Collective Action and Social Capital of Wildlife Management Associations

Abstract: In areas with dense landownership patterns, management of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) depends upon collective decision making of landowners and hunters. To resolve conflicts associated with this commons dilemma, wildlife management associations (WMAs) have become a popular mechanism for coordinating wildlife management decisions in private land states, especially in Texas, USA. Social capital, represented by metrics such as trust, reciprocity, and community involvement, has been identified as an important determinant of the success of collaborative institutional arrangements. To determine the influence of social capital on the effectiveness of WMAs, we address 2 research questions: 1) do WMAs exhibit elements of social capital, and 2) what landowner characteristics affect elements of social capital within WMAs? We used a mail survey questionnaire to determine the effect of various factors on the activities and management practices in 4 WMAs in 2 regions in Texas: the Lower Post Oak Savannah (LPOS) and the Central Post Oak Savannah (CPOS). The LPOS landowners were members of larger associations, had generally acquired their land more recently, held more frequent meetings, and tended to have longer association membership than CPOS landowners, yet they exhibited lower social capital. The CPOS landowners owned significantly larger properties, and were predominantly absentee wealthy males that considered relaxation and hunting more important land uses than property ownership for a place to live. The smaller group size of the CPOS associations may be the most important factor in building and maintaining social capital. Intra-association trust, a primary measure of social capital, was positively influenced by the longevity of property ownership, the number of association meetings, the percentage of males in the association, and other factors. Conversely, negative influences on trust included absentee ownership and the proportion of woodland habitat present in each WMA. We suggest that deer are a common-pool resource whose populations are dependent upon collective action by stakeholders. Social capital building within landowner associations could facilitate the sustainable harvest of quality deer and possibly lead to cooperative management of other common-pool natural resources.     

The Role of Community and Individuals in the Formation of Social Capital

Because social capital shapes many desirable socioeconomic outcomes, we ask what incentives drive private investments in social capital. We estimate the association between private investments in social capital (outcome variable) and the following explanatory variables: (a) individual-level variables from an optimal investment model, (b) spillovers from group social capital, (c) village income inequality, and (d) market openness. We draw on information from Tsimane’, a native Amazonian society of foragers and farmers in Bolivia, and equate social capital with gifts, help given, and communal labor offered by the household. Age bore an inverted U-shaped and income bore a positive association with social capital, but geographic mobility, wealth, and schooling bore no significant association with social capital. We found strong group-level associations even after instrumenting social capital; the association probably stems from strong kinship ties which tend to blur the line between the group and the individual. Village measures of social capital were positively and significantly associated with private investments in social capital. We found some evidence that village income inequality and market openness were negatively associated with private investments in social capital.     

社会资本在健康管理产业中的作用及发展策略分析

社会资本已成为我国医疗卫生事业的重要参与力量,其积极参与健康管理产业服务,对促进我国健康产业的整体发展具有重要的促进作用。本文论述了当前社会资本在我国健康管理产业中具备的四个重要作用,并提出了向高端健康管理服务拓展、承担基本健康管理服务、进行公私健康管理合营和发展专科化健康管理4种发展策略。     

Focus: The Aging Brain: Social capital,health, and elderly driver status

Driving a car enables many people to engage in meaningful activities that, in turn, help develop and maintain personal social capital. Social capital, a combination of community participation and social cohesion, is important in maintaining well-being. This paper argues that social capital can provide a framework for investigating the general role of transportation and driving a car specifically to access activities that contribute to connectedness and well-being among older people. This paper proposes theoretically plausible and empirically testable hypotheses about the relationship between driver status, social capital, and well-being. A longitudinal study may provide a new way of understanding, and thus of addressing, the well-being challenges that occur when older people experience restrictions to, or loss of, their driver’s license.     

Social capital and music teacher professional development: Principle,policy, and practice

Teacher professional development (PD) is often extended as a driver of good teaching and effective schools. In recent years, teacher PD has increasingly focused on developing teacher social capital by placing teachers within professional communities to collectively solve instructional problems. Using Bourdieu's and Coleman's conceptions of social capital as a theoretical and practical lens, this article explores how a social capital frame could generate more effective PD policy in music education. Areas examined also include the specific ways in which social capital becomes a lever for teacher growth and school improvement and the social dimensions of music teacher PD. The article concludes with principles of social capital-advancing PD policy, examples of principle-aligned PD policies, implications for research and advocacy, and an accounting of challenges and opportunities for the future. The author argues that centralizing social capital development as an aim of PD represents a new frontier in music teacher learning.     

基于社会资本理论的社区农园功能与策略研究

为探究社区农园促进社区重建的社会作用机制,研究引入社会资本视角,结合对“社区农园”维护者、组织者和第三方合作机构的半结构化访谈和实地观察,深入分析社区农园的社会资本与社区重建的关系。研究表明,社区农园能够建立信任、社会网络和规范,农园所产生的社会资本具有激发居民自治意识,培育自治能力的社会功能。最后,结合调研与理论分析,提出社区农园发展须针对社区农园社会资本形成的条件,完善自上而下的制度保障、培育多层次的参与机制、构建多元化的功能空间。     

Infant stumptailed macaques reared with mirrors or peers: Social responsiveness,attachment, and adjustment

Comparisons of activity toward mirrors and peers in infant macaques being reared with one of these stimuli as the primary rearing partner revealed markedly greater social responsiveness to a fully accessible cagemate than to one's own reflection. Measures of exploration, aggression, and especially play all revealed the cagemate to be the more potent social stimulus. Mirror-reared infants given additional experience of a live peer behind a transparent partition were less responsive to the mirror than were infants with no social stimulation other than a mirror. In contrast, cagemate-directed behavior of peer-reared infants was not seriously affected by additional exposure to a mirror. A fully accessible peer also elicited more social responding than a peer behind a transparent partition, and infants with experience of both a live cagemate and mirrors were generally more responsive toward the former. Greater agitation in peer-reared than in mirror-reared stumptailed monkeys during separations from their rearing partners suggests that exposure to the physically accessible partner led to stronger attachments. Infants reacted positively to a moderately unfamiliar environment but showed behavioral disruption when placed in a very unfamiliar environment. Disruption was especially evident in peer-reared infants, in which exposure to the unfamiliar environment was compounded with the absence of the attachment figure. Mirror-rearing appeared to reduce the tendency toward ‘isolation syndrome’ behaviors compared to alone-rearing, and these behaviors appear to be less common in stumptailed than in rhesus macaques.     

内蒙古胡列也吐的鹤类及保护

胡列也吐位于内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔盟陈巴尔虎旗境内 ,地理位置在东经 4 9°4 8′,北纬 1 1 8°2 7′ ,总面积为 4 0km2 。 1 998年笔者对本区的鹤类资源进行了为期一年的调查。本区共有 5种鹤栖息 ,本次共记录到 4种鹤计 78只。其中白头鹤 52只 ,丹顶鹤 1 1只 ,白枕鹤 4只 ,蓑羽鹤 1 1只。灰鹤在本区有分布 ,但本次调查未见。此外还记录到我国最大的白头鹤夏季集群。     

Social capital and cigarette smoking: New empirics featuring the Norwegian HUNT data

Using a rich Norwegian longitudinal data set, this study explores the effects of different social capital variables on the probability of cigarette smoking. There are four social capital variables available in two waves of our data set. Our results based on probit (and OLS) analyses (with municipality fixed-effects) show that the likelihood of smoking participation is negatively and significantly associated with social capital attributes, namely, community trust (–0.017), participation in organizational activities (–0.032), and cohabitation (–0.045). Significant negative associations were also observed in panel data, pooled OLS, and random effects models for community trust (–0.024; −0.010) and cohabitation (–0.040; −0.032). Fixed-effects models also showed significant negative effects for cohabitation (–0.018). Estimates of alternative instrumental variables (IV) based on recursive bivariate probit and IV-GMM models also confirmed negative and significant effects for three of its characteristics: cohabitation (–0.030; −0.046), community trust (–0.065; −0.075), and participation in organizational activities (–0.035; −0.046). The limitations of our conclusions are discussed, and the significance of our study for the field of social capital and health is described, along with suggested avenues for future research.     

Wild justice and fair play: cooperation,forgiveness, and morality in animals

In this paper I argue that we can learn much about ‘wild justice’ and the evolutionary origins of social morality – behaving fairly – by studying social play behavior in group-living animals, and that interdisciplinary cooperation will help immensely. In our efforts to learn more about the evolution of morality we need to broaden our comparative research to include animals other than non-human primates. If one is a good Darwinian, it is premature to claim that only humans can be empathic and moral beings. By asking the question ‘What is it like to be another animal?’ we can discover rules of engagement that guide animals in their social encounters. When I study dogs, for example, I try to be a ‘dogocentrist’ and practice ‘dogomorphism.’ My major arguments center on the following ‘big’ questions: Can animals be moral beings or do they merely act as if they are? What are the evolutionary roots of cooperation, fairness, trust, forgiveness, and morality? What do animals do when they engage in social play? How do animals negotiate agreements to cooperate, to forgive, to behave fairly, to develop trust? Can animals forgive? Why cooperate and play fairly? Why did play evolve as it has? Does ‘being fair’ mean being more fit – do individual variations in play influence an individual's reproductive fitness, are more virtuous individuals more fit than less virtuous individuals? What is the taxonomic distribution of cognitive skills and emotional capacities necessary for individuals to be able to behave fairly, to empathize, to behave morally? Can we use information about moral behavior in animals to help us understand ourselves? I conclude that there is strong selection for cooperative fair play in which individuals establish and maintain a social contract to play because there are mutual benefits when individuals adopt this strategy and group stability may be also be fostered. Numerous mechanisms have evolved to facilitate the initiation and maintenance of social play to keep others engaged, so that agreeing to play fairly and the resulting benefits of doing so can be readily achieved. I also claim that the ability to make accurate predictions about what an individual is likely to do in a given social situation is a useful litmus test for explaining what might be happening in an individual's brain during social encounters, and that intentional or representational explanations are often important for making these predictions.     

Reading the Signs by Lenin's Light: Development,Divination and Metonymic Fields in Mongolia

This paper examines two apparently contrasting cases: the imaginative effects generated by Mongolian scapulimancy practices, and the impact that the introduction of electric light had on rural Mongolians. Scapula and other divinatory items are analysed as ‘metonymic fields’ – bounded technical practices from which wider meanings are read. The Soviet-era electrification programme was designed to create the sorts of imaginative perceptions that the modernist state advocated. However, it is argued that Mongolia cannot be described in terms of a successful modernist ‘colonisation’ of the social imaginary, since this metaphor implies a bounded space being filled with particular ideologies. Rather than displace each other, narrative genres and metonymic fields have coexisted and interacted in new ways.     

内蒙古达赉湖地区和蒙古国东方省蒙原羚的夏季食性

2008年7—8月,收集了内蒙古达赉湖地区和蒙古国东方省蒙原羚的新鲜粪便,采用粪样显微组织学分析法研究了蒙原羚的夏季食性。研究结果如下:(1)内蒙古达赉湖地区夏季植物群落在植被盖度、地上生物量、植物种数方面与蒙古国东方省差异均不显著;在内蒙古达赉湖地区和蒙古国东方省共采集常见植物18科43属63种;(2)内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚共采食10科19属22种植物,蒙古国东方省蒙原羚共采食11科24属29种植物;(3)禾本科植物是内蒙古达赉湖地区和蒙古国东方省蒙原羚夏季主要食物,分别占蒙原羚食物组成的79.1%和73.2%;禾本科植物中的羊草、针茅是内蒙古达赉湖地区和蒙古国东方省蒙原羚的主要食物,分别占蒙原羚食物组成的63.6?和57.7%;(4)内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚夏季食物组成生态位宽度Bj=2.0,蒙古国东方省蒙原羚夏季食物组成生态位宽度Bj=2.3;(5)内蒙古达赉湖地区与蒙古国东方省蒙原羚的食物相似性指数PS=0.7;(6)内蒙古达赉湖蒙原羚与蒙古国东方省蒙原羚主要食物秩相关性检验显著相关(P0.05),相关性系数0.6。研究表明尽管内蒙古达赉湖地区蒙原羚主要在草原围栏内活动,但与蒙古国东方省蒙原羚的夏季食性显著相似,这表明有限的活动范围没有对蒙原羚夏季食性产生显著影响。     

文拉法辛联合团体人际心理疗法对社交恐惧症患者心理状态、自我效能感和社会功能的影响

摘要 目的：探讨团体人际心理疗法联合文拉法辛对社交恐惧症（SAD）患者心理状态、自我效能感和社会功能的影响。方法：选取2017年4月~2020年4月期间我院收治的98例SAD患者,根据奇偶数法将患者分为对照组49例和联合组49例。对照组给予文拉法辛治疗,联合组在对照组的基础上联合团体人际心理疗法治疗,对比两组SAD症状改善情况、心理状态、自我效能感和社会功能。结果：两组干预后社交回避、社交苦恼评分均下降,且联合组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组干预后焦虑自评量表（SAS)、抑郁自评量表（SDS)评分均下降,且联合组低于对照组（P<0.05）。两组干预后表达积极、管理沮丧、管理生气自我效能感评分均升高,且联合组高于对照组（P<0.05）。两组干预后社会功能缺陷筛选量表（SDSS）、社会适应能力评定量表（SAFE）评分均降低,且联合组低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：团体人际心理疗法联合文拉法辛治疗SAD患者,可缓解其抑郁、焦虑症状,提高自我效能感及社会功能,疗效较好。     

Ecosystem health assessment on the hill and gully area of Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia,China

Maintenance of ecosystem health is the primary focus of a sound ecological restoration.Yet methods involved in quantifying and assessing the health level remain a challenge to the ecological community.In this study,we selected the hill and gully area of Loess Plateau,Inner Mongolia,China,as our study area.The soil and water erosions in this area continue to be responsible for many environmental problems in northern China because of its fragility and long disturbance history.In this study,we developed an assessment method of indicator system(AMIS)based on analytical hierarchy process(AHP),fuzzy mathematics.and the theory of net-hierarchy.At ecosystem or catchment scale,three sample areas,that is(1)intact vegetation(i.e., Aguimiao Natural Reserve,110°45'E,39°28'N),(2)reconstructed vegetation(Wufendigou Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Area,111°07'E 39°45'N),and (3)severely degraded vegetation(Yangquangou Catchment,111°06'E,39°45'N)in the hill and gully area of Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia.China.were selected to examine ecosystem vigor,organizational structure,service function,and soil healm.We applied the AMIS for all three landscapes by categorizing each ecosystem into five health levels.Wle found that the health index for reconstructed vegetation were at levels of Ⅳ,Ⅱ,Ⅳ,and Ⅲ,while those of degraded vegetation were ranked at Ⅴ,Ⅳ,Ⅴ,and Ⅳ.Overall.the comprehensive ecosystem health index of reconstmcted vegetation was lower than that of intact vegetation but higher than that of degraded vegetation.The health index for reconstructed vegetation was at level Ⅲ.and that of degraded vegetation was still at level Ⅳ.The contributing values were:organization structure＞soil health＞vigor＞service function.Based on our results and assessments,we proposed several management recommendations and methods for restoring the regional ecosystems.     

Ecosystem health assessment on the hill and gully area of loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia, China

Maintenance of ecosystem health is the primary focus of a sound ecological restoration. Yet methods involved in quantifying and assessing the health level remain a challenge to the ecological community. In this study, we selected the hill and gully area of Loess Plateau, Inner Mongolia, China, as our study area. The soil and water erosions in this area continue to be responsible for many environmental problems in northern China because of its fragility and long disturbance history. In this study, we developed an assessment method of indicator system (AMIS) based on analytical hierarchy process (AHP), fuzzy mathematics, and the theory of net-hierarchy. At ecosystem or catchment scale, three sample areas, that is (1) intact vegetation (i.e., Aguimiao Natural Reserve, 110°45′E, 39°28′N), (2) reconstructed vegetation (Wufendigou Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Area, 111°07′E, 39°45′N), and (3) severely degraded vegetation (Yangquangou Catchment, 111°06′E, 39°45′N) in the hill and gully area of Loess Plateau in Inner Mongolia, China, were selected to examine ecosystem vigor, organizational structure, service function, and soil health. We applied the AMIS for all three landscapes by categorizing each ecosystem into five health levels. We found that the health index for reconstructed vegetation were at levels of IV, II, IV, and III, while those of degraded vegetation were ranked at V, IV, V, and IV. Overall, the comprehensive ecosystem health index of reconstructed vegetation was lower than that of intact vegetation but higher than that of degraded vegetation. The health index for reconstructed vegetation was at level III, and that of degraded vegetation was still at level IV. The contributing values were: organization structure > soil health > vigor > service function. Based on our results and assessments, we proposed several management recommendations and methods for restoring the regional ecosystems. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(5): 1048–1056 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(5): 1048–1056]     

A Sheep Herder's Rage: Silence and Grief in Contemporary Mongolia

This paper explores the role of silence in contemporary rural Mongolia's mourning practices. It shows how silence may come as a response to the expression of extreme grief, when the mourner's behaviour goes beyond the frame of conventional mourning practices. Analysing the collective responses to a man's expression of extreme grief, this paper argues that mourning practices might not always be intended to make death meaningful: faced with the rage provoked by some particularly unbearable losses, there might be nothing else to do than to say nothing, do nothing, and give up on meaning.     

Modeling Group Formation and Activity Patterns in Self-Organizing Collectives of Individuals

We construct and analyze a nonlocal continuum model for group formation with application to self-organizing collectives of animals in homogeneous environments. The model consists of a hyperbolic system of conservation laws, describing individual movement as a correlated random walk. The turning rates depend on three types of social forces: attraction toward other organisms, repulsion from them, and a tendency to align with neighbors. Linear analysis is used to study the role of the social interaction forces and their ranges in group formation. We demonstrate that the model can generate a wide range of patterns, including stationary pulses, traveling pulses, traveling trains, and a new type of solution that we call zigzag pulses. Moreover, numerical simulations suggest that all three social forces are required to account for the complex patterns observed in biological systems. We then use the model to study the transitions between daily animal activities that can be described by these different patterns.     

Seeing Like an Oil Company: Space, Security, and Global Capital in Neoliberal Africa

In this article, I seek to identify a limitation in the analysis James Scott offers in Seeing Like a State (1998) by asking to what extent his account of the follies of schemes for planned improvement by states provides critical leverage on the present world of neoliberal global capitalism. Scott has claimed that a dynamic of standardization, homogenization, and grid making applies not only to developmentalist states but also equally to the contemporary world of downsized states and unconstrained global corporations. I contest that claim by tracing how recent capital investment in Africa has been territorialized, and some of the new forms of order and disorder that have accompanied that selectively territorialized investment. Because such investment has been overwhelmingly in mineral resource extraction—particularly in oil—a contrast will become visible between the homogenizing, standardizing state optic Scott analyzed and a rather different way of seeing, proper to the contemporary global oil company.     

内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区两栖爬行动物调查

2007年8月～2008年6月,对内蒙古赛罕乌拉国家级自然保护区内两栖爬行动物多样性进行调查,结合以往采集标本,保护区内共有两栖爬行动物11种,其中,两栖类1目2科3种,爬行类1目3科8种.中国林蛙和中介蝮分别为两栖类和爬行类的优势种,但分布较集中.中介蝮常见于村落溪流附近,可能成为局部有害动物,建议保护区采取一定措施防止其对生态旅游产生负面影响.     

我国蒙古羊系统不同生态型绵羊品种遗传多样性及距离隔离机制的研究

以我国主要地方绵羊品种湖羊、同羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊和洼地绵羊为研究对象,检测位于不同染色体的微卫星位点的基因频率分布,进行比较分析.结果表明 1) 就本研究涉及的微卫星标记而言,湖羊处于Hardy-Weinberg极不平衡状态 (P ＜ 0.01),而其余群体包括同羊、小尾寒羊、滩羊和洼地绵羊却处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡 (P ＜ 0.05).2) 就本研究涉及的微卫星标记而言,平均杂合度、多型信息含量和有效等位基因数三个遗传变异指标的方差分析表明不同群体间杂合度、多型信息含量均不存在显著差异 (P ＞ 0.05),有效等位基因数遗传变异指标在、滩羊、湖羊、同羊和洼地羊相互之间以及洼地羊与小尾寒羊之间亦差异不显著(P ＞ 0.05),但是有效等位基因数在前3个群体与后2个群体之间存在显著差异 (0.01 ＜ P ＜ 0.05).5个绵羊群体的变异水平以小尾寒羊最高,其次为洼地绵羊、同羊和滩羊,最低的是湖羊.3) 本研究涉及的我国蒙古羊系统内5个绵羊群体间的系统发生关系不满足距离隔离模式,绵羊群体间的遗传分化关系的远近与其地理分布并未表现出紧密的线性相关.这与5个绵羊起源于不同时期的蒙古羊始祖群体,同时在品种间存在一定程度的基因交流,并在各自特有的生态环境中经历不同程度的自然选择和人为选择品种培育史实相符.