种质的基因表达分析

以条锈菌接种前后的抗条锈病种质N 95175的小麦幼苗叶片为材料,利用抑制消减杂交技术,构建了条锈菌接种初期小麦抗性种质叶片的SSH-cDNA文库。通过对文库中随机选取的50个阳性克隆提取质粒,进行测序,共获得已知功能的EST序列14条,如蛋白激酶、锌指蛋白、细胞色素P 450和OM T 1等抗病相关基因,它们涉及植物的信号传导、转录调控、丙烷代谢途径及防卫反应等方面。     

低聚糖提高小麦的抗病性及其应用于防治小麦赤霉病的研究

赤霉菌丝细胞壁和小麦细胞壁低聚糖片断在小麦黄化苗中能有效地诱导小麦抗毒素积累,经诱导产生的小麦抗毒素对小麦霉菌有明显的抑菌作用。采用同样的低聚糖片断处理大田小麦,能明显提高感病小麦品种绵阳１１号和宁麦６号对小麦赤霉病的抗病能力。用不同浓度的低聚糖片断处理麦穗,２０ｕｇ／ｍｌ赤霉菌壁低聚糖是适宜的浓度,能使宁麦６号的病穗率减少４４．９％,使绵阳１１号减少２６．９％。２０ｕｇ／ｍｌ,小麦细胞壁低聚糖喷洒宁麦六号,杨麦１５８和川育１２号,能有效地提高这些品种抗小麦赤霉病的能力,防效分别达到９０．０％、８１·１％和８８．９％。     

西科麦2028抗条锈性的遗传分析

西科麦2028是地理远缘小麦材料的杂交后代,具有突出的抗条锈病性能。为了解西科麦2028对小麦条锈病的抗性遗传规律,以西科麦2028和铭贤169的杂交群体为研究对象,采用我国目前小麦条锈菌流行小种CYR31、CYR32、CYR33、Su11-4对供试群体进行成株期接种,分析杂交后代的抗病性及分布情况。结果表明:西科麦2028对CYR31的抗病性由3对显性基因控制;对CYR32由2对显性和1对隐性基因控制;对CYR33由1对显性基因控制;对Su11-4由1对显性和1对隐性基因控制。     

2003-2013年小麦品种(系)抗条锈性鉴定及评价

2003-2013年在甘肃省农业科学院植物保护研究所兰州温室和甘谷试验站,分别对来自国内35个相关育种单位的冬春小麦品种(系)5001份,其中冬小麦4291份、春小麦710份,进行苗期混合菌、成株期分小种和混合菌抗条锈性接种鉴定,结果表明:全生育期表现免疫近免疫的有兰天31号等479份,高抗的有兰天23号等76份,中抗的有天选49等291份,分别占9.58％、1.52％和5.82％;成株期表现免疫近免疫的有天选50号等840份,高抗的有兰天27号等47份,中抗的有天选52等311份,分别占16.80％、0.94％和6.22％;苗期表现免疫近免疫的有兰天30号等964份,高抗的有天98102等122份,中抗的有00-30等273份,分别占19.28％、2.44％和5.46％.冬小麦有天选49号等914份材料表现全生育期抗病,占18.28％;有97-473等906份成株期表现抗病,占18.12％;有兰天20号等1225份苗期表现抗病,占24.50％.春小麦有定西41号等113份材料全生育期表现抗病,占2.26％;有陇春28号等125份成株期表现抗病,占2.50％;有0109-1等114份苗期对混合菌表现抗病,占2.28％.先后在甘肃天水汪川良种场对相关材料进行成株期抗条锈性评价,结果发现:1154份从小种圃筛选出的抗病材料中,表现抗病的有兰天31号等745份,占64.56％;105份甘肃陇南生产品种中,到2013年表现抗病的仅有兰天28号、中梁31号等30份材料,占28.57％;后备品系中,00-30-2-1、CP04-20、00127-2-3等抗性表现优异;抗源材料中,仅有贵农775、中四、T.Spelta albun、贵协1、贵协3等少数材料表现抗病,重要抗源材料贵农21、贵农22、南农92R、川麦42、Moro从2011年开始在田间表现感病,逐步失去利用价值.其衍生系品种材料如陇鉴9343、天选43号、中梁29号、兰天17号、兰天24号等也在田间逐步感病,条锈病发生流行压力持续增大.     

小麦新抗源贵农775抗条锈性特征与遗传分析

发掘并利用不同类型抗条锈病基因,构建区域间抗病基因多样性差异布局,是阻遏条锈菌大区域传播、实现小麦条锈病持续控制的重要策略。为了明确小麦新抗源贵农775抗条锈性特征和抗性遗传规律,为其合理布局应用提供依据,文章利用10个条锈菌菌系进行苗期分小种鉴定;构建贵农775与感病品种Avocet(S)杂交后代F2:3及回交BC1遗传群体,利用小麦条锈菌流行小种CYR32和最近发现的对Yr26基因有毒性的新致病类型CH42,对贵农775进行抗条锈性遗传分析。结果表明,贵农775对包括CH42致病类型在内的所有10个供试菌系均表现为免疫或近免疫的抗病性反应,而中国当前主要条锈病抗源品种92R137、川麦42(YrCH42)、贵农22(YrGN22)及Yr24等均不抗CH42;抗病遗传分析结果表明,贵农775对小麦条锈菌小种CYR32和CH42的抗性分别由一对显性核基因控制,并且为不同的小种专化抗性基因。     

小麦抗条锈基因Yr69的连锁标记开发

抗条锈病基因Yr69对我国小麦条锈菌(Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici)小种具有广谱抗性,在小麦抗条锈病育种中具有重要价值。为提高分子标记辅助选择育种的效率,加快Yr69在小麦抗病育种中的应用,本研究利用条锈菌小种CYR34对包含340个小麦家系的‘Taichung29/CH7086’F9代RIL(Recombinant inbred line)群体进行接种鉴定,并利用BSA-SNP(Bulked segregant analysis-single nucleotide polymorphism)技术对其抗条锈病基因进行了重新定位。抗病鉴定结果显示,RIL群体中抗感病家系的数量呈双峰分布,‘CH7086’的条锈病抗性受一个主效位点控制。BSA-SNP基因分型结果表明,多态性SNP主要集中于小麦2AS染色体末端0～30Mb的染色体区段。在该基因组区段开发了208个SSR分子标记,利用抗感病小群体从中筛选到14个与Yr69连锁的分子标记。利用14个标记对340个RIL家系进行PCR扩增和分子作图,将Yr69定位于2AS111和2AS171之间约7.76...     

低聚糖素诱导橡胶树抗白粉病作用机制初探

通过比较喷洒低聚糖素后橡胶树叶片表皮细胞结构、过氧化物酶活性和酚类物质含量的变化表明,低聚糖素可诱导橡胶树的组织结构及生理生化过程发生变化。这些因素是低聚糖素提高橡胶树对白粉病抗病性的重要作用机制。     

小麦-簇毛麦易位系的抗条锈性遗传分析

本文对7个小麦-簇毛麦易住系种质V9128-1、V9128-3、V9129-1、V3、V4、V5、V12的抗条锈性进行遗传研究。用小麦条锈菌对供试材料苗期接种鉴定表明,7个易位系的抗病谱存在着明显的差异,据基因推导原理和系谱分析,可初步推测这7个易位系所包含的抗条锈基因不尽相同。进而对两个抗病谱较宽的易住系的抗条锈性进行了遗传分析。结果表明：小麦．簇毛麦易位系V9128-1对条锈菌CY30的抗条锈性由一对显性基因控制,小麦-簇毛麦易位系V3对条锈菌CY31的抗条锈基因由一显一隐2对基因控制。揭示了小麦．簇毛麦易位系抗条锈性为寡基因控制,为尽快利用这些宝贵抗病基因,培育小麦抗锈品种提供了科学依据。     

小麦品种贵农22号抗条锈基因遗传分析

贵农22号是利用簇毛麦(Haynaldia villosa)、硬粒小麦(Triticum durum)及普通小麦(Triticum aestuvum)杂交而育成的普通小麦品种,其抗中国目前流行和出现的条锈菌小种,已成为目前重要的抗小麦条锈病抗源。为了明确该品种抗锈遗传规律并进行应用前景评价,用一个流行的强毒性小种条中31号和一个突变弱毒性小种CY29-mut3,分别接种贵农22与国际已知抗锈基因品种Moro及感病品种辉县红双列杂交F2、F2代各株系幼苗,对贵农22号进行了抗锈性遗传分析,以便于在抗病育种中进一步应用。研究结果表明,贵农22号有三对独立遗传的抗条锈基因,暂定名为YrGui 1、YrGui 2和YrGui 3,它们表达稳定,不受亲本正反交影响,而并不具有Yr 10。Yr10基因载体品种Moto中有二或四对基因抗中国不同的条锈菌小种,不同小种及正反交对基因的表达有影响,为父本时其对CY29-mut3小种有两对完全显性基因、一对中度抗病基因及一对隐性抗病基因,而为母本时有一对完全显性基因和一对中度抗病基因起抗病作用;对条中31号,其为父本时有一对显性基因和一对隐性基因,为母本时可能存在两对累加作用基因或两对隐性抗病基因控制抗痫作用。     

国内重要抗源品种水源11、水源92及Hybrid46抗条锈基因关系分析

小麦著名抗源品种水源11、水源92及Hybrid46在我国小麦抗病育种中发挥了重要作用,为了明确其抗锈 遗传规律,研究用条中29号及其弱株突变系CY29-mut3,分别接种这3个品种的双列杂交F2、F3代各株系幼苗。结果表明,水源11、水源92与Hybrid46所含抗条锈基因不同,而同来自朝鲜的品种水源11、水源92可能含相同的或完全连锁的抗条锈基因。水源92有3对基因抗中国条锈小种,且不同小种及细胞质对基因表达都有影响,水源92为父本时分别对CY29-mut3及条中29号小种有3对显性基因起抵抗作用（其中两对基因表现为累加作用）;而当水源92为母本时分别对CY29-mut3及条中29号小种有1对完全显性基因和两对隐性基因表达抗病作用。国际已知基因品种Hybrid46为母本时对CY29-mut3有两对基因起作用（可能是两对隐性基因,也可能是存在累加作用的两对显性基因）,而对CY-29小种有3对独立遗传的显性基因表达抗病作用。     

Backcross-breeding and doubled-haploid facilitated introgression of stripe rust resistance in bread wheat

Stripe rust caused by the fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) may decrease wheat yield significantly in severe outbreaks. The most cost-effective and environmentally friendly approach to reduce yield losses due to rust diseases is deployment of effective resistant genes in wheat cultivars. The causal agents evolve and may break existing resistant sources as well. Therefore, long-term conventional breeding strategies and the ongoing evolution of pathogen populations in the region would put the success of breeding programmes at risk so that there is always a need for speeding up the process of germplasm enhancement through production of doubled-haploid breeding materials. In this study, we aimed at introgression of stripe rust resistance trait from three genotypes (Flanders, Martonvasar-17 (MV17) and Bersee) into a widely adapted cultivar “Ghods”. Positively selected F2BC² progenies of three backcrossing schemas, i.e. (i) Flanders/3^*Ghods; (ii) Ghods^*3/MV17; and (iii) Hybride-de-bersee/3^*Ghods, were used to produce three small-size doubled-haploid populations via wheat × Maize pollination methodology. The doubled-haploid populations were examined against two predominantly isolates of P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) i.e. 6E134A⁺ and 6E2A⁺Yr27⁺ and the screening revealed that 44 and 52 of the progenies are resistant to the above-mentioned isolates, respectively. Field data have shown that the stripe rust resistance doubled-haploid germplasm are comparable to local check cultivars in yield and earliness.     

Evaluation of Pakistan wheat germplasms for stripe rust resistance using molecular markers

Wheat production in Pakistan is seriously constrained due to rust diseases and stripe rust (yellow) caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, which could limit yields. Thus development and cultivation of genetically diverse and resistant varieties is the most sustainable solution to overcome these diseases. The first objective of the present study was to evaluate 100 Pakistan wheat cultivars that have been grown over the past 60 years. These cultivars were inoculated at the seedling stage with two virulent stripe rust isolates from the United States and two from Pakistan. None of the wheat cultivars were resistant to all tested stripe rust isolates, and 16% of cultivars were susceptible to the four isolates at the seedling stage. The data indicated that none of the Pakistan wheat cultivars contained either Yr5 or Yr15 genes that were considered to be effective against most P. striiformis f. sp. tritici isolates from around the world. Several Pakistan wheat cultivars may have gene Yr10, which is effective against isolate PST-127 but ineffective against PST-116. It is also possible that these cultivars may have other previously unidentified genes or gene combinations. The second objective was to evaluate the 100 Pakistan wheat cultivars for stripe rust resistance during natural epidemics in Pakistan and Washington State, USA. It was found that a higher frequency of resistance was present under field conditions compared with greenhouse conditions. Thirty genotypes (30% of germplasms) were found to have a potentially high temperature adult plant (HTAP) resistance. The third objective was to determine the genetic diversity in Pakistan wheat germplasms using molecular markers. This study was based on DNA fingerprinting using resistance gene analog polymorphism (RGAP) marker analysis. The highest polymorphism detected with RGAP primer pairs was 40%, 50% and 57% with a mean polymorphism of 36%. A total of 22 RGAP markers were obtained in this study. RGAP, simple sequence repeat (SSR) and sequence tagged site (STS) markers were used to determine the presence and absence of some important stripe rust resistance genes, such as Yr5, Yr8, Yr9, Yr15 and Yr18. Of the 60 cultivars analyzed, 17% of cultivars showed a RGAP marker band for Yr9 and 12% of cultivars exhibited the Yr18 marker band. No marker band was detected for Yr5, Yr8 and Yr15, indicating a likely absence of these genes in the tested Pakistan wheat cultivars. Cluster analysis based on molecular and stripe rust reaction data is useful in identifying considerable genetic diversity among Pakistan wheat cultivars. The resistant germplasms identified with 22 RGAP markers and from the resistance evaluations should be useful in developing new wheat cultivars with stripe rust resistance.     

DNA分子标记在小麦抗条锈性遗传研究中的应用

综述了近年来DNA分子标记在小麦抗条锈性遗传研究中的应用现状和潜力。内容涉及DNA分子标记在基因标记,基因克隆,遗传图谱构建和辅助选择育种等方面的应用,并列举了代表性实例,展望了DNA分子标记技术在小麦抗条锈病研究上的前景。     

Genetics of adult plant stripe rust resistance in CSP44, a selection from Australian wheat

Wheat line CSP44, a selection from an Australian bread wheat cultivar Condor, has shown resistance to stripe rust in India since the last twenty years. Seedlings and adult plants of CSP44 showed susceptible infection types against stripe rust race 46S119 but displayed average terminal disease severity of 2.67 on adult plants against this race as compared to 70.33 of susceptible Indian cultivar, WL711. This suggests the presence of nonhypersensitive adult plant stripe rust resistance in the line CSP44. The evaluation of F₁, F₂ and F₃ generations and F₆ SSD families from the cross of CSP44 with susceptible wheat cultivar WL711 for stripe rust severity indicated that the resistance in CSP44 is based on two genes showing additive effect. One of these two genes isYr18 and the second gene is not yet described.     

Role of abiotic factors on the severity of stripe rust of wheat

During last decades, stripe rust has emerged as a major disease of wheat causing considerable yield loss in northern western plain and northern hill zones of India. Considering significant impact of the disease on wheat crop, field experiments were conducted during rabi seasons of 2013 and 2015 to evaluate the effect of different abiotic factors in different varieties (HD 2967, RSP 561, Agra Local and PBW 343) on the progress and spread of the disease as well as development of a predictive model to predict the disease initiation and spread in the field. Statistical analysis of data revealed that existing of low temperature (10–12 °C), high relative humidity (90%) along with intermittent rainfall was found conducive for disease onset. Thermic variables (atmospheric, canopy and soil temperature) along with age of crop in the selected varieties showed significant positive correlation with disease severity. Step-wise regression showed high R² of 0.919, 0.885, 0.967 and 0.956 for the predicative model of stripe rust in RSP 561, HD 2967, Agra Local and PBW 343, respectively.     

Inactivation of a wheat protein kinase gene confers broad-spectrum resistance to rust fungi

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两系杂交小麦恢复系MR168抗条锈病基因遗传分析及分子标记定位

小麦条锈病是影响杂交小麦普及推广的重要因素。文章利用基因推导法和SSR分子标记技术,研究了温光型两系杂交小麦恢复系MR168的抗条锈性遗传规律及其控制基因染色体位置。结果表明,MR168对CY29、CY31、CY32、CY33等条锈菌生理小种表现高抗至免疫;对SY95-71/MR168杂交组合的正反交F1、BC1、F2和F3群体分单株接种鉴定显示,MR168对CY32号小种的抗性受1对显性核基因控制,该抗病基因来源于春小麦品种辽春10号。利用集群分离分析法(Bulked segregant analysis,BSA)和简单重复序列(Simple sequence repeat,SSR)分子标记分析抗病亲本MR168、感病亲本SY95-71及183个F2代单株,发现了与MR168抗条锈病基因连锁的5个微卫星标记Xgwm273、Xgwm18、Xbarc187、Xwmc269、Xwmc406,并将该基因初步定位在1BS着丝粒附近,暂命名为YrMR168;构建了包含YrMR168的SSR标记遗传图谱,距离YrMR168最近的两个微卫星位点是Xgwm18和Xbarc187,遗传距离分别为1.9 cM和2.4 cM,这两个微卫星标记可用于杂交小麦抗条锈病分子标记辅助育种。