Why and how do Hebrew verbs change their form? A morpho-thematic account

This paper examines the criteria that are responsible for morphological variation in the verbal system of Modern Hebrew. The Hebrew verbal system consists of configurations called binyanim (and binyan in sg.): CaCaC, niCCaC, hiCCiC, CiCeC and hitCaCeC. The relation between Hebrew binyanim is manifested via valence changing operations (e.g. ni?ek ‘kiss’ and hitna?ek ‘kiss each other’). Some verbs demonstrate morphological variation with regard to their binyan. I define morphological variation as cases where two verbs occur in (at least) two different binyanim, but share the same (i) stem consonants (ii) thematic grid and (iii) denotation. For example, the verbs nirtav and hitratev are formed in niCCaC and hitCaCeC respectively; they are both intransitive verbs that denote ‘get wet’ and they share the stem consonants r-t-v. Morphological variation results from a change that takes place in the verbal system, where a verb takes another form. I analyze the factors that bring about the development of a new morphological form alongside the existing form, and are responsible for the choice of a specific binyan during that process. The main claim is that the addition of another binyan results from both morpho-phonological and thematic-syntactic factors. With respect to the former, the morphological mechanism changes the binyan of verbs in cases where their inflectional paradigm consists of prosodic or segmental alternation. With respect to the latter, verbs that are stored in the lexicon as thematically derived entries have a greater chance of undergoing binyan change than do basic entries. Verbs that are the output of syntactic operations do not undergo morphological change. In addition, verbs which are morphologically neutral with respect to transitivity change into a binyan that is marked as transitive or intransitive.     

Non-concatenative realization in the verbal inflection of Modern Hebrew

This paper examines the realization of inflectional paradigms in the Semitic root-and pattern morphological system of Modern Hebrew. In the first part of the paper, a system of realizational statements is proposed, in the spirit of the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle and Marantz 1993). Two different, independent positions V1 and V2 are identified and defined relative to a basic discontinuous set of elements, the root. Employing the notion of default status, which is accorded to the vocalization of Type I verbs in the past, this move allows for an optimally economic set of rules for the realization of all active and passive verbs. In the second part of the paper, the account is extended to roots with a final underlying glide?/j/. Within the verbal system, such roots give rise to a set of mostly vowel-final verbal stems. It?is claimed that the traditional analysis, according to which the different realizations are synchronically the phonological reflex of this final /j/, is untenable, and especially so because these verbs have almost exactly the same realization in all Types. Realization rules are then formalized with the conditioning environment being this underlying final /j/, with [j] as the default realization of this element. Thus, a third element /j/ is both a class-marker??it gives rise to a set of phonologically-arbitrary realizations??and a simple phoneme.     

Morphological variation, histology, histochemistry and nutrient contents of Frankia root nodules in Casuarina equisetifolia

Root nodules were collected from the existing plantation of Casuarina equisetifolia from three different agroclimatic zones of Tamil Nadu, India. Morphological variation, histology, histochemistry and nutrient contents of the nodules were studied. The nodules were found to be simple, dichotomously branched and coralloid. The stele in simple and branched nodules reached up to the tip of the nodules. Structure of Frankia nodules was described using histochemical methods to elucidate the nature of micro-symbiont within the nodules. The nodule consisted of a distinct periderm enclosing the cortex. The cortex showed patches of infected cells interspersed among the uninfected ones. Inside the cortex was a stele bound by an endodermis, which contained high amount of tannin. The micro-symbiont was observed in the nodule tisues in hyphal form and spore packed sporocorp was also seen in the cortex. The histochemical tests revealed the presence of proteins, insoluble polysaccharides and polyphenols.     

The Root effect

Considering the presently available data it is clear that the Root effect represents an exaggerated alkaline Bohr effect which occurs in the absence of a normal acid Bohr effect and is associated with a loss of oxygen binding capacity at low pH. Undoubtedly at the molecular level the presence of a Ser residue at position F9(94) beta in these haemoglobin is of primary importance. No Root effect haemoglobin has yet been identified which lacks this substitution. On the other hand however many haemoglobins are known which possess this Ser residue and at the same time lack a Root effect. Other factors arising from interactions at other sites in the haemoglobin molecule are obviously sufficient to negate the otherwise stabilizing effect of this critical Ser residue. The loss of cooperativity of Root effect systems as the pH is lowered is readily explained as due to stabilization of the low affinity T state to such a degree that the switch to the high affinity R state is suppressed even in the fully liganded molecule. The observation of Hill coefficients of less than unity requires that within the T state chain heterogeneity exists such that the alpha and beta chain haems demonstrate significantly different affinities for ligand. The physiological role of Root effect haemoglobins is demonstrably not inevitably linked to the swim bladder but more probably arose from the need to oxygenate the poorly vascularized retina of many fishes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Cell cycle and cell differentiation in lentil roots grown on a slowly rotating clinostat

Root growth was studied for seedlings of lentil ( Lens culinaris L. cv. Verte du Puy) grown for 27 h either on a slowly rotating clinostat (0.9 rev. min⁻¹) of vertically (controls). Horizontal clinorotation was employed, so that the longitudinal axis of the root was parallel to the axis of the rotation. Morphological (root length and orientation) and cellular (cell proliferation and cell elongation) parameters were studied. The cell cycle was also analysed by flow cytometry. Root length deviation of the roots from the initial orientation was observed on the clinostat; this deviation could be due to spontaneous oscillation. Cell elongation of the clinostat-rotated roots occurred closer to the tip than in the vertical roots, but the mitotic index was not modified. Clinorotation did not change the frequencies of the G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. These results were compared to those obtained during the D1 mission on Spacelab, 1985. The effects of microgravity on root orientation and mitotic index were not simulated by clinorotation.     

Zea mays ontology--a database of international terms

Data retrieval, comprehension and sharing within and between plant-based databases are essential to exploit comparative genomic information to elucidate functional aspects of plant biology and to conduct studies of synteny and homology. However, the functionality is often hampered by the variability of terms used to describe comparable objects. The Zea mays Plant Structure Ontology database is designed to overcome this problem via the provision of a controlled vocabulary that facilitates knowledge sharing. It comprises international botanical terms, references, synonyms, and phylogenetic information and is open-source.     

Cultural Sharing and Cultural Theory: Some Findings of a Five-Society Study

The results of this study of the sharing of elements of culture concerned with family life among nuclear family members indicate that members of family statuses share no more with one another than they do with members of their society in general. The highest levels of sharing are found not within statuses but within families. In some family relationships it was found that high levels of sharing develop over time rather than being brought to the relationships from their outset, but this does not seem to be true of all family relationships. Differences in levels of sharing between families in the same society were found to be greater than differences between different societies. The status-centered model of cultural sharing as currently formulated appears a weak basis for a broader cultural theory because of its failure to account for important elements in cultural distribution not attributable to status membership alone , [cultural differences, culture, family, status, theory]     

水盾草科系统位置评述

水盾草科(Cabombaceae)是双子叶植物。水盾草科包括2属: 水盾草属(Cabomba Aublet.)和莼菜属(Brasenia Schreb.)。形态学研究显示水盾草科具有许多原始性状, 而且在其适应水生环境的过程中经历了性状退化。水盾草科又被称为“古草本”。最新的分子系统发育研究显示, 水盾草科是现存被子植物系统树基部ANITA类群的成员之一。但有关水盾草科的系统位置存在争议。被子植物的起源与早期分化一直是植物学家关注的热点。本文对该科系统位置的研究历史与现状进行评述。     

Number,position, diameter and initial direction of growth of primary roots in Musa

To understand soil colonization by a root system, information is needed on the architecture of the root system. In monocotyledons, soil exploration is mainly due to the growth of adventitious primary roots. Primary root emergence in banana was quantified in relation to shoot and corm development. Root emergence kinetics were closely related to the development of aerial organs. Root position at emergence on the corm followed an asymptotic function of corm dry weight, so that the age of each root at a given time could be deduced from its position. Root diameter at emergence was related to the position of the roots on the corm, with younger roots being thicker than older ones. However, root diameters were not constant along a given root, but instead decreased with the distance to the base; roots appear to be conical in their basal and apical parts. Root growth directions at emergence were variable, but a high proportion of the primary roots emerged with a low angle to the horizontal. Further research is needed to evaluate whether these initial trajectories are conserved during root development. Results presented in this study are in good agreement with those reported for other monocotyledons such as maize and rice. They give quantitative information that will facilitate the development of models of root system architecture in banana.     

水盾草科系统位置评述

水盾草科（Cabombaceae）是双子叶植物。水盾草科包括2属：水盾草属（Cabomba Aublet．）和莼菜属（Brasenia Schreb．）。形态学研究显示水盾草科具有许多原始性状,而且在其适应水生环境的过程中经历了性状退化。水盾草科又被称为“古草本”。最新的分子系统发育研究显示,水盾草科是现存被子植物系统树基部ANITA类群的成员之一。但有关水盾草科的系统位置存在争议。被子植物的起源与早期分化一直是植物学家关注的热点。本文对该科系统位置的研究历史与现状进行评述。     

Structure of lateral-line scales in representatives of families of the order pleuronectiformes

Structure of nonmodified scales and lateral-line scales (Sll) is compared in 179 species of 105 genera of 13 families of the order Pleuronectiformes. Morphological diversity of Sll depends on the level of development and of interaction of two component parts—the scale plate and the tubular part. Of the considered characters, the most individually variable character is whether the tubular part is complete or incomplete. The interspecies differences may manifest themselves in structure of the scale plate, the level of unification of opening of the tubular part and of the cutaneous canaliculus, or in completeness or incompleteness of the tubular part. As a rule, Sll in species of the same genus is similar in structure. In some cases, special traits of this structure may be diagnostic characters of genera and contribute to the solution of controversial issues of generic position of species. The families of Pleuronectiformes are characterized by a different ratio of taxa with certain involved characters of nonmodified scales and Sll. However, their distribution in this order does not give a simple idea on their relationships and on the direction of evolutionary transformations. This follows from the fact that the structure of Sll depends on a wide complex of factors—morphogenesis of nonmodified scales, level of ossification of trunk canal, time of anlage, and mutual influence of these structures at early stages of ontogenesis.     

Arab football in Israel as an 'integrative enclave'

Over the last two decades, football (soccer) has become a major institution within the popular culture of the Arab-Palestinian citizens of Israel. The centrality of football has given different identity agents opportunities to impose different meanings on the sport, depending on the agents' definitions of collective identity. This article utilizes ethnographic observation in the football stadium and coverage by Arab and Hebrew sports media to illustrate and analyse this battle over meaning. The Hebrew sports media, the Arab sports press, and the Arab audience are three different agents that attach divergent meanings to the notable presence of Arab players in the Israeli football leagues. The article argues that the overlapping interests of the Hebrew sports media on the one hand and the Arab football fans, players, and bureaucrats on the other lead to the construction of the football sphere as an integrative enclave in the general Israeli public sphere. The article considers the relevance of Gramsci's theory of hegemony to explain the production of the integrative meaning of football, and it suggests integrating this explanation with other recent theories regarding the tensions between different discourses of citizenship.     

Neurochemical organization of the brain reinforcing systems

Modern concepts of neurophysiological mechanisms of the brain reinforcing systems are reviewed from A.A. Ukhtomsky's concept of dominanta. The brain mesocorticolimbic system was shown to play a key role in functioning of the brain reinforcing systems. Morphological and neurochemical organisation of this system determining the emotional sphere, was studied. The dopamine system was found to be the main neurochemical tool of the mesocorticolimbic system. Other transmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones play a regulatory role in the latter. The data obtained corroborate the authors' concept of fluctuating emotional gradient.     

REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article:
Flora Palaestina . By M. Z ohary and N. F einbrun -D othan . Vol. 1, by M ichael Z ohary .
Nouvelle Flore du Liban et de la Syrie . By P aul M outerde
Tropical Plant Types . By B. G. M. J amieson and J. F. R eynolds .
The Biology of Fungi, Bacteria and Viruses . By G reta S tevenson .
The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants . By C. D. S culthorpe .
Handbuch der Pflanzenanatomie . Band VIII/I. Anatomie des Blattes 1. Blattanatomie der Gymnospermen . By K lans N app -Z inn .
The Lichen Symbiosis . By V ernon A hmadjiax .
Plant Anatomy . By A. F ahn , translated from the Hebrew by S ybil B roido -A ltman .
Gymnosperms—Structure and Evolution . By C. J. C hamberlain .
Structure and Reproduction of the Gymnosperms; Fossil and Living . By B. S. T rivedi and D. K. S ingh .
An Introduction to Gvmnosperms . By S. C. D atta .
Sourcebook of Laboratory Exercises in Plant Pathology . Ed. by the Sourcebook Committee of the American Phytopathological Society (Chairman, A. K elman ).
Diffusion Systems . By M. H. J acobs .     

Two neo-Darwinisms

There are two extant theories of evolution, each of which deserves the honourific "neo-Darwinism": Modern Synthesis Replicator theory and a theory I shall call Developmental Darwinism. The principal difference concerns the canonical unit of biological organization. Modern Synthesis replicator theory explains the process of evolution by appeal to the activities of genes or replicators. Developmental Darwinism explains the process of evolution by appeal to the capacities of organisms. In particular, it is the plasticity of organisms, manifested most distinctly during development, that causes adaptive evolution. Despite the fact that each, in its own way, traces its origin to the theory outlined by Darwin, they are radically different. The objectives of this essay are twofold: to underscore the differences between these theories, and to argue that Developmental Darwinism, though nascent, is a viable alternative to Modern Synthesis replicator theory.     

AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SYNAPSES IN CULTURED FETAL MOUSE CEREBRUM CONTINUOUSLY EXPOSED TO XYLOCAINE

Explants of fetal mouse cerebral cortex, continuously exposed to the local anesthetic Xylocaine from the time of explantation to the time of fixation, were examined in the electron microscope to determine whether morphologically normal synapses and potentially functional interneuronal synaptic networks can form in the absence of electrical impulse activity. Morphological differentiation of complex synaptic networks proceeds normally, and the drug does not alter the fine structure of the formed synapses. These observations are consonant with the electrophysiological data which show that the potential for complex bioelectric activity can develop in the absence of its expression. The development and maturation of functional synaptic networks, then, is not contingent upon prior electrical impulse activity. These data support the concept that organized neuronal assemblies are formed in forward reference to their ultimate function.     

Multivariate analysis of single quadrupole LC‐MS spectra for routine characterization and quantification of intact proteins

Modern high‐throughput proteomic platforms allow incomparable protein mixture resolution and identification. However, such sophisticated facilities are expensive and not always accessible for routine analysis of simple mixtures. In this paper, we propose a simple methodology, based on detection of intact, nondigested proteins by LC coupled to single quadrupole MS (sqLC‐MS), followed by the analysis of the resulting spectra by multivariate analysis (MA). By doing so, even large molecular weight (MW) proteins, generating complex spectra, can be characterized to a level that allows isoform discrimination, while standard algorithms, such as MS spectrum deconvolution, cannot. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, we have analyzed the spectra of a set of purified, intact albumins from seven different organisms (bovine, human, rabbit, rat, sheep, mouse, and pig) as a model of microheterogenous proteins, using Projection to Latent Structure Discriminant Analysis (PLS‐DA). Although these proteins are very similar (less than 1% difference in MW), sqLC‐MS/MA allowed their classification, and the identification of unknown source samples. In addition, MA allowed precise protein quantification from the same data (calibration curve R² = 0.9966). The ability to rapidly characterize and quantify proteins, together with simplicity and affordability, could make of combined sqLC‐MS/MA a routine method for the characterization of simple mixture of known proteins.     

莲科系统位置评述

莲科含1属1种2亚种,以具有最古老的有活力的种子而著称。形态学研究显示,莲不仅具有双子叶植物特征,而且又具有单子叶植物的某些性状。因此,对研究被子植物(有花植物)的起源与演化以及单子叶植物的起源具有重要价值。被子植物(有花植物)的起源与辐射一直是植物学家关注的热点,有关莲科的系统位置存在争议。该文对该科系统位置的研究历史与现状进行评述。     

入侵植物五爪金龙生物学特性研究

通过栽培实验,观察入侵植物五爪金龙的形态学特征,测定两个不同生长期的生物量、根茎长度等指标,对实验数据进行统计分析,从几个方面研究五爪金龙的生物学特性。结果表明:生长期为6个月的五爪金龙生物量与生长期为3个月的五爪金龙生物量相比,根、茎、叶分别增长了2~5倍;平均含水量在7.41%~82.99%之间,两者无显著差异;两者之间的根冠比存在显著差异,但是跟其他草本植物相比,其根冠比相对较小;不同生长期的平均根长度分别为57cm、87cm,平均茎长度分别为319cm、714cm,两者之间的根茎比存在极显著差异。研究结果为进一步研究五爪金龙的入侵机制和控制五爪金龙的对策提供科学的理论依据。