Syntheses and characterization of the W(II) and W(III) N2 complexes, [WCl2(PMe3)3]2N2 and [WCl3(PMe3)2]2N2

Refluxing WCl₄(PMe₃)₃ under a nitrogen atmosphere in the presence of two equivalents of sodium amalgam leads to a reduction to the W(II) complex [cis,mer-WCl₂(PMe₃)₃]₂N₂ (1), which can be converted to [mer,trans-WCl₃(PMe₃)₂]₂N₂ (2) via appropriate oxidation/chlorination. Structural data have been obtained for both complexes, and demonstrate significantly increased steric crowding in 1 due to PMe₃/PMe₃ interactions. The N-N bond distances in the two compounds are similar, at 1.279(4) and 1.243(18) Å, respectively.     

Induction of nitrate reductase in needles of Scots pine seedlings by NOX and NO3−

The possibility to induce nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.2) in needles of Scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings was studied. The NR activity was measured by an in vivo assay. Although increased NR activities were found in the roots after application of NO₃⁻, no such increase could be detected in the needles. Detached seedlings placed in NO₃⁻ solution showed increasing NR activities with increasing NO₃⁻ concentrations. Exposure of seedlings to NO_x (70–80 ppb NO₂ and 8–12ppb NO) resulted in an increase of the NR activity from 10–20 nmol NO₂⁻ (g fresh weight)⁻¹ h⁻¹ to about 400 nmol NO₂⁻ (g fresh weight)⁻¹ h⁻¹. This level was reached after 2–4 days of exposure, thereafter the NR activity decreased to about 200 nmol NO₂⁻ (g fresh weight)⁻¹ h⁻¹. Analyses of free amino acids showed low concentrations of arginine and glutamine in NO_x-fumigated seedlings compared to corresponding controls.     

Effect of darkness and CO2 starvation on NH4+ and NO3− assimilation in the unicellular alga Cyanidium caldarium

Cyanidium caldarium (Tilden) Geitler, a non-vacuolate unicellular alga, resuspended in medium flushed with air enriched with 5% CO₂, assimilated NH₄⁺ at high rates both in the light and in the dark. The assimilation of NO₃⁻, by contrast, was inhibited by 63% in the dark. In cell suspensions flushed with CO₂-free air, NH₄⁺ assimilation decreased with time both in the light and in the dark and ceased almost completely after 90 min. The addition of CO₂ completely restored the capacity of the alga to assimilate NH₄⁺. NO₃⁻ assimilation, by contrast, was 33% higher in the absence of CO₂ and was linear with time. It is suggested that NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ metabolism in C. caldarium are differently controlled in response to the light and carbon conditions of the cell.     

少花蒺藜草入侵对沙质草地氮库的影响

以我国北方大面积发生的入侵植物少花蒺藜草为对象,研究了其对科尔沁沙质草地土壤氮库和地上植物氮库的影响,并在室内条件下,以自然生境中少花蒺藜草伴生牧草披碱草和扁穗冰草为对照,利用¹⁵N同位素技术分析了少花蒺藜草的生物固氮能力.结果表明:与对照裸地和本地植物鹅观草样地相比,少花蒺藜草入侵地土壤总氮库分别显著增加47.5%和20.8%,土壤铵态氮库分别显著降低25.6%和25.2%.与鹅观草相比,少花蒺藜草地上部分植物氮库显著降低18.7%.少花蒺藜草的¹⁵N原子丰度、¹⁵N原子百分超、¹⁵N原子加权百分超均显著低于披碱草和扁穗冰草.少花蒺藜草和披碱草的氮肥利用率分别为48.5%和47.0%,差异不显著.与披碱草相比,少花蒺藜草生物固氮率为60.2%Ndfa.少花蒺藜草对氮素高效利用的特征,揭示了其适应沙质草地生态系统并蔓延的一种生态适应机制.     

开放式空气二氧化碳浓度增高对小麦氮素吸收利用的影响

2001—2003年,利用我国唯一的农田开放式空气CO₂浓度增高 (free-air carbon dioxide enrichment,FACE) 技术平台,研究了FACE条件下冬小麦宁麦9号不同生育期N含量、吸收、分配和N效率的响应.结果表明：与对照相比,FACE处理使不同生育时期植株含N率显著降低,降幅达4.4%～13.4%;不同生育时期吸N量显著增加(7.4%～25.4%),生育中期的增幅明显大于生育前、后期;不同生育时期茎鞘的N积累能力相对增强,叶片N积累能力相对减弱,而对麦穗N积累能力的影响因生育进程而异;FACE处理使小麦不同生育时期N物质生产效率(5.5%～10.3%)、成熟期N收获指数(16.3%)和N籽粒生产效率(9.3%)均显著或极显著增加;增施N肥,使小麦不同生育时期N含量和吸收量呈增加趋势,使N效率呈下降趋势,而对N在各器官中分配的影响较小.     

真盐生植物盐角草对不同氮形态的响应

盐角草(Salicornia europaea L.)是一种喜盐植物,其最佳生长的实现需要200—400 mmol/L NaCl。为了解盐渍环境下盐角草氮素吸收利用特点,在水培添加200或400 mmol/L NaCl情况下,从生长指标,光合参数,根系体积和活力,硝酸还原酶与谷氨酰胺合成酶活力,蛋白、总氮、硝态氮及铵态氮含量等方面检测了硝态氮、铵态氮和尿素3种氮形态对盐角草生长的影响。研究发现以氮摩尔浓度(mmol/L)计,在0.1—400 mmol/L浓度范围进行测试,盐角草在0.1 mmol/L低氮条件下仍能维持生长,同时,抑制盐角草生长的氮浓度域值较高,其中铵态氮、尿素和硝态氮分别为50、50及400 mmol/L。研究结果表明盐角草吸收利用氮素的能力强,对氮素的浓度耐受范围宽,3种氮形态都可作为氮源满足其生长需要,但有效促进生长的效果存在差异,总体顺序从高到低依次为硝态氮、铵态氮和尿素。研究为揭示盐生植物氮吸收利用特点提供了基础数据,对提高盐生植物生产力,指导沿海滩涂生态建设具有一定的指导意义。     

Comparative analysis of surface electrostatic potentials of carbon, boron/nitrogen and carbon/boron/nitrogen model nanotubes

We have extended an earlier study, in which we characterized in detail the electrostatic potentials on the inner and outer surfaces of a group of carbon and B_xN_x model nanotubes, to include several additional ones with smaller diameters plus a new category, C_2xB_xN_x. The statistical features of the surface potentials are presented and analyzed for a total of 19 tubes as well as fullerene and a small model graphene. The potentials on the surfaces of the carbon systems are relatively weak and rather bland; they are much stronger and more variable for the B_xN_x and C_2xB_xN_x. A qualitative correlation with free energies of solvation indicates that the latter two categories should have considerably greater water solubilities. The inner surfaces are generally more positive than the corresponding outer ones, while both positive and negative potentials are strengthened by increasing curvature. The outsides of B_xN_x tubes have characteristic patterns of alternating positive and negative regions, while the insides are strongly positive. In the closed C_2xB_xN_x systems, half of the C–C bonds are double-bond-like and have negative potentials above them; the adjacent rows of boron and nitrogens show the usual B_xN_x pattern. When the C_2xB_xN_x tubes are open, with hydrogens at the ends, the surface potentials are dominated by the B⁺–H^– and N^––H⁺ linkages.Figure Calculated electrostatic potential on the molecular surface of closed (6,0) B₄₈N₄₈; a is an outside view, while b shows the interior. Color ranges, in kcal mol^–1: red, greater than 20; yellow, between 20 and 0; green, between 0 and –10; blue, between –10 and –20; purple, more negative than –20     

模拟氮沉降对杉木幼苗细根化学计量学特征的影响

为了揭示全球氮(N)沉降对杉木人工林细根碳(C)、N、磷(P)元素组成的影响,在福建三明陈大国有林场开展杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗模拟N沉降试验,设置了对照(CK)、低N(LN,40 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))、高N(HN,80 kg N hm~(-2)a~(-1))3个处理,每个处理5个重复。采用内生长环法通过2年4次取样探讨N沉降对细根C、N、P化学计量学的影响。结果显示:(1) N添加在2015年降低细根C浓度,此后低N处理无影响,高N添加在2016年增加了细根C浓度;高N添加提高了细根(特别是0—1 mm细根) N浓度,但低N添加则无显著影响,甚至在2016年7月显著降低细根N浓度; N添加在2015年对细根P浓度无显著影响,但在2016年导致细根(特别是0—1 mm细根) P浓度降低。(2)低N添加在2016年显著提高细根的C∶N比,而高N添加则在2015年1月显著降低细根的C∶N比;低N添加对细根N∶P比没有显著影响,而高N添加则在大部分取样时间里显著增加了细根N∶P比。(3)不同处理细根C浓度、C∶N比均随着时间的增加呈增加趋势,而细根N浓度和N∶P比呈降低趋势。本研究表明,N添加对杉木细根化学计量学特征的影响因不同N添加水平而异,并受苗木生长的稀释效应所调节。     

Nitrogen concentration and δ15N signature of ombrotrophic Sphagnum mosses at different N deposition levels in Europe

Alteration of the global nitrogen (N) cycle because of human‐enhanced N fixation is a major concern particularly for those ecosystems that are nutrient poor by nature. Because Sphagnum‐dominated mires are exclusively fed by wet and dry atmospheric deposition, they are assumed to be very sensitive to increased atmospheric N input. We assessed the consequences of increased atmospheric N deposition on total N concentration, N retention ability, and δ¹⁵N isotopic signature of Sphagnum plants collected in 16 ombrotrophic mires across 11 European countries. The mires spanned a gradient of atmospheric N deposition from about 0.1 up to about 2 g m^?2 yr^?1. Mean N concentration in Sphagnum capitula was about 6 mg g^?1 in less polluted mires and about 13 mg g^?1 in highly N‐polluted mires. The relative difference in N concentration between capitulum and stem decreased with increasing atmospheric N deposition, suggesting a possible metabolic mechanism that reduces excessive N accumulation in the capitulum. Sphagnum plants showed lower rates of N absorption under increasing atmospheric N deposition, indicating N saturation in Sphagnum tissues. The latter probably is related to a shift from N‐limited conditions to limitation by other nutrients. The capacity of the Sphagnum layer to filter atmospheric N deposition decreased exponentially along the depositional gradient resulting in enrichment of the mire pore water with inorganic N forms (i.e., NO₃^?+NH₄⁺). Sphagnum plants had δ¹⁵N signatures ranging from about ?8‰ to about ?3‰. The isotopic signatures were rather related to the ratio of reduced to oxidized N forms in atmospheric deposition than to total amount of atmospheric N deposition, indicating that δ¹⁵N signature of Sphagnum plants can be used as an integrated measure of δ¹⁵N signature of atmospheric precipitation. Indeed, mires located in areas characterized by greater emissions of NH₃ (i.e., mainly affected by agricultural activities) had Sphagnum plants with a lower δ¹⁵N signature compared with mires located in areas dominated by NO_x emissions (i.e., mainly affected by industrial activities).     

Isolation of an Asm− mutant of Rhizobium japonicum defective in symbiotic N2-fixation

Abstract A mutant strain of Rhizobium japonicum (CJ9) unable to assimilate ammonium (Asm⁻) was isolated following mutagenesis with N -methyl N -nitro-nitrosoguanidine (NTG). Glutamate synthase activity was not detectable in cell-free extracts of the mutant strain in contrast to the wild type and revertant strains. Although mutant CJ9 induced nitrogenase activity in an 'in vitro' assay system under microaerobic conditions, it failed to fix nitrogen (acetylene reduction) in soybean root nodules. These properties of mutant CJ9 constitute a new Asm⁻ mutant class in Rhizobium spp.     

亚适宜温光环境下不同硝铵比营养液对黄瓜幼苗生长、氮吸收和代谢的影响

以‘中农26’黄瓜为试材,研究亚适宜温光(18 ℃/10 ℃,180±20 μmol·m^-2·s^-1)下不同硝铵比(26:2、21:7和14:14)营养液对黄瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响.结果表明:硝铵比为21:7处理的黄瓜总根长最长、根体积和根表面积最大、根尖数最多;根中H⁺-ATPase活性最高;硝态氮转运蛋白(NRT)和铵转运蛋白(AMT)基因表达量也升高,提高了根系的氮吸收能力;叶中硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)和谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性较高,提高了体内氮代谢能力,使黄瓜氮含量和干物质积累显著增加.亚适宜温光下,营养液中硝铵比为21:7时,黄瓜幼苗干质量分别比26:2和14:14处理增加14.0%和19.3%.亚适宜温光下,可通过调整营养液中硝铵比,提高黄瓜氮吸收与代谢能力,缓解亚适宜温光对黄瓜幼苗的不利影响,促进黄瓜生长.     

New type of N2-fixing unicellular cyanobacterium (blue-green alga)

Abstract A new N₂-fixing unicellular cyanobacterium identified as a Synechococcus sp. was isolated and purified as an axenic culture. It fixed N₂ aerobically either under continuous illumination or in alternating light-dark cycle. The N₂-fixing properties of the new isolate and Gloeocapsa are discussed.     

氮素水平对初花后棉株生物量、氮素累积特征及氮素利用率动态变化的影响

在大田栽培条件下,分别在长江流域下游棉区(江苏南京)和黄河流域黄淮棉区(河南安阳)设置棉花氮素水平试验,定量研究氮素水平对花后棉株生物量、氮素累积特征及氮素累积利用率动态变化的影响,结果表明:棉株总生物量和氮素累积量随花后棉株生育进程的动态变化符合S型曲线,安阳、南京试点分别以360kg.hm-2、240kg.hm-2氮素水平的总生物量、氮素累积最多,其动态累积模型的特征参数值最为协调,皮棉产量最高。因此,可以通过改变施肥量来调节初花后棉株生长特征值,从而获得高产。棉株氮素累积利用率随初花后棉花生育进程的推进,呈现为不规则的S型曲线变化趋势,计算两试点的氮素累积利用率、瞬时利用率,安阳试点以360 kg.hm-2的施氮水平为最优,南京以240 kg.hm-2最高;施肥过多不仅利用率低,而且易造成营养器官比例加大,棉株虽可获得较大的干物质和氮素累积,但不能适时向生殖器官转移,皮棉产量降低。     

Modification of NO−3 metabolism in heterocysts of the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120 (ATCC27893)

Abstract The utilization of NO⁻₃, NO⁻₂ and NH⁺₄ was studied in whole filaments and isolated heterocysts of Anabaena 7120 (ATCC27893). NO⁻₃- and NO⁻₂-uptake were detectable in whole filaments but not in heterocysts, whereas NH⁺₄-uptake was detectable in both. Activity of NO⁻₃-reductase was present in cell-free extracts of whole filaments but not of heterocysts, whereas activities of NO⁻₂-reductase and glutamine synthetase were present in both. NO⁻₃-uptake and reductase activities could not be induced in heterocysts even after prolonged incubation in NO⁻₃ medium. It is suggested that NO⁻₃-metabolism in heterocysts is impaired due to a selective and irreversible loss of NO⁻₃-uptake and reductase systems resulting in the abolition of competition for molybdenum cofactor (Mo-Co) and reductant between nitrogenase and NO⁻₃-reductase, and an increase in glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase levels.     

冻融循环期高寒草原典型物种紫花针茅氮吸收策略

氮(N)是高山和极地生态系统重要的限制性生长因子。目前对冻土区植物N利用机制的研究主要集中于完全融化期,而冻融循环期植物N吸收策略仍存在不确定性。以高寒紫花针茅为研究对象,分别在冻结期(晚秋)和融化期(早春)采用同位素示踪技术,分析植物对(¹⁵NH₄)₂SO₄和Na¹⁵NO₃的吸收量与偏好动态变化。研究结果显示冻结期紫花针茅冠层生长已停滞,融化期冠层尚未返青,但根系和立枯均可以吸收同化¹⁵N,具备吸收养分的需求。融化期紫花针茅¹⁵N在标记21天后¹⁵N-NH⁺₄和¹⁵N-NO^-₃的总回收率分别为4.44%和6.91%,而冻结期紫花针茅在¹⁵N标记21天后¹⁵N-NH⁺₄和¹⁵...