内生镰刀菌Dzf17多糖对盾叶薯蓣培养物薯蓣皂苷元积累的促进作用(英文)

从盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis)内生镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)Dzf17制备出胞外多糖(EPS)、菌丝水提多糖(WPS)和菌丝碱提多糖(SPS),研究了这3种多糖对盾叶薯蓣幼苗和细胞培养物薯蓣皂苷元积累的影响。3种多糖中,菌丝水提多糖对盾叶薯蓣幼苗和细胞培养物薯蓣皂苷元的积累有最明显的促进作用。向培养基中添加20 mg/L的菌丝水提多糖培养盾叶薯蓣幼苗和细胞,薯蓣皂苷元的产率分别为10.04 mg/L和2.40mg/L,是对照的3.11倍和3.87倍。结果表明,可以利用内生镰刀菌Dzf17多糖有效提高盾叶薯蓣培养物中薯蓣皂苷元的产量。     

薯蓣皂素的节水生产工艺研究

盾叶薯蓣是我国特有的甾体激素类药源植物,其根茎所含的薯蓣皂素是合成多种甾体激素的前体物质。本文在预发酵酸水解的基础上探讨不同盐酸浓度、不同加水量以及不同中和试剂对薯蓣皂素提取率的影响,旨在降低生产过程中的耗水量。实验结果表明:HCL浓度为2.5 mol/L时,薯蓣皂素提取率最大,为2.408%;皂素含量随加水量的减少而减少;最佳的中和试剂为CaO。     

水杨酸对菊叶薯蓣中薯蓣皂素生物合成的影响

薯蓣皂素为甾体激素药物合成起始原料,主要来源于菊叶薯蓣等薯蓣属植物的块茎或根状茎,因而关于提高菊叶薯蓣中薯蓣皂素含量的研究有重要意义。利用水杨酸处理菊叶薯蓣的离体植株,研究其对薯蓣皂素生物合成的影响及作用机制。100μmol·L－1的水杨酸处理使薯蓣皂素积累量最大,且提高了叶绿素含量和可溶性糖含量,降低可溶性蛋白含量。半定量 RT-PCR 检测基因表达发现,除了法尼基二磷酸（FPP）基因,水杨酸增强菊叶薯蓣角鲨烯合酶（SQS）基因、甲基戊二酰辅酶 A 还原酶（HMGR）基因、环阿屯醇合成酶（CAS）基因的表达。研究结果为提高菊叶薯蓣中薯蓣皂苷的含量、揭示水杨酸促进薯蓣皂素生物合成的机制等研究提供了基础。     

盾叶薯蓣的快速繁殖

对盾叶薯蓣（Ｄｉｏｓｃｏｒｅａ ｚｉｎｇｉｂｅｒｅｎｓｉｓ Ｗｒｉｇｈｔ）的外植体进行组织培养,筛选到诱导芽和诱导根的优化培养基和培养条件,建立了无性快速繁殖培养系,获得完整的培养植株并移栽成功。并用分光光度法初步分析了该诱导植株生长根的薯蓣皂素含量。     

盾叶薯蓣元素组成特点及其与土壤营养元素的关系研究

盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis Wright)根状茎与地上部分各元素的含量明显不同,根状茎中含镍、铁、磷、铝量远高于地上部分,镁、钙、锰量远低于地上部分;盾叶磐蓣对钾、锌、铁等元素的吸收量大于农作物;根状拳与地上部分的比值(R2／U2)较大;大量元素在根状茎中的含量(A)及地上部分含量(B)的大小排序差别较大,微量元素含量A、B值的大小排序完全一致。盾叶薯蓣根状茎的皂素平均含量为2．87％,皂素含量与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效铁、有效锌含量关系密切。薯蓣皂素含量高的盾叶薯蓣集中分布在大巴山北坡东段化龙山脉一线。     

盾叶薯蓣内生真菌及其对宿主培养物生长和皂苷元生产的影响

从盾叶薯蓣根状茎中分离并鉴定了9株内生真菌,经悬浮培养14d,分别制备灭活菌丝和菌液浓缩物。其中,内生尖孢镰刀菌Dzf17能有效地提高盾叶薯蓣无菌苗和培养细胞薯蓣皂苷元的含量和产率,且灭活菌丝的诱导效果要强于菌液浓缩物。Dzf17灭活菌丝处理无菌苗,薯蓣皂苷元的产率为78.697mg/L,是对照(27.471mg/L)的2.865倍;用Dzf17菌液浓缩物处理无菌苗,皂苷元产率为41.822mg/L,是对照的1.522倍。Dzf17灭活菌丝处理培养细胞,薯蓣皂苷元的产率为1.391mg/L,是对照(0.691mg/L)的2.013倍;用Dzf17菌液浓缩物处理培养细胞,皂苷元产率为1.214mg/L,是对照的1.757倍。结果表明,在盾叶薯蓣无菌苗或细胞培养中添加一定量的内生真菌灭活菌丝或菌液浓缩物对于提高薯蓣皂苷元含量和产量将是一种有效的方法。     

四倍体和二倍体盾叶薯蓣的花粉活力及柱头可受性分析

盾叶薯蓣（Dioscorea zingiberens C．H．Wright）叶片呈盾形,叶面有不规则的黄白色斑块;蒴果干燥后呈蓝黑色,表面常附有白色粉状物;染色体数20;花粉两端略尖,外壁具有明显条纹。盾叶薯蓣根茎横生,俗称黄姜,可用于治疗皮肤感染、软组织损伤、蜂蜇虫咬及各种外科炎症。盾叶薯蓣根茎所含的薯蓣皂苷元（皂素,diosgenin）是合成甾体激素药物的主要原料,除具有抗炎、避孕等作用外,还可月季于合成镇痛药、杀虫剂及治疗冠心病的药物。     

盾叶薯蓣内生菌研究进展

植物内生菌是与植物协同进化的一大类微生物种群,具有抵抗病原微生物、促进宿主生长、产与宿主相似的次生代谢物等多种有益特性,是宝贵的生物资源库。盾叶薯蓣具有很高的药用价值,也是多种激素类药物合成前体的主要植物来源。从盾叶薯蓣植物分离具有有益特性的内生菌成为近年内生菌研究的热点。本文从盾叶薯蓣内生菌的分离鉴定方法和盾叶薯蓣内生菌的特性两个方面概述了近年来盾叶薯蓣内生菌的研究现状,以期为盾叶薯蓣内生菌的进一步研究开发提供参考。     

盾叶薯蓣试管株芽的诱导

以盾叶薯蓣(Dioscoreazingiberensis)试管植株为材料,选取带芽茎段为外植体,转接到株芽诱导培养基上15d后,原茎段基部开始产生株芽突起,30d后每一茎段可产生3-5个已生根的株芽,株芽诱导率为100%,株芽诱导数为180个/40株,其移栽成活率可达90%以上。株芽形成的适宜培养条件:温度为26±2℃,光照时间14hd-1,光照强度为1500-2000lx;适宜培养基组成为:MS+6-BA4.0mgL-1+IBA1.0mgL-1+蔗糖6%-9%+活性炭0.5%+琼脂7%。离体诱导的盾叶薯蓣试管株芽能直接发育为新植株,为盾叶薯蓣的快繁提供了一种新的方法。     

盾叶薯蓣离体成花的影响因素及组织学观察

研究了居群、外植体类型、激素、铁盐对盾叶薯蓣（Dioscorea zingberensis C．H．Wright）离体成花的影响,建立了从花序切段高效直接再生花序和小花的实验体系。以不同的培养基对5个居群盾叶薯蓣的花序进行离体培养,利用石蜡切片技术观察再生花序的发生。结果表明5个居群的盾叶薯蓣都能直接再生花序,与花器官相关组织的外植体均具有不同程度的花序再生能力。培养基的组成对离体花序诱导率有很大影响,BA促进形成花序,KT与高浓度的铁盐促进形成营养芽。其中,MS＋2．0mg／LBA＋0．2mg／LNAA最有利于花序再生及发育。切片观察表明,离体再生的花序主要发生于花序轴与花蕾交界处的苞片以及小花的花被片表层细胞。     

Biotic elicitors enhance diosgenin production in Helicteres isora L. suspension cultures via up-regulation of CAS and HMGR genes

In an attempt to find an alternative and potent source of diosgenin, a steroidal saponin in great demand for its pharmaceutical importance, Helicteres isora suspension cultures were explored for diosgenin extraction. The effect of biotic elicitors on the biosynthesis of diosgenin, in suspension cultures of H. isora was studied. Bacterial as well as fungal elicitors such as Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger were applied at varying concentrations to investigate their effects on diosgenin content. The HPLC based quantification of the treated samples proved that amongst the biotic elicitors, E. coli (1.5%) proved best with a 9.1-fold increase in diosgenin content over respective control cultures. Further, the scaling-up of the suspension culture to shake-flask and ultimately to bioreactor level were carried out for production of diosgenin. During all the scaling-up stages, diosgenin yield obtained was in the range between 7.91 and 8.64 mg l−1, where diosgenin content was increased with volume of the medium. The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis showed biotic elicitors induced the expression levels of regulatory genes in diosgenin biosynthetic pathway, the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) and cycloartenol synthase (CAS), which can be positively correlated with elicited diosgenin contents in those cultures. The study holds significance as H. isora represents a cleaner and easy source of diosgenin where unlike other traditional sources, it is not admixed with other steroidal saponins, and the scaled-up levels of diosgenin achieved herein have the potential to be explored commercially.     

Autoclaved fungal mycelia increase diosgenin production in cell suspension cultures of Dioscorea deltoidea

The addition of autoclaved mycelia of non-host specific fungi to cell suspension cultures of Dioscorea deltoidea improved diosgenin production by as much as 72% compared to control cultures. Phytoalexin elicitors laminarin, arachidonic acid and chitin added to D. deltoidea cultures had no stimulating effect on the diosgenin level.     

盾叶薯蓣悬浮培养细胞生长及薯蓣皂苷元合成

研究了盾叶薯蓣细胞悬浮培养过程中细胞生长、薯蓣皂苷元合成、蔗糖和磷酸盐的吸收利用以及酸性磷酸酶活性与薯蓣皂苷元合成的关系。结果表明,对数生长期细胞最大比生长速率μm为0.19 d-1;倍增时间为3.68 d;薯蓣皂苷元的形成与细胞的生长相关,培养6 d时薯蓣皂苷元质量分数和产量分别为0.20%和25.93 mg/L;蔗糖利用率达到95.65%,磷酸盐吸收率达到最大,为90.36%。盾叶薯蓣细胞悬浮培养过程中酸性磷酸酶活性动态变化规律与薯蓣皂苷元的动态合成规律基本一致。此外,研究还发现在相同供磷水平下,酸性磷酸酶活性高低与薯蓣皂苷元合成能力呈正相关;而在不同供磷水平下,酸性磷酸酶活性高低与薯蓣皂苷元合成能力没有相关性。     

真菌诱导子对青蒿发根细胞生长和青蒿素积累的影响

３种真菌诱导子（大菌丽花轮枝孢（Ｖｅｒｔｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍ ｄａｈｉａｅ Ｋｌｅｂ．）、葡枝根霉（Ｒｈｉｚｏｐｕｓ ｓｔｏｌｏｎｉｆｅｒ（Ｅｈｒｅｎｂ．ｅｘＦｒ．）Ｖｕｉｌｌ）和束状刺盘孢（Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｒｉｃｈｕｍ ｄｅｍａｔｉｕｍ（Ｐｅｒｓ．）Ｇｒｏｖｅ）处理青蒿（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ ａｎｎｕａＬ．）的发根,均能促进发根中青蒿素的积累,其中以大丽花轮枝孢的诱导效果最好;对细胞生长均没有明显影响,     

从盾叶薯蓣组培苗中高压酸解制备薯蓣皂苷元

采用正交试验法对盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis)组培苗中薯蓣皂苷元的高压酸解制备工艺进行了研究。以薯蓣皂苷元的含量作为评价指标,选用正交表L16(45),以样品用量、硫酸浓度、提取时间为因素,设计了3因素4水平的正交试验。结果表明:高压酸解提取薯蓣皂苷元的最佳工艺条件为:样品用量25 mg、硫酸浓度0.5 mol/L、提取时间2 h,在此条件下提取物中薯蓣皂苷元的平均含量为9.12 mg/g。     

Effects of Fungal Elicitors on Cell Growth and Artemisinin Accumulation in Hairy Root Cultures of Artemisia annua

The artemisinin accumulation in the hairy root cultures of Artemisia annua L. was enhanced via a treatment of three fungal elicitors separately ( Verticillium dahliae Kleb., Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. ex Fr. ) Vuill and Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove). Among these three elicitors, V. dahliae had the highest inducing efficiency, but none of them manifests any noticeable effects on the cell growth of the hairy root cultures. The artemisinin content of the hairy root cultures treated with V. dahliae elicitor was 1.12 mg/g DW, which was 45% higher than the control (0.77 mg/g DW). The results showed that elicitation was dependent on the elicitor concentration, the incubation period and the physiological stage at which the hairy root cultures were treated. In addition, the authors found that for V. dahliae, the optimum concentration was 0.4 mg carbohydrate per millilitre medium, the strongest response of A. annua hairy root cultures to the elicitation was at the late exponential growth stage, and the highest artemisinin content of the hairy root cultures was on the 4th day post treatment.     

Production of diosgenin by hairy root cultures ofTrigonella foenum-graecum L.

Hairy root cultures ofTrigonella foenum-graecum L. were established withAgrobacterium rhizogenes strain A₄. The hairy roots produce diosgenin, an important spirostanol for the semi-synthesis of steroid hormones. Fourteen different liquid media were investigated. The fastest growth was obtained in McCown's woody plant (WP) medium supplemented with 3% sucrose; the highest diosgenin content was observed in half-strength WP medium with 1% sucrose (0.040% dry weight), which represents almost twice the amount detected in the 8-month-old non-transformed roots (0.024%). A time-course study in WP liquid media supplemented with 3% sucrose was undertaken. In these conditions, 17 g diosgenin/g fresh weight were produced. The influence of cholesterol, medium pH and chitosan on diosgenin production was tested. The addition of 40 mg/l chitosan elevated the diosgenin content to three times that found in non-elicited hairy roots.Abbreviations MS Murashige and Skoog (1962) medium - WP McCown's woody plant medium     

Ri T-DNA对盾叶薯蓣的遗传转化及薯蓣皂甙元产生的影响

利用农杆菌介导法成功地将Pd T-DNA转入药用植物盾叶薯蓣,产生了毛状根,经分子信标探针检测农杆菌Pd质粒上的T-DNA已整合进植物基因组中。研究建立了毛状根大量快速繁殖技术,基本技术要求为：1／2 MS液体培养基,28℃培养温度,350lux弱光条件下有利于毛状根的增殖培养,提高生物量。HPLC测定结果显示,转基因获得的毛状根其薯蓣皂甙元的含量分别是微块茎、愈伤组织和植物体合成量的5．68倍、6．12倍和2．68倍。     

Metabolic analysis of elicited cell suspension cultures of Cannabis sativa L. by 1H-NMR spectroscopy

Cannabis sativa L. plants produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites. Cannabis cell cultures were treated with jasmonic acid (JA) and pectin as elicitors to evaluate their effect on metabolism from two cell lines using NMR spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. According to principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), the chloroform extract of the pectin-treated cultures were more different than control and JA-treated cultures; but in the methanol/water extract the metabolome of the JA-treated cells showed clear differences with control and pectin-treated cultures. Tyrosol, an antioxidant metabolite, was detected in cannabis cell cultures. The tyrosol content increased after eliciting with JA.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium oxysporum</Emphasis> cell elicitor enhances betalain content in the cell suspension culture of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Celosia cristata</Emphasis>

We started a cell suspension culture from magenta coloured calli of cockscomb to study the effect of biotic and abiotic elicitors on the biosynthesis of betalain pigments. The cultures were grown in a flask containing 30 ml MS media fortified with 13.5 μM 2,4-D and 0.44 μM BAP. These cultures were elicited during its log-phase of growth using fungal elicitors (prepared from mycelia of Fusarium oxysporum), yeast extract, copper sulphate and cobalt chloride. The elicitation reduced the cell count, cell viability and percent pigmented cell in the suspension culture. Similarly, it also resulted in reduced betalain content by all the elicitors except 0.125 × 10^?3% fungal elicitor. Rather, fungal elicitor at this concentration significantly enhanced the amaranthin, betanin, betalamic acid and betaxanthin content in the culture. Besides this, copper sulphate doubled the pigment contribution (ratio of particular pigment content to total pigment content) of betaxanthin at all the concentrations. Therefore, we conclude that fungal elicitor can further be investigated to enhance the content of betalain pigments in suspension culture at a larger scale.